GROUP PROPOSAL REPORT

MULTIPURPOSE GARDENING TOOLS

COURSE CODE: DJJ50193

COURSE NAME: PROJECT 2

SUPERVISOR NAME: PN. MASLINDA BT. RAHMAD

COURSE: ENGINEERING MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT (AUTOMOTIVE)

CLASS: DAD5A

SESION: I 2022/2023

NAME REGISTRATION ID
MUHAMMAD IQHWAN BIN JAAFAR 01DAD20F1011
AHMAD MUQRI BIN ZAWAWI 01DAD20F1021
AYU NAZIRAH BINTI MOHD ROPI 01DAD20F1022
ABSTRACT
Most of the agricultural machinery that available in the market now is typically massive, heavy,
and costly. Some farmers are hardly buying agricultural machinery for example Rotary Tiller for
walking Tractors for their work because of the weight, cost, and size of the technology. The farmer
will find it difficult while working with hot weather and working too long causes them to suffer
from back pain and illness. In addition, farmers must spend a long time to complete their
work. The ultimate objective of this study is to find a solution for the construction of a smaller,
more compact, cheaper, easier-to-use wheel hoe for a vegetable farmer, comfort for farmers while
working, reduce the working time and reduce the manpower for crop boundaries. The materials
used are iron plate, iron hollow bar, construction steel, wheelbarrow tyre, bolt nut and washer.
Fabrication processes are used in the cutting process, welding process, grinding process, drilling
process and finishing process. Multipurpose Gardening Tool results showed that the farmer can
produce two boundaries at once in that time. We finished our project with designed and lubricated
according to our inventor drawing and flow chart that we already prepared in our proposal. Overall,
the Multipurpose Gardening Tool can be used by the small-scale farmers and the results show how
a farmer's working time can be reduced, including energy reduction and can provide comfort while
using the Multipurpose Gardening Tools.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of Project 2–3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objectives of Project 4
1.5 Question of Project 4
1.6 Scope of Project 5
1.7 Significant of Project 6
1.8 Term of Description 7
1.9 Possible Outcome of Project 7
1.10 Conclusion 8
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction 9 – 10
2.2 Concepts 10 - 14
2.3 Previous Research 15 – 20
2.4 Chapter Summary 21
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Project Design 23 – 31
3.2.1 Data Analysis Method
3.2.2 Component od Project
3.2.3 Project Development Method
3.3 Mechanical Design/Product Layout 32 – 36
3.4 Fabrication Method 37 – 41
3.5 Project Testing 42
3.6 Estimated Cost 43
3.7 Flow Chart 44 – 45
3.8 Chapter Summary 46
Chapter 4: Result and Discussion
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Result and Analysis 47 - 58
4.3 Discussion 59 - 61
4.4 Chapter Summary 62
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Conclusion 63 - 64
5.3 Future Recommendation 64
5.4 Chapter Summary 64
A. Actual Costing 65
B. Gantt Chart 66 - 67
C. Drawing 68
D. References 69
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

As a fourth-semester student in Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Ungku Omar

Polytechnic, it is made compulsory for the student to come out with an innovation project in the
related field to pass the subject and graduate the study. This course also has granted the students
opportunity to work creatively to solve problems and implement the knowledge to contribute to
the automotive industry.

Multipurpose Gardening Tools are preferred as the globe grows more sophisticated and the
economy evolves nowadays since they speed up human activity. As we all know, in the past, most
of them relied on hand tools such as hoes and animal ploughing. However, a piece of critical
equipment has been produced today to make life easier for workers by replacing traditional hand
tools with versatile gardening tools known as wheel hoes. In our country, there are many different
varieties of wheel hoes, such as terraces wheel hoes, glazer wheel hoes, and so on.

Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and problem-

solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object.
Mechanical engineers analyse their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—
ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost.

Mechanical engineers make a difference. That's because mechanical engineering careers

centre on creating technologies to meet human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern
life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind. This
includes solving today's problems and creating future solutions in health care, energy,
transportation, world hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more.

