Ch.4 - Two-Dimensional Kinematics

Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Ch.4 - Two-Dimensional Kinematics
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CONCEPT: INTRO TO MOTION IN 2D
● Motion at an angle (2D: A→C) is just combining TWO straight-line motions (1D: A→B & B→C), with vector equations.
- Whenever motion is in 2D, FIRST break it down into X & Y (1D).
MOTION EQs VECTOR EQs
+𝒚 𝚫𝒙 𝐴⃗
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝚫𝒕
𝑪 𝐴𝑦
𝚫𝒗 𝜃𝑥
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝚫𝐭 𝐴𝑥
UAM 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
(1) 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
|𝑨𝒚 |
(2) 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝚫𝒙 𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
𝟏
(3) 𝚫𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝒙 )
(𝒗𝟎 +𝒗)
(4)* 𝚫𝒙 = 𝒕 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝒙 )
𝟐
𝑨 𝑩 +𝒙
Page 1
CONCEPT: POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT IN 2D
● If Position & Displacement are 2D vectors, use vector equations to jump between 2D vector ⇔ X & Y components.
Position _________ 𝒓
ሬ⃗ ⇔ Components Displacement Vector 𝚫𝒓
ሬ⃗ ⇔ Components
Arrow from ___________ → Point Shortest path from Point → Point
EXAMPLE 1: At point A, your position is 3.6m @ 33.7°. EXAMPLE 2: Using Example 1, calculate the magnitude &
You move to point B, where your position is 8.49m @ 45°. direction of the displacement from A to B.
Calculate the x & y components of your position at A & B.
+y +y
B B
A A
O +x O +x
- Where you are / Coordinate (_____) - ______________ in position
ሬ⃗| = ඥ𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙
|𝒓 ሬ⃗ = 𝒓 cos θ ሬሬሬሬሬ⃗| = ඥ𝚫𝒙𝟐 + 𝚫𝒚𝟐
|𝚫𝒓 ሬ⃗ = 𝚫𝒓 cos θ
𝚫𝒙
|𝒚| |𝚫𝒚|
𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ
|𝒙|
ሬ⃗ = 𝒓 sin θ
ቁ 𝒚 𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ
|𝚫𝒙|
ቁ ሬ⃗ = 𝚫𝒓 sin θ
𝚫𝒚
Page 2
PROBLEM: At point A, a hiker is 10m east from the origin. After 35s, the hiker arrives at point B 40m at 60° north of east
from the origin. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the hiker’s displacement.
2D POSITION /
A) 50m; 60° north of east
DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
B) 36m; 73.9° north of east
C) 36m; 60° north of east ሬ⃗| = ඥ𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙
|𝒓 ሬ⃗ = 𝒓 cos θ
D) 36m; 16.1°north of east |𝒚|
𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ
|𝒙|
ቁ 𝒚
ሬሬሬሬሬ⃗| = ඥ𝚫𝒙𝟐 + 𝚫𝒚𝟐

𝚫𝒙
|𝚫𝒚|
𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ ቁ ሬ⃗ = 𝚫𝒓 sin θ
𝚫𝒚
|𝚫𝒙|
PROBLEM: Your initial position is 6.2 m from the origin, 25° below the x-axis. You then travel 9.9 m at an angle 78° above
the positive x-axis, then 2.0 m in the negative x-direction. What is the magnitude & direction of your final position vector?
A) 13.5m; 58° above +x-axis 2D POSITION /

B) 18.1m; 78° above +x-axis DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
C) 9.06m; 51.2° above +x-axis
ሬ⃗| = ඥ𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙
|𝒓 ሬ⃗ = 𝒓 cos θ
D) 10.4m; 42.6° above the x-axis
|𝒚|
𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ
|𝒙|
ቁ 𝒚
ሬሬሬሬሬ⃗| = ඥ𝚫𝒙𝟐 + 𝚫𝒚𝟐

𝚫𝒙
|𝚫𝒚|
𝜽 = tan-1 ቀ ቁ ሬ⃗ = 𝚫𝒓 sin θ
𝚫𝒚
|𝚫𝒙|
Page 3
CONCEPT: AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY IN 2D
● Remember: Average speed & velocity measure how FAST something moves between two points.
Speed Velocity
(Magnitude only) (Magnitude + Direction)
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝒅 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝒔= ⇒ 𝚫𝒕 ⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 | =
|𝒗 ⇒ 𝜽𝒗 = ______
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝚫𝒕
- [ SCALAR | VECTOR ] - [ SCALAR | VECTOR ]; always points in same direction as ____
EXAMPLE: You walk 40m in the +x-axis, then 30m in the +y-axis. The entire trip takes 10 seconds. Calculate
a) your average speed
b) the magnitude & direction of your velocity
+y
+x
Page 4
PROBLEM: While following a treasure map, you start at an old oak tree. You first walk 85 m at 30.0° west of north, then
walk 92 m at 67.0° north of east. You reach the treasure 2 minutes later. Calculate the magnitude of your average velocity
for the entire trip.
2D SPEED / VELOCITY
A) 1.11 m/s EQUATIONS
B) 1.48 m/s 𝐝 𝚫𝐫
𝑠 ⇒ 𝚫𝒕 ⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 | ⇒
|𝒗
C) 1.40 m/s 𝚫𝒕
D) 1.32 m/s
PROBLEM: While following a treasure map, you start at an old oak tree. You first walk 85 m at 30.0° west of north, then
walk 92 m at 67.0° north of east. You reach the treasure 2 minutes later. Calculate your average speed for the entire trip.
A) 1.5 m/s 2D SPEED / VELOCITY

