Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Sequence Final Hand Out Edited

Fibonacci Sequence and Golden
Ratio: Proportion of the Human

Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body
parts of animals, etc.
Randy L. Caga-anan & 08/15/2020
Nicky C. Yungco
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
College of Science and Mathematics
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
A. Bonifacio Ave., Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines
Recall
The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
The next number is found by adding up the two numbers prior to

it:
✓ the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1),

✓ the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),
✓ the 5 is (2+3),
and so on..
Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 2
Recall
Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc. Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 3
Recall
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛−2
where
𝑥𝑛 denotes the term 𝑛
𝑥𝑛−1 denotes the previous term (𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛−2 denotes the term before that (𝑛 − 2)
WHAT IS THE
RELEVANCE OF THE SO-
CALLED ‘GOLDEN RATIO’
TO THE FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE?
Please observe this sequence:
Please take
the ratio!
Observation:
When we take any two
successive Fibonacci
numbers, their ratio is
very close to the Golden
Ratio 𝝋 which is
approximately 1.618034...
WHAT DOES
GOLDEN RATIO
REALLY MEAN?
What is Golden Ratio?
Two quantities are in the golden
ratio if their ratio is the same as
the ratio of their sum to the
larger of the two quantities for
quantities 𝑎 and 𝑏 with 𝑎 > 𝑏 >
0, where
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
= =𝜑
𝑎 𝑏
Algebraic derivation of the approximated value
REMEMBER: When we take any two successive Fibonacci numbers, their
ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio 𝝋 which is approximately 1.618034...
Observe that from the definition,
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
=
𝑎 𝑏
⇒ 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2
By algebraic manipulation,
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2 = 0. (1)
Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 10

Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc.
Algebraic derivation of the value (continuation)
We solve for 𝑎 using quadratic formula (with 𝑏 treated as some value), so that from
(1),
− −𝑏 ± 𝑏2 −4(1)(−𝑏2 )
𝑎= 2(1)
𝑏± 𝑏2 +4𝑏2
= 2
𝑏± 5𝑏2
= 2
𝑏±𝑏 5
= 2
𝑏(1± 5)
𝑎 = . (2)
2
Now, to eliminate b in RHS of (2), observe that
𝑎 1± 5
= .
𝑏 2
Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc. N. Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 11
Algebraic derivation of the value (continuation)
𝑎 1± 5
From = ,
we have 2 roots namely
𝑏 2
1.618033… and −0.618033 …
However, by definition, 𝑎,b > 0. Thus,
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
= 1.618033. Let 𝑏
= 𝜑. Hence,
𝜑 = 1.618033…
Approximately!
Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc. Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020|12
Thru visualization
Golden Spiral
Activity 1:
Using the definition, please verify why the Fibonacci sequence
indeed is a golden ratio. Explain/provide annotations and show
your solution if necessary. The sequence is given as
Maybe you are wondering…
Why such ratio coined

as ‘Golden’?
Brief Background Throughout history, the ratio for
length to width of rectangles of
1.61803398874989484820… has
been considered as the most
pleasing to the eye.
Ancient Greeks thought that

rectangles whose sides form a
golden ratio were pleasing to look at.
The ruins of Parthenon temple on the Acropolis in
And thus, represent PERFECT
Athens, Greece artistically ornamented by Phidias BEAUTY!
Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 16
Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio: Proportion of the Human Body, Symmetry in Plants, Body parts of animals, etc.
Why?
Let’s take a sneak peek
on some of its famous
application
THE GOLDEN RATIO : Proportion of Human Body
THE VITRUVIAN MAN

Depicts what the ideal body
should look like: eight heads high
and symmetrical from foot to
navel and navel to head.
The ratio foot to navel: navel to

head is known as the golden ratio.
THE HUMAN FACE
• Length of face / width of face,
• Distance between the lips and where the
eyebrows meet / length of nose,
• Length of face / distance between tip of jaw
and where the eyebrows meet,
• Length of mouth / width of nose,
• Width of nose / distance between nostrils,
• Distance between pupils / distance between
The enigmatic smile on the face of Mona Lisa eyebrows.
THE HUMAN HAND
Our fingers have three sections. The proportion of the

first two to the full length of the finger gives the golden ratio
(with the exception of the thumbs). You can also see that the
proportion of the middle finger to the little finger is also a
golden ratio.
We have two hands, and the fingers on them consist of
three sections. There are five fingers on each hand, and only
eight of these are articulated according to the golden
number: 2, 3, 5 and 8 fit the Fibonacci numbers.
The enigmatic smile on the face of Mona Lisa
THE HUMAN ARM

THE GOLDEN RATIO : Symmetry in Plants
Radial symmetry, each petal grows equally from a central axis.

The Fibonacci sequence in a graph, and a spiral aloe (Aloe polyphylla) exhibiting
the same pattern

The emerging fronds of a silver fern (Alsophila dealbata)

Sunflower petals
THE GOLDEN RATIO : Body Parts of Animals
THE GOLDEN RATIO : Body Parts of Animals
The Butterfly
THE GOLDEN RATIO : Structures, Architectures and Paintings
The Butterfly
The Bramante Spiral Staircase in Vatican
The Butterfly
The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

The Butterfly
The Pyramid of Giza in Egypt
The Butterfly
The Taj Mahal of India
The Butterfly
Bathers at Asnieres by George Seurat (commonly known as Seurat’s Bathers)
The Butterfly
The Creation by Michelangelo Buonarotti located at the ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Vatican City
The Butterfly
THE GOLDEN RATIO : Logo Design
The Butterfly
FASCINATING!
Isn’t it?
Actually, you can make your own golden design! How? Let’s
The
checkButterfly
this out!
The Butterfly
Thank you!

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Fibonacci Sequence and Golden

Ratio: Proportion of the Human

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The next number is found by adding up the two numbers prior to

✓ the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1),

Observe that from the definition,

Caga-anan & Yungco, 08/15/2020 | 10

Why such ratio coined

Ancient Greeks thought that

THE VITRUVIAN MAN

The ratio foot to navel: navel to

Our fingers have three sections. The proportion of the

THE HUMAN ARM

Radial symmetry, each petal grows equally from a central axis.

The enigmatic smile on the face of Mona Lisa

The enigmatic smile on the face of Mona Lisa

The enigmatic smile on the face of Mona Lisa

The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

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