Being ingrained in many challenges and innovations across many fields means a
mechanical engineering education is versatile. To meet this broad demand, mechanical engineers
may design a component, a machine, a system, or a process. This ranges from the macro to the
micro, from the largest systems like cars and satellites to the smallest components like sensors and
switches.

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1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

“Multipurpose Gardening Tools” or its original name is A Wheel hoe is a mechanical

device used by farmers for ploughing, weeding, and cultivating. It was invented by a horse farm
tools manufacturer Planet. Jr in the year 1890, Up to 1920 they used wheel hoe using animals like
horses, ox, etc. In 1920 Allen and company invented manual-driven wheel hoes. They started with
single wheel hoe and double wheel hoe; later wheel hoe was modified for various agricultural
operations using different tools. The aim of our project is to design and development multipurpose
gardening tools to use in various agricultural operations with a single piece of equipment.

This project aims at designing, analysing, and modifying the normal hoe to make a different
from actual that have the wheel function like a tractor. The wheel hoe will also have a function
where we can make the planting work become more easily and multifunction by changing the hoe
point to the kind of the suitable planting tools. This project is to keep human energy and time from
doing a multitask at the same time. This project also in eco-friendly project because the material
of the machine is easy to available at our surrounding and a recycle product. It will also have a
compact design that won’t take much money and can be conduct easily. So, for this machine will
make the best design that suitable to a human especially for a gardener which make a survey and
suggestion to the people. Next is analyse that the product still valid in the market or not and also a
material we will use. Lastly, it will come with the prototype that can be tested at the selected
plantation company.

Wheel hoe is a mechanical tool that farmers use to plough, weed, and grow. In 1890, until
1920, a fabricator of horse farming tools invented it, using wheel hoe with animals like horses and
ox and so on. The manual wheel hoes were invented by Allen and the company in 1920. The wheel
hoe was modified for various agricultural activities with different tools. They started by a single
wheel hoe and a dual wheel hoe. The project aims to design and develop the half automated
agricultural wheel hoe, which can be used in single equipment for several agricultural operations.
In Malaysia, farming is mostly practiced compared to the rest of the world. All know that in
Malaysia a people like to have a garden and still follow traditional methods such as weeding by
hand, ploughing and cultivation and that some farmers also have the latest technology and modern
equipment. High cost and face the main disadvantages of this modern equipment.

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 High costs, and the problems with the use of these devices, are the main drawbacks of this
modern equipment. Very few Indian farmers have tractors, but the tractor is not available to all
farmers. There is an alternative for a tractor, which is also costly power tillers. Another alternative,
the wheel hoe, is available. It is manually driven machinery used in farming. The project's main
aim is to design and develop semi-automated multi-use agricultural wheel hoe for the application
in individual equipment of several agricultural operations.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem that was faced is the metal blade of the basic hoe cannot be changed into a
different blade. This problem is the think that we get an idea to make some improvement
into the wheel hoe. Next, the homemade wheel hoe usually cannot be durable to use for a
long time. So, the product material must be specific to choose the best material for wheel
hoe products. Then, the common wheel hoe takes a long time to lose soil, from the problem
we know that the project must be improved especially for the design. Also, the
multipurpose gardening tools are unsuitable for use in the rocky area because the blade is
ineffective on a rock because pulling a large rock out of the ground requires less gripping.
Lastly, use is limited to weather conditions; it is ineffective if used during or after rain since
the ground would be muddy. Because it is composed of steel, it is prone to rust if left
exposed to rain and sunlight.

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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective for multipurpose gardening:

a) To reduce the energy and power while make a work in a garden.
The aim of this project is to reduce the manpower required for the operation of the
wheel hoe. The only way is to automate it but cannot fully automate it due to few
constraints such as it will require electricity which will not be mostly available in
villages, it will be requiring Microprocessor and sensors which will again increase
the cost and might require skill to use it. The solution being that instead of
automating it fully we planned to semi automate it using engine, motors, and power
transmission equipment. This might help us reaching our goal by reducing the
manpower as well as cost.

b) To make sure that our project will function efficiently.