B) 177m/s EQUATIONS
C) 88.5 m/s 𝐝 𝚫𝐫
𝑠 ⇒ 𝚫𝒕 ⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 | ⇒
|𝒗
𝚫𝒕
Page 5
CONCEPT: CALCULATING VELOCITY COMPONENTS
● If 𝒗
⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 is 2D, it has x & y components. There are 2 sets of equations to go back & forth between 𝒗
⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 & components:
1) Velocity Components ↔ Displacement & Time 2) Velocity Components ↔ Magnitude & Direction
EXAMPLE: You walk 40 m right, then 30 m up in 10s. Calculate the EXAMPLE: You walk at 5m/s at an angle 37° above the x-axis.
velocity’s magnitude and its x & y components. Calculate the x & y components of your velocity.
⃗ =5
𝒗
𝚫𝒓
⃗|=
|𝒗 =ξ 𝒗𝒙 = ______ = ___ cos θ
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝚫𝒕
𝚫𝒚 = 30
| |
𝜽𝒗 = tan-1 ቀ| ቁ
|
⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒚 = ______= ___ sin θ
𝜽 = 37°
𝚫𝒙 = 40
Page 6
PROBLEM: A coastal breeze pushes your sailboat at constant velocity for 8 min. After checking your instruments, you
determine you’ve been pushed 650 m west and 800 m south. What was the magnitude & direction of your average velocity?
A) 2.15 m/s; 39.1° south of west

2D Velocity Vector
B) 128.9 m/s; 50.9° south of west
𝚫𝒓 𝚫𝒙
C) 2.15 m/s; 50.9° south of west ⃗|=
|𝒗 = ඥ𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 𝒗𝒙 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒗 cos θ
𝚫𝒕 𝚫𝒕
|𝐯𝐲 | 𝚫𝒚
𝜽𝒗 = tan-1 ൬|
𝐯𝐱 |
൰ ⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒚 = = 𝒗 sin θ
𝚫𝒕
PROBLEM: A ball moves on a tabletop. The ball has initial x & y coordinates (1.8m, 3.6m). The ball moves 10m/s at 53.1°
above the x-axis for 4s. What are the x & y coordinates of the ball’s final position?
A) (11.8m,13.6m) 2D Velocity Vector

B) (25.8m, 35.6m) 𝚫𝒓 𝚫𝒙
C) (41.8m, 43.6m) ⃗|=
|𝒗 = ඥ𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 𝒗𝒙 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒗 cos θ
𝚫𝒕 𝚫𝒕
D) (33.8m, 27.6m) |𝐯𝐲 | 𝚫𝒚
𝜽𝒗 = tan-1 ൬|
𝐯𝐱 |
൰ ⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒚 = = 𝒗 sin θ
𝚫𝒕
Page 7
CONCEPT: ACCELERATION IN 2D
● Remember! Acceleration (in 1D & 2D) causes a change in _____________ (magnitude and/or direction).
- Just like velocity, there are two sets of equations to calculate acceleration and its components:
Velocity Acceleration
𝚫𝒓 𝚫𝒗
ሬԦ
𝒗
|𝒗| =
𝚫𝒕
= ට𝒗𝒙𝟐 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐 ሬԦ
𝒂 |𝒂| =
𝚫𝒕
= ξ
𝐯𝒚
𝜽𝒗 = tan-1 ቀቚ ቚቁ 𝜽𝒂 = tan-1 ቀቚ ቚቁ
𝐯𝒙
𝚫𝒙 𝒂𝒙 = = ____𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝜃𝑣 𝒗𝒙 = = 𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝚫𝒕
𝚫𝒕
𝜃𝑎
𝚫𝒚 𝒂𝒚 = = ____𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒗𝒚 = = 𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝚫𝒕
𝚫𝒕
EXAMPLE: A toy car is initially moving 20m/s in the +x-axis. 10 seconds later, the car is moving 67 m/s at 26.5° above the
x-axis. a) Calculate the x & y components of the car’s acceleration. b) Calculate the magnitude & direction of the car’s
acceleration over the 10s.
Page 8
PROBLEM: A football at rest is kicked by a football kicker. The ball is in contact with the kicker’s foot for 0.050s, during
which it experiences an acceleration 𝑎 = 340 m/s2. The ball is launched at an angle of 40° above the ground (x-axis).
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the launch velocity.
A) 13 m/s horizontal; 10.9 m/s vertical 2D Acceleration Vector

B) 130 m/s horizontal; 109 m/s vertical 𝚫𝒗 𝚫𝒗𝒙
ሬԦ| =
|𝒂 = ඥ𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 𝒂𝒙 =
ሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝒂 cos θ
C) 10.9 m/s horizontal; 13 m/s vertical 𝚫𝒕 𝚫𝒕
D) 17 m/s horizontal; 17 m/s vertical 𝜽𝒂 = tan-1 ൬|
ห𝐚𝐲 ห
൰ ሬሬሬԦ
𝒂𝒚 =
𝚫𝐯𝒚
= 𝒂 sin θ
𝐚𝐱 | 𝚫𝒕
Page 9
CONCEPT: SOLVING KINEMATICS PROBLEMS IN 2D
● Solving constant acceleration problems in 2D is done the same way as in 1D!

