Ch.6 - Circular Motion

Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Ch.6 - Circular Motion
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CONCEPT: INTRO TO CENTRIPETAL FORCES
● LINEAR force problems vs. CIRCULAR / CENTRIPETAL forces are solved the same way! But there are differences:
LINEAR CENTRIPETAL
+𝒚
−𝒙 +𝒙
𝒂𝑪
−𝒚 𝒗𝑻
● Forces along X & Y axes ● Forces along ______________ direction, i.e. toward/away from center
- Solve with 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 - Solve with ___________
EXAMPLE: A small 3kg block is tied to the end of 2m string and slides around in a circle on a frictionless table. If the block
completes a rotation every 4 seconds, calculate the tension on the string.
CENTRIPETAL
FORCES
1) Draw FBD
2) Write 𝜮𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
(rewrite 𝒂𝑪 ⇒ 𝒗𝟐 /𝑹)
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒗𝑻𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Page 1
PROBLEM: A small 4kg block is tied to the end of 3m string and slides around in a circle on a frictionless table. Suppose
the string will break if the tension exceeds 50N. Find the maximum speed the block can have without breaking the string.
A) 37.5m/s CENTRIPETAL
B) 6.1m/s FORCES
C) 8.7m/s 1) Draw FBD
D) 2.8m/s 2) Write 𝜮𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝐑𝐏𝐌
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
PROBLEM: A 0.50-kg ball is tied to the end of a 4m light cord that spins the ball around in a horizontal plane at constant
speed with the cord making a 30° angle with the vertical. Determine the ball’s speed.
θ CENTRIPETAL
FORCES
1) Draw FBD
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Page 2
CONCEPT: VERTICAL CENTRIPETAL FORCES
● For Circ. Mo. problems in the vertical plane, mg pulls obj’s downwards, so speed is [ CONSTANT | NOT CONSTANT ]
EXAMPLE: You’re sitting in a rollercoaster as it goes in a vertical loop of radius 10m. Your mass is 70kg. At the bottom of
the loop, your speed is 30m/s. At the top of the loop, your speed is 20m/s. Calculate the centripetal acceleration and the
normal force from the seat on you when you are at the a) bottom of the loop and b) top of the loop.
CENTRIPETAL
FORCES
1) Draw FBD
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
● There are also “rules” to determine signs of Centripetal Forces:

- Forces pointing towards center are [ + | – | 0 ]
- Forces pointing away from center are [ + | – | 0 ]
- Forces pointing perpendicular (90°) to the direction to center are [ + | – | 0 ]
Page 3
PROBLEM: Suppose a 1,800-kg car passes over a bump in a roadway that follows the arc of a circle of radius 20m. What
force does the road exert on the car as the car moves over the top of the bump if the car moves at a constant 9 m/s?
A) 10350N CENTRIPETAL
B) 24930N FORCES
C) 17640N 1) Draw FBD
D) 16830N 2) Write 𝜮𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝑻= ⇔𝒇= =
𝒇 𝑻 𝟔𝟎
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Page 4
CONCEPT: FLAT CURVE
● When objects travel around horizontal (flat) curves, the force that keeps them in circular motion is _________________.
EXAMPLE: You drive an 800kg car around a flat curve of radius 50m. The coefficient of static friction between the car and
the road is 0.5. a) Write an expression for the maximum speed you can drive the car around the curve without slipping on
the road. b) Calculate this maximum speed.
CENTRIPETAL
FORCES
𝑹
1) Draw FBD
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Page 5
PROBLEM: A truck can go around a flat curve of radius 150m with a maximum speed of 32m/s before slipping. Calculate
the maximum speed it can go around a tighter curve of radius 75m.
A) 32 m/s
CENTRIPETAL
B) 515 m/s
FORCES
C) 3.8 m/s
1) Draw FBD
D) 22.7 m/s 2) Write 𝜮𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Flat Curve: 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒈𝑹𝝁𝒔
Page 6
CONCEPT: BANKED CURVE
● Unlike flat curve problems, Banked Curve problems involve objects travelling in circular motion on frictionless inclines.
- Because the centripetal direction is horizontal, we use an ____________ coordinate system (regular X & Y axes).
- WITHOUT friction, objects accelerate centripetally from the ____________ Force (x-component).
EXAMPLE: An 800kg racecar on a racetrack drives around a banked, frictionless curve inclined 37° above the horizontal.
The radius of the curve is 200m. Find the exact speed of the car such that it moves without sliding up OR down the incline.
CENTRIPETAL
FORCES
1) Draw FBD
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Flat Curve: = 𝒈𝑹𝝁𝒔𝒗𝟐
Banked Curve: 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒈𝑹𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝝁 𝜽 EQ
Flat Curve
Banked Curve
Page 7
PROBLEM: A bobsled turn banked at 78° is taken at 24 m/s. Assume it is ideally banked and there is no friction between
the ice and the bobsled. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the bobsled.
A) 1100 m/s2 CENTRIPETAL
B) 2.08 m/s2 FORCES
C) 46.1 m/s2 1) Draw FBD
D) 1.92 m/s2 2) Write 𝜮𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
3) Solve
Circ. Motion /
Centripetal Forces
𝒂𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝒇𝟐
𝑹 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= ⇔𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝒗𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒇
𝑻 𝑻
Flat Curve: 𝒗 = 𝒈𝑹𝝁𝒔 𝟐
Banked Curve: 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒈𝑹𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Page 8

Ch.6 - Circular Motion

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Ch.6 - Circular Motion

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Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Ch.6 - Circular Motion

CONCEPT: INTRO TO CENTRIPETAL FORCES

CONCEPT: VERTICAL CENTRIPETAL FORCES

● There are also “rules” to determine signs of Centripetal Forces:

CONCEPT: FLAT CURVE

CONCEPT: BANKED CURVE

Banked Curve: 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒈𝑹𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

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