The purpose is to make sure the wheel hoe can perform and work clearly. It is very
important to the engineer as a maker and give an idea. This project must give good
feedback from customers even we had to put a high price on it. But the quality of
the product still a number one for me as a developer.
c) To improve the skills of growing fresh and safe vegetables without using any
pesticides.
d) To research and develop multipurpose gardening tools.
e) To design and construct a semi-automated multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe that
can weed, plow, and cultivate all in one machine.

1.5 QUESTION OF THE PROJECT

The following are the project's questions:
a) What are the sources of innovation in the agricultural industry?
b) What are the obstacles circulating in the agricultural industry today?
c) What did you use to construct this project?

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1.6 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The wheel hoe is a classic weeding and cultivating equipment that is suited for small-
scale market gardeners, city gardeners, and growers working in high tunnels or
greenhouses. The current wheel hoe is based on designs from the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries. It's a push tool that's light, adaptable, and easy to manoeuvre. Its ergonomic
design provides greater leverage than a standard long-handled hoe, allowing you to cover
more territory in less time. We also can get some of the people that are experts in the
agriculture environment and mechanical engineers to get advice and opinion. Designing of
the Equipment: The first stage of our project is to plan and prepare the design of the
equipment as per approximate suitable dimensions (Reference from the manual wheel hoe)
Fabrication of the working model: Once a design is over, we are planning to prepare a
working model of the equipment. Turning: It is a basically Metal Removal process where
the shaft was reduced to a suitable diameter. Welding: Different components were joined
by the metal arc welding process. Assembly: Once all the above components were ready
with the help of welding technology and using fasteners components were assembled to
the final model.

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1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF PROJECT

Specially, this project attempted to deliver the potential solution needed for the existing
obstacle in the agricultural industry field to maximise operations performance and business
performance. This project is expected to further develop innovation and technology in the
agricultural field.

Innovation is essential not only agricultural industry, but it is commonly adapted by others
in order to move towards a better way of business practice. Technology and innovation are key
drivers of increased growth performance. Countries reap the benefits of economic growth through
innovation. This innovation provides significant benefits to the organizations to decrease mistakes
in the processes and providing easier, cheaper, quicker, and more secured services. In addition to
this, offering a better provides a competitive advantage.

The importance of innovation and technology in the agricultural field is very important to
drive progress in this field. With this Multipurpose Gardening Tools project, it will increase the
rating of innovation and technology in the agricultural field. Indirectly, it will attract more people
to venture into the agricultural field. It will also speed up operations in this field and as a result
will further speed up work and yields for small farmers and so on.

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1.8 TERM DESCRIPTION

Innovation
Innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved products, service,
process, a new marketing method or a new organizational method in business practices,
workplace organization or external relations. In other words, innovation is the process of
making change, difference and novelty in the products, services and business manner to
create economic and social benefit.

1.9 POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF PROJECT

The possible outcome of this project includes the increasing in daily productivity of
gardening. This is because the number of activities carried out daily can be done with more
efficiently and immediately. With the ease of usage of the newly invented innovative
equipment, the users can enjoy more friendly environment to handle the related tools such
as a wheel that can easily be push from place to one another place with less burden.

This will indirectly impact to the tool improvement with the existence of the innovation
because the current obstacles can be eliminated. Thus, the tool can be operated more
effectively, and this will increase customer satisfaction because they can feel the difference
when using this Multipurpose Gardening Tools.

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1.10 CONCLUSION

The Multipurpose Wheel Hoe has been discovered to save time, human effort, and
increase labour capacity and output. It was discovered to be compatible, simple to use, and
adaptable in field situations, as well as the most efficient in vegetable fields. The use of a
Multipurpose Wheel Hoe was found to increase worker posture and efficiency. The
Multipurpose Wheel Hoe reduced body discomfort by utilising a standing posture that
eliminated muscular fatigue and excessive loading of the backbone's intervertebral discs.
This shows that the Multipurpose Wheel Hoe is ergonomically sound, women-friendly,
reduces drudgery, and increases farmer efficiency.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The wheel hoe has been around since the late 1800s. It was created as a low-cost tool for
enhancing production on small farms with limited horsepower (and thus mechanized agriculture).
In the spring, these market gardens and small farms would plough the fields with a single horse,
then cultivate with wheel hoes for the rest of the season.