- Remember: Separate 2D motion into two 1D motions and solve.
EXAMPLE: A hockey puck slides along a lake at 8m/s east. A strong wind accelerates the puck at a constant 3 m/s2 in a
direction 37° northeast. What is the magnitude & direction of the hockey puck’s displacement after 5s?
2D MOTION w/ ACCELERATION
1) Draw Diagram & decompose vectors into x & y
2) List 5 variables for x & y, identify known &
target variables
3) Pick UAM Eq. without “Ignored” Variable
4) Solve
UAM Equations
X Y
(1) 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕 (1) 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕
(2) 𝒗𝒙𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒙 𝜟𝒙 (2) 𝒗𝒚𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝜟𝒚
𝟏 𝟏
(3) 𝜟𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝟐 (3) 𝜟𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝒙 +𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒗𝒚 +𝒗𝟎𝒚
(4) 𝜟𝒙 = ( )𝒕 (4) 𝜟𝒚 = ( )𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
Page 10
PROBLEM: A survey drone has just completed a scan at x,y coordinates (57m, 8m) at t=0. It needs to return to a lab
located at (-115, 72) m. If its initial velocity is 16m/s in the +y-direction, and it has only 18s of battery life remaining, what
constant acceleration (magnitude and direction) does it need to reach the lab?
A) 2.8 m/s2; along –x axis 2D MOTION w/ ACCELERATION

B) 1.8 m/s2; 51.8° below –x axis 1) Draw Diagram & decompose vectors into x & y
C) 2.7 m/s2; above –x axis 2) List 5 variables for x & y, identify known &
D) 1.3 m/s2; 24° above –x axis target variables
3) Pick UAM Eq. without “Ignored” Variable
4) Solve
MOTION EQs VECTOR EQs

𝚫𝒙 𝐴⃗
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝚫𝒕
𝐴𝑦
𝚫𝒗 𝜃𝑥
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝚫𝐭 𝐴𝑥
UAM 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
(1) 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
|𝑨𝒚 |
(2) 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝚫𝒙 𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
𝟏
(3) 𝚫𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝒙 )
(𝒗𝟎 +𝒗)
(4)* 𝚫𝒙 = 𝒕 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝒙 )
𝟐
Page 11
CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTILE MOTION
● Projectile Motion occurs when an object is launched & moves in 2D under the influence of only ___________.
- Remember! Whenever we have Physics problems in 2D, we decompose them into 1D (X & Y).
1D 2D PROJECTILE MOTION
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL LAUNCH DOWNWARD LAUNCH UPWARD LAUNCH

MOTION
● Projectile Motion COMBINES (1) horizontal motion where 𝑎𝑥 = ___, and (2) vertical motion where 𝑎𝑦 = ____.
EQUATIONS TO USE FOR PROJECTILE MOTION
UAM EQUATIONS VECTOR EQs

X (ax = 0) Y (ay = –g) 𝐴Ԧ
(1) 𝐯𝐱 = 𝐯𝟎𝐱 + 𝐚𝐱 𝐭 (1) 𝐯𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝐴𝑦
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐱𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐱 𝚫𝐱 (2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝟏
(3) 𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝟎𝐱 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐱 𝐭 𝟐 𝟏
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐱 = (𝐯𝟎𝐱 + 𝐯𝐱 )𝐭 𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐲 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐 𝟐 𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝒙 )
𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝒙 )
Page 12
PROBLEM: Which of the following quantities are constant during projectile motion?
A) Vertical acceleration & vertical velocity

B) Angle (direction) of the velocity vector
C) Horizontal acceleration & vertical velocity
D) Vertical acceleration & horizontal velocity
Page 13
CONCEPT: SOLVING PROJECTILE MOTION PROBLEMS (WITH HORIZONTAL LAUNCH EXAMPLE)
EXAMPLE: A ball rolls horizontally off a 2m-tall table with a speed of 3.0 m/s. Calculate a) the time it takes for the ball to hit
the ground, and b) the horizontal displacement (range) of the ball
PROJECTILE MOTION
1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
(Points of Interest: initial, final, max height, etc.)
2) Determine target variable
3) Determine interval and UAM equation
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
(1) 𝐯𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝐴𝑦
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 𝟏
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
● In projectile motion, time t can be found from either X OR Y axis equations. Always try the ___ axis equation first.
- If you get stuck and can't solve using X axis equation, always try to solve it with a Y axis equation, and vice versa.
● When an object is launched horizontally, its initial velocity is ONLY in the ___ axis: 𝒗𝟎𝒙 = ____ = ____ 𝒗𝟎𝒚 = ____
- Remember: all objects in projectile motion always have (1) 𝒂𝒙 = 0, so 𝒗𝒙 ________ changes; and (2) 𝒂𝒚 = –g
Page 14
PROBLEM: A rock is thrown horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s from the edge of a high cliff. It lands 80 m from the cliff's
base. How tall is the cliff?
PROJECTILE MOTION
A) 78.4 m
B) 19.6 m (Points of Interest: initial, final, max height, etc.)
C) 122.5 m 2) Determine target variable
D) 24.5 m 3) Determine interval and UAM equation
4) Solve

X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 15
PROBLEM: A ping-pong player standing 1.6 m from the net serves the ball horizontally. The ball is hit 1.2 m above the floor.
What initial speed does the ball need to go over the net, which is 1.6m away from the player and 0.90m above the floor?
A) 2.1 m/s PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 3.2 m/s
C) 9.2 m/s (Points of Interest: initial, final, max height, etc.)
D) 6.4 m/s 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 16
PROBLEM: You kick a ball horizontally at 8 m/s from the roof of a 40m-tall building. Unfortunately, a car below you on the
street accelerates forwards from rest, and your ball lands on the car. What was the acceleration of the car?
PROJECTILE MOTION
A) 7.92 m/s2
B) 5.60 m/s2 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) 1.96 m/s2
D) 11.2 m/s2
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 17
CONCEPT: SOLVING DOWNWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS
● When an object is launched downward, v0y will always be [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ].
EXAMPLE: You throw a rock at 5m/s angled 37° downward from a building. It hits the ground 10m from the building.
Calculate a) the height of the building and b) the magnitude & direction of its velocity just before hitting the ground.
PROJECTILE MOTION
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
● Remember! If you get stuck and can't solve using X axis equation, try to solve it with a Y axis equation, and vice versa.
Page 18
PROBLEM: Water pours from a spout at the end of a gutter with a speed of 3.5 m/s, where the spout is angled 45°
downwards. The magnitude of the water’s velocity when it hits the ground is 14 m/s. How high is the spout from the ground?
A) 18.8 m PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 10.6 m
C) 10 m (Points of Interest: initial, final, max height, etc.)
D) 9.4 m 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 19
PROBLEM: A cannon mounted on a tall fort fires a cannonball with 73 m/s at 49° below the horizontal. If the fort is 300m
above the ground, what horizontal distance does the cannonball travel before hitting the ground?
A) 292 m PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 192 m
D) 374.4 m 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 20
CONCEPT: USING SPECIAL EQUATIONS IN SYMMETRICAL LAUNCH PROBLEMS
● For symmetrical launches ONLY (𝒚𝒇 = 𝒚𝟎 ), remember: 𝒕↑ = 𝒕↓ 𝒗↑ = −𝒗↓ |𝒗𝒄 | = |𝒗𝒂 | 𝜽𝒄 = – 𝜽𝒂

- In addition, there are even more special equations you may be allowed to use!
EXAMPLE: A catapult launches a projectile with 100m/s at 53° upwards. The projectile later returns to the ground. Find:
a) the time the projectile hits the ground

TOTAL TIME OF FLIGHT
B
𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝚫𝒕𝑨𝑪 = 𝒈
A C
b) horizontal range of the projectile TOTAL HORIZONTAL

DISPLACEMENT (aka RANGE)
(RANGE)
If you have 𝒕𝑨𝑪 : 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = Δ𝒙𝑨𝑪 = 𝒗𝒙 𝒕𝑨𝑪
If you don’t have 𝒕𝑨𝑪 : 𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽)

𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = Δ𝒙𝑨𝑪 = 𝒈
c) the other launch angle that gives the same range

- MAXIMUM when launch angle θ = ____.
- Complementary angles (i.e. 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = ____, e.g ____& ____)
achieve same 𝑹 for same 𝒗𝟎 .
+y
+x
Page 21
PROBLEM: A frog leaps with a speed of 15 m/s and lands on the ground 2.0s later. At what angle did the frog jump?
A) 40.8° Symmetrical Launches

B) 9.4° 𝒕↑ = 𝒕↓
C) 19.1° 𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒗↑ = −𝒗↓ 𝒕𝐬𝐲𝐦 = 𝚫𝒕𝑨𝑪 =
𝒈
|𝒗𝒄 | = |𝒗𝒂 | 𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽)
𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝚫𝒙𝐀𝐂 =
𝜽𝑪 = −𝜽𝑨 𝒈
Page 22
PROBLEM: A champion long-jumper competing on Planet X is capable of leaving the ground with a speed of 6 m/s. The
maximum distance he can cover on Planet X turns out to be 9 m. What is the gravitational acceleration on Planet X?
A) 0.75 m/s2 Symmetrical Launches

B) 4.0 m/s2 𝒕↑ = 𝒕↓
C) 2.1 m/s2 𝒗↑ = −𝒗↓ 𝒕𝐬𝐲𝐦 = 𝚫𝒕𝑨𝑪 =
D) 12 m/s2 𝒈
|𝒗𝒄 | = |𝒗𝒂 | 𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽)
𝜽𝑪 = −𝜽𝑨 𝒈
Page 23
PROBLEM: A golf ball is hit at ground level at an angle of 31.9° above the horizontal. Its range is 257 m over a level green.
What was the magnitude of the golf ball's initial velocity?
A) 2807 m/s SPECIAL EQUATIONS