A wheel hoe is a push tool that is lightweight, adaptable, and nimble. Its ergonomic design
provides more leverage than a standard hand hoe, allowing the operator to cover more ground in
less time. The wheel hoe is suitable for small-scale market gardeners, urban gardeners, high tunnel
or greenhouse growers, and, of course, ardent home gardeners. The wheel hoe has several
advantages, including the fact that it does not require the use of fossil fuels. First, when cultivating
in high tunnels or greenhouses, there are no fumes. The user may then stay upright while
gardening, which means less bending and stretching. After that, a variety of attachments and
adjustments allow for the cultivation of a variety of crops in no-till and low-till systems. Finally,
it's long-lasting, with almost no moving parts to fail.

A plough or plough is a farm instrument used to loosen or turn the soil before planting or
sowing seed. Ploughs were once pulled by oxen and horses, but now they are pulled by tractors on
contemporary farms. A plough has a blade attached to it that cuts and loosens the dirt. It can be
made of wood, iron, or steel. For most of history, it has been essential to farming. The oldest
ploughs were without wheels, and the Romans called them aratrums. Wheeled ploughs were
initially used by Celtic peoples during the Roman era.

Plowing's main aim is to turn over the top layer of soil, bringing new nutrients to the surface
while burying weeds and crop residues to decay. Furrows are the trenches dug by the plough. In
modern times, a ploughed field is usually allowed to dry before being harrowed and planted. The
composition of the upper 12 to 25 centimeters (5 to 10 in) layer of soil, where most plant-feeder
roots grow, is evened out by ploughing and cultivating it.

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 Ploughs were originally powered by people, but farm animals proved to be far more efficient.
Oxen were the first animals to be used. Horses and mules were later used in a variety of situations.
With the advent of the industrial revolution, steam engines were able to pull ploughs. In the early
twentieth century, internal combustion-powered tractors supplanted them.

Figure 2.1

2.2 CONCEPTS

There are some issues that farmers, gardeners and so on face this day. For example, they
lack sophisticated gardening equipment. They are still outdated by using traditional equipment that
is time consuming and tiring. Many adverse effects that they will get if they still use the old method
in gardening activities such as the process that takes a long time, suffering from back pain in the
long term due to always bending when using a hoe and tired quickly because the old method uses
a lot of energy. So, we want to construct a project that can create sophisticated projects or
equipment that have many uses such as plowing the soil, uprooting grass and digging the soil in
just one piece of equipment. We created this equipment also aims to address the problem in terms
of the use of a lot of stamina, this tool will also not make the spine become sore because there is
no need to bend the body.

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  TYPES TIRE

Figure 2.2: Types of tires

1. Wheelbarrow Tire

Pneumatic wheelbarrow tires have an inner tube that you pump up like bicycle or car tires.
That air serves as a shock absorber, giving the wheelbarrow a smoother ride and making it easier
to manage. But like all tires with inner tubes, a pneumatic wheelbarrow tire is susceptible to rough
terrain and can pop. Also, you will need to keep an eye on the tire’s air pressure, because it will
eventually go flat without maintenance.

Non-pneumatic tires are solid rubber. They can’t pop or go flat, but they won’t ride as
smoothly. Compromise exists in the form of a semi-pneumatic tire a rubber tire with air pockets
built in. This in-between type offers some shock absorption but doesn’t require inflation.

2. Small Size Bicycle Tire

Smaller wheels tend to weigh less than larger ones, thus bringing the performance benefits of
light wheels. Small wheels, all else being equal, have slightly higher rolling resistance. On the
other hand, they may have lower aerodynamic drag due to their smaller area, which is proportional
to their radius.

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 3. Trolley Tire

Trolley wheels are used with castors or axles to create movable units. These units can be used
in a variety of large and small applications and can aid in the movement of large, heavy objects
with ease. Trolley wheels come in a variety of sizes and are made from a range of durable materials
for longer life and improved wear. The clever round trolley was created from a desire to make
transporting and storing wheels easy, ergonomic, and logical.

The Wheel Trolley is designed for either 8 tires or 4 complete wheels and has a load capacity
of 120 kg/265 lbs. When it comes to its indispensable features in the workshop, we should
mention:

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  TYPES EQUIPMENT

Figure 2.3: Types of equipment

1. Blade

The name of this first tool is blade. The function of this tool is to cut or pull grass or pieces of
plant twigs that are on the ground. This blade is usually made of stainless steel. It is sharp enough
to cut all kinds of small plants that are on the ground, but it can also become blunt and rusty if not
cared for properly. This blade must be stored in a place not exposed to sunlight and rain to maintain
the durability of the steel. Its sharpness will also decrease if it has not been sharpened for too long.
It is very easy to sharpen it. We can use a sharpening stone to re -sharpen the blade.

2. 4 Tine Cultivator

A cultivator is a machine that disturbs the top surface of the soil to either prepare the soil into
a smooth, loose, aerated seedbed, and/or to kill weeds. It also tills, aerate, and mix any kind of soil
easily and without straining yourself with our Four Tine Cultivator. The thick tines are equipped
for lifting rocks, dead plants, weeds, roots, or large chunks of dirt out of your work area and for
moving mulch, soil, or gravel.

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 3. Furrower

The major function of seed furrow openers is to create a well-defined groove in the soil where
the seed can be placed at the proper depth. Research indicates no difference in seed spacing
uniformity exists among the various openers. Planting in furrows allows for more uniform rows.
These rows are able to be weeded and irrigated simply and without the concern of disturbing
growing plants. Irrigation furrows have also been celebrated for their ability to help maintain soil
moisture and to improve water use during periods of drought.

 TYPES HANDLE

A handle with a pistol grip is needed on the manually operated equipment. The handles of the
pistol grip are designed to fit the hand and so that the operator's thrust is directly in line with
the handle, which facilitates its thrust. The curve in the handle is so sharp that it is practically
a 90-degree curve. The sharper curve would make a difference when it comes to comfort and
ease of use. The plow-style handles are not right to the weeder handles and are not in any way
ergonomically suitable for the push-pull action that is used to operate a wheel weeder. Plow
style handles are ideal for grabbing and guiding a tool that is being pulled by an animal.
Vertical palm handle design is easy to use. These handles are perfect for individuals with
limited hand control or grasp such as arthritis, hand tremors, Parkinson’s or dexterity issues.
Ergonomically designed handle avoids high contact forces and static loading, reduces
excessive gripping force or pressure, avoids extreme and awkward joint positions, avoids
twisting hand and wrist motion. Figure 4 shows the different handle options.

Figure 2.4: Type of handle

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2.3 PREVIOUS RESEARCH

Early ploughs in the United States consisted of nothing more than a bent rod with an iron tip
attached, sometimes raw, that scratched the earth. In 1812, this type of plough was utilized in
Illinois. Plows designed to replace deep holes for planting seeds, on the other hand, were required.

Often, the first attempts consisted of a heavy piece of rough timber carved into shape and
fastened with wrought iron dots. The mould board is uneven, with no two curves exactly same.
Plows were only produced on order at the period, and few blacksmiths had a design for them.
Plows can only turn holes in light soil if a cow or horse is powerful enough, but friction is a major
issue that necessitates the use of three men and multiple animals to dig a cone in hard soil.

 Thomas Jefferson

For mould boards, Thomas Jefferson labored with extremely precise accurate shapes. However,
despite continuing to work on his board and plough design, Jefferson was interested in a variety
of other topics.

 Charles Newbold & David Peacock.

Charles Newbold of Burlington County, New Jersey, was the true inventor of the first workable
plough. In June 1797, he was granted a patent for plough iron. Early American farmers, on the
other hand, did not have access to ploughs. They claim it "pollutes the soil" and encourages the
growth of weeds.

In 1807, David Peacock was granted a patent for a plough, as well as two others afterwards.
Peacock was sued by Newbold for patent infringement and damages. It was the first case of patent
infringement to be pursued.

 Jethro Wood