B) 69 m/s
C) 95 m/s 𝒕𝐬𝐲𝐦 = 𝚫𝒕𝑨𝑪 =
𝒈
D) 53 m/s
𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽)
𝒈
Page 24
CONCEPT: SOLVING NON-SYMMETRICAL UPWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS
● IF an object is launched upward and lands at a HIGHER or LOWER point, the motion is non-symmetrical.
LANDS AT SAME HEIGHT LANDS AT HIGHER HEIGHT LANDS AT LOWER HEIGHT

(Symmetrical Launch) (Launch TO Height) (Launch FROM Height)
● IF landing at a LOWER height, part of motion (A→C) is symmetrical, but object drops further (C→D).
- When choosing intervals in problems, try to include point ___ (max height) to simplify equations, because 𝒗𝑩𝒚 = ___
EXAMPLE: You fire a potato from a launcher on a 20m-high cliff. The potato has an initial speed of 30m/s at 53° upwards.
The potato reaches its max height 49.4m above the ground after 2.45s. Find the vertical component of the potato’s velocity
just before hitting the ground.
PROJECTILE MOTION
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 25
PROBLEM: You throw a rock off the top of a tall building at an upward angle of 15°. At t=3 s, the rock’s horizontal
displacement from you is 52m. How high does the rock get above the top of the building?

B) 4.6 m 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) 30 m
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 26
PROBLEM: A child throws a ball from ground level with an initial speed of 13 m/s at an upward angle of 67.4°. It reaches its
maximum height directly above the edge of a roof, then lands on the roof, 3 m from the edge. How high is the roof?

C) 5.6 m
D) 4.4 m
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 27
PROBLEM: A catapult launches a stone with an initial velocity of 50 m/s at an angle of 56° above the horizontal. What is the
direction of the stone's velocity when it hits a castle wall 6 seconds later?
A) –31.7° PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 31.7° 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) –47.7°
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 28
CONCEPT: USING SINGLE INTERVALS IN UPWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS
● In projectile motion, you can often choose different intervals (A→B, B→D, etc…) and still get the right answer!
B
𝜟𝒕𝑨𝑫 = ___________ OR ____________
A C
- Usually you should try to solve these problems using a single interval (___→___) because it’s better/simpler/faster!
EXAMPLE: You fire a cannon with 100 m/s at 30° above the +x-axis from a 40-m cliff. Find a) the vertical component of the
velocity at point when the cannonball hits the ground, and b) the total time of flight
B
PROJECTILE MOTION
A
C 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
D
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 29
PROBLEM: A ball is thrown from the top of a 50-m-tall building with a speed of 40m/s at an angle of 37° above the
horizontal. How far horizontally does the ball travel before hitting the ground?

C) 207 m
D) 414 m
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 30
PROBLEM: A ball is thrown from the top of a 100-m-tall building at an angle of 37° above the horizontal. 3 s later, it breaks
a window at a lower height in a building 24 m away. How high above the ground is the window?
B) 52 m 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) 24 m
D) 62 m
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 31
CONCEPT: SOLVING SYMMETRICAL LAUNCH PROBLEMS
● If an object is launched upwards, v0y is always [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ]

- The maximum height or peak is always a point of interest, because 𝑣(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘),𝑦 = ___
● If an object returns to the _________________ from which it was launched (___ = ___), its trajectory is symmetrical.
- For symmetrical launches ONLY: ____ = ____ & ____ = ____ & ____ = ____ & ____ = ____
EXAMPLE: You kick a football at 20m/s angled 53° upward, and it later returns to the ground. Calculate a) the time the
football takes to reach its max height; b) the total time of flight; c) the vertical component of the football’s velocity when it
returns to the ground.
PROJECTILE MOTION
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 32
PROBLEM: A flare gun launches signal flares with an initial speed of 110 m/s. How far does the flare travel if it is shot at
ground level at an angle 65° above the horizontal?

B) 944 m
D) 1040 m 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 33
PROBLEM: In a game of catch on a faraway planet, a ball is thrown with 10 m/s at 37° above the horizontal. It travels a
horizontal distance of 32 m and lands on the ground. What is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on this planet?
A) 0.3 m/s2 PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 1.5 m/s2
C) 3 m/s2 (Points of Interest: initial, final, max height, etc.)
D) 6 m/s2 2) Determine target variable
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝟐
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 34
CONCEPT: SOLVING PROJECTILE MOTION USING EQUATION SUBSTITUTION

PREVIOUS EXAMPLE: A ball rolls off a 2m-tall table at a speed of 3m/s. Find the horizontal displacement of the ball.
A 𝒗𝒙 = 3
X Y
𝚫𝒚 = -2 𝚫𝒙𝑨𝑩 = 𝒗𝒙 𝒕𝑨𝑩 𝐚𝐲 = −𝒈 = −𝟗. 𝟖 (3): 𝚫𝒚𝑨𝑩 = 𝒗𝑨𝒚 𝒕𝑨𝑩 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝑨𝑩𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝒗𝟎𝒚 = 𝒗𝑨𝒚 = 0
B 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝑩𝒚 = 𝒕𝑨𝑩 = 0.64s
𝚫𝒙𝑨𝑩 =(3)( )
𝚫𝒚𝑨𝑩 = -2
𝚫𝒙𝑨𝑩 = ? 𝒕𝑨𝑩 =
● You’ll need to solve problems where 2 of these 3 [𝒗𝟎 , 𝜽𝟎 , 𝒕] are unknown, but may not be asked for.
- When you write X & Y equations, you may end up with ___ equations with the SAME ___ unknown variables.
- Use Substitution: (1) _________ expression for 1 variable in simplest equation. Never write expression for 𝜃𝐴 first!
(2) _______ expression in other equation.
(3) Solve for other unknown using either 1st or 2nd equation if necessary
EXAMPLE: A soccer ball is kicked upwards from a 5m-tall hill. It travels

PROJECTILE MOTION
through the air for 4.5s and lands on the ground 45m away. Find the ball’s
initial velocity and the angle at which the soccer ball was kicked. 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
B B
A 3) Determine interval and UAM equation
B C D 4) Solve
C
X 𝐴Ԧ
D D
𝚫𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 𝐭 𝐴𝑦
𝜃𝑥
X Y
Y 𝐴𝑥
𝚫𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙 𝒕 𝐚𝐲 = −𝒈 = −𝟗. 𝟖
𝒗𝟎𝒚 = (1) 𝐯𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
𝒗𝒚 = (2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 |𝑨𝒚 |
𝚫𝐲 = 𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟏 |𝑨𝒙 |
𝒕 = (3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝒙 )
𝟐
EQUATION SUBSTITUTION
1) Write expression for 1 variable in 1 equation
2) Plug expression into other equation to solve
3) Solve other variable in either equation
Page 35
PROBLEM: A ball is kicked at a 45° angle from the ground. It hits the wall of a building 30m away, 10m up from the ground.
What was the ball’s initial velocity?
A) 17.7 m/s PROJECTILE MOTION

B) 3.2 m/s 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) 21 m/s
D) 441 m/s
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 36
CONCEPT: RELEASING OR LAUNCHING PROJECTILES FROM MOVING VEHICLES
● You’ll need to solve problems where projectiles are launched from vehicles already moving with velocity (_____).
- IF a projectile is simply dropped/released, then the moving vehicle and projectile move at the ______ velocity.
PROJECTILE DROPPED / RELEASED PROJECTILE LAUNCHED / THROWN
𝒗𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 40 m/s
𝒗𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 4m/s
𝒗𝒗𝒆𝒉 = 300 m/s
𝒗𝒗𝒆𝒉 = -3 m/s
𝒗𝒗𝒆𝒉 = 30 m/s
𝒗𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋 = _____________
● 𝒗𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋 is the ___________________ of the launch velocity and the velocity it BORROWS from the moving vehicle.
EXAMPLE: A cart carrying a vertical missile launcher moves horizontally at a constant 60m/s to the right. The missile
launches vertically upward at 80 m/s. What is the maximum height achieved by the rocket?
PROJECTILE MOTION
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 37
PROBLEM: A small plane flies horizontally at 20m/s at an altitude of 200m, when it launches a projectile at a speed of 65
m/s at 22.6° below the horizontal. What horizontal distance does the projectile travel before hitting the ground?

B) 344 m 1) Draw paths in X&Y and points of interest
C) 184 m
D) 920 m
4) Solve
X Y 𝐴Ԧ
𝜃𝑥
(2) 𝐯𝐲𝟐 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐲 𝚫𝐲 𝐴𝑥
(3) 𝚫𝐲 = 𝐯𝟎𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐲 𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐
*(4) 𝚫𝐲 = (𝐯𝟎𝐲 + 𝐯𝐟 )𝐭
𝟐
|𝑨𝒚 |
𝜽𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
|𝑨𝒙 |
Page 38
CONCEPT: INTRO TO UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
● In Uniform Circular Motion (UCM), objects move in a circular path with __________________.
-𝒗
⃗ changes direction in UCM; 𝒗
⃗ at any point is called the ____________ velocity (𝒗
⃗ 𝑻 ).
-𝒂
⃗ (“centripetal” = center-seeking) points towards _________ of the path (𝒂
⃗ 𝑪 or 𝒂
⃗ 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ).
- 𝑹 is the distance from the edge of the path to the center, or the ___________ of the path.
𝒂𝒄 = Units: [ _____ ]
EXAMPLE: You move at constant 5 m/s when you turn into a circle of radius 10m. Calculate your centripetal acceleration.
Page 39
PROBLEM: A ball travels on a frictionless circular track at 3m/s. The ball cannot have an acceleration greater than 1.5m/s2
or it will go off the track. What is the smallest radius the circular track can have so that the ball stays on the track?
Circ. Motion
𝒗𝑻𝟐
𝒂𝑪 =
𝑹
PROBLEM: The Moon travels in a circular orbit of radius R = 3.85×108 m around the Earth because of gravity. Because of
the large distance, the centripetal acceleration of the Moon is only 0.0026m/s2. How fast would the Moon be moving if it
suddenly broke free of Earth’s gravity and stopped orbiting?
Circ. Motion
𝒗𝑻𝟐
𝒂𝑪 =
𝑹
Page 40
CONCEPT: CIRCUMFERENCE, PERIOD AND FREQUENCY IN UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
● When objects complete a full ROTATION a.k.a. REVOLUTION a.k.a. CYCLE:

- the distance traveled is called the CIRCUMFERENCE ___ = _____
- Period (__) → # of __________ per __________; Unit: [ __ ] or [ ]
T= ⇔ 𝒇=
- Frequency (__) → # of __________ per __________; Unit: [ ___ = ] or [ ]
EXAMPLE: Calculate the period and frequency of your motion if you complete:
a) 4 rotations in 2 seconds b) 0.5 rotations in 3 seconds
PROBLEM: Modern windmills usually spin at a rate of 20 Revolutions Per Minute (R.P.M). At this rate, how long does it take
for a windmill blade to complete a full rotation?
Circ. Motion
𝒗𝑻𝟐
𝒂𝑪 =
𝑹
𝟏 𝟏 𝐑𝐏𝐌
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝐑𝐏𝐌
● Whenever you’re given Revs per Minute (RPMs), to get frequency → 𝒇 = 𝟔𝟎
Page 41
CONCEPT: MORE EQUATIONS FOR VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
● We can combine the circumference, period, and frequency into equations for 𝒗𝑻 and 𝒂𝑪 :
𝑹
distance
𝒗𝑻 = ⇒ 𝒗𝑻 = = OR _________
time
𝒗𝑻𝟐
𝒂𝑪 = ⇒ 𝒂𝑪 = OR ___________
𝑹
EXAMPLE: A ball moves in a circle of radius 10m. Calculate:
a) its speed if it takes 60 seconds to complete b) its centripetal acceleration if it completes 1

100 rotations rotation every 3 minutes
Page 42
PROBLEM: A 3kg rock spins horizontally at the end of a 2m string at 90 RPM. Calculate its centripetal acceleration.
Circ. Motion
𝒗𝑻𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
PROBLEM: A big problem for astronauts in space is the lack of gravity! One way to simulate gravity is to build a space ship
with spinning rings attached to it. If a cylindrical space station of diameter = 500m is spun about its axis, how fast in
revolutions per minute (RPM) must it turn so the astronauts inside feel an acceleration equal to that of Earth (g)?
Circ. Motion
𝒗𝑻𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Page 43
CONCEPT: INTRO TO RELATIVE MOTION (RELATIVE VELOCITY)
● We always measure velocity relative to some ___________________, called a Frame of Reference.

- Frame of Reference is always the ground or the Earth unless otherwise stated.
EXAMPLE: You are an Observer measuring the velocities of A, B, & C (using a speed gun) on a moving walkway (like the
ones in airports) moving at 3m/s. If A stands still, B walks RIGHT at 2m/s, C walks LEFT at 2m/s, what does your speed
gun measure their velocities to be?
At t=0 At t=1
A A is moving relative to you (Observer) at ____ m/s
B +2m/s
B is moving relative to you (Observer) at ____ m/s
O –2m/s
(you)
C
C is moving relative to you (Observer) at ____ m/s
𝒗𝑾 = +3m/s
Moving Walkway
● Whenever a stationary (not moving) object is inside/within/on top of a moving object, they have the _______ velocity.
- In other words, their velocities relative to all other reference frames is the same.
- Also, their velocities relative to each other is ______.
● Relative Velocity is really just the ______________________ of velocities.
Page 44
CONCEPT: SOLVING RELATIVE VELOCITY PROBLEMS IN 1D
● To solve Relative Velocity problems, just add/subtract velocities in different reference frames:
Relative Velocity Equation

Velocity of A Velocity of A Velocity of B
= +
relative to C relative to B relative to C
1) Inner subscripts of terms on right side of equation are the ________

______=____________ → Always set up so:
2) Outer subscripts of terms on right side = subscripts of term on left side
EXAMPLE: You’re in a car moving at 45m/s east, relative to the ground. A truck is ahead of you, also moving east at 60m/s.
What is the velocity of the truck relative to your car?
RELATIVE VELOCITY IN 1D
1) Draw diagram, identify all objects & references
2) Write each given velocities w/ subscript notation
3) Write relative velocity equation according to rules
4) Solve
● If you’re given a velocity with the correct subscripts but in the opposite order, you can _________ the subscripts
- When you flip the subscripts, the sign of the number flips (positive ↔ negative): 𝒗𝑨𝑩 = −𝒗𝑩𝑨
Page 45
PROBLEM: A boat on a river is traveling from a pier to a point 500 m upstream (against the river’s current). The current
flows at 4 m/s. If the boat makes the trip in 250 s, what is the speed of the boat relative to the water?
A) 2 m/s RELATIVE VELOCITY IN 1D

B) 0 m/s
C) 6 m/s
D) 12 m/s
4) Solve
Page 46
PROBLEM: City B lies directly east of city A. Without any wind, an airliner makes the 2775-km flight between them in 3.30h.
If a steady 225-km/h wind blows from west to east and the airliner has the same speed relative to the air as before, how
long will the trip from A to B take?
A) 7.1 hrs RELATIVE VELOCITY IN 1D

B) 2.6 hrs
C) 9.0 hrs
D) 5.2 hrs
4) Solve
Page 47

Ch.4 - Two-Dimensional Kinematics

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Ch.4 - Two-Dimensional Kinematics

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Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Ch.4 - Two-Dimensional Kinematics

CONCEPT: INTRO TO MOTION IN 2D

CONCEPT: POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT IN 2D

- Where you are / Coordinate (_____) - ______________ in position

ሬሬሬሬሬ⃗| = ඥ𝚫𝒙𝟐 + 𝚫𝒚𝟐

A) 13.5m; 58° above +x-axis 2D POSITION /

ሬሬሬሬሬ⃗| = ඥ𝚫𝒙𝟐 + 𝚫𝒚𝟐

CONCEPT: AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY IN 2D

- [ SCALAR | VECTOR ] - [ SCALAR | VECTOR ]; always points in same direction as ____

A) 1.5 m/s 2D SPEED / VELOCITY

CONCEPT: CALCULATING VELOCITY COMPONENTS

A) 2.15 m/s; 39.1° south of west

A) (11.8m,13.6m) 2D Velocity Vector

A) 13 m/s horizontal; 10.9 m/s vertical 2D Acceleration Vector

CONCEPT: SOLVING KINEMATICS PROBLEMS IN 2D

● Solving constant acceleration problems in 2D is done the same way as in 1D!

A) 2.8 m/s2; along –x axis 2D MOTION w/ ACCELERATION

MOTION EQs VECTOR EQs

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTILE MOTION

VERTICAL HORIZONTAL LAUNCH DOWNWARD LAUNCH UPWARD LAUNCH

EQUATIONS TO USE FOR PROJECTILE MOTION

UAM EQUATIONS VECTOR EQs

A) Vertical acceleration & vertical velocity

CONCEPT: SOLVING PROJECTILE MOTION PROBLEMS (WITH HORIZONTAL LAUNCH EXAMPLE)

UAM EQUATIONS VECTOR EQs

A) 2.1 m/s PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: SOLVING DOWNWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS

● When an object is launched downward, v0y will always be [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ].

A) 18.8 m PROJECTILE MOTION

A) 292 m PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: USING SPECIAL EQUATIONS IN SYMMETRICAL LAUNCH PROBLEMS

● For symmetrical launches ONLY (𝒚𝒇 = 𝒚𝟎 ), remember: 𝒕↑ = 𝒕↓ 𝒗↑ = −𝒗↓ |𝒗𝒄 | = |𝒗𝒂 | 𝜽𝒄 = – 𝜽𝒂

a) the time the projectile hits the ground

b) horizontal range of the projectile TOTAL HORIZONTAL

If you don’t have 𝒕𝑨𝑪 : 𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽)

c) the other launch angle that gives the same range

A) 40.8° Symmetrical Launches

A) 0.75 m/s2 Symmetrical Launches

A) 2807 m/s SPECIAL EQUATIONS

CONCEPT: SOLVING NON-SYMMETRICAL UPWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS

LANDS AT SAME HEIGHT LANDS AT HIGHER HEIGHT LANDS AT LOWER HEIGHT

A) 1.1 m PROJECTILE MOTION

A) 7.3 m PROJECTILE MOTION

A) –31.7° PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: USING SINGLE INTERVALS IN UPWARD LAUNCH PROBLEMS

A) 101.2 m PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: SOLVING SYMMETRICAL LAUNCH PROBLEMS

● If an object is launched upwards, v0y is always [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ]

A) 1890 m PROJECTILE MOTION

A) 0.3 m/s2 PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: SOLVING PROJECTILE MOTION USING EQUATION SUBSTITUTION

EXAMPLE: A soccer ball is kicked upwards from a 5m-tall hill. It travels

A) 17.7 m/s PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: RELEASING OR LAUNCHING PROJECTILES FROM MOVING VEHICLES

PROJECTILE DROPPED / RELEASED PROJECTILE LAUNCHED / THROWN

A) 752 m PROJECTILE MOTION

CONCEPT: INTRO TO UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

CONCEPT: CIRCUMFERENCE, PERIOD AND FREQUENCY IN UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

● When objects complete a full ROTATION a.k.a. REVOLUTION a.k.a. CYCLE:

- Period (__) → # of __________ per __________; Unit: [ __ ] or [ ]

- Frequency (__) → # of __________ per __________; Unit: [ ___ = ] or [ ]

a) 4 rotations in 2 seconds b) 0.5 rotations in 3 seconds

EXAMPLE: A ball moves in a circle of radius 10m. Calculate:

- Where you are / Coordinate (_) - __________ in position

- Period () → # of per ; Unit: [ ] or [ ]

- Frequency () → # of per ; Unit: [ _ = ] or [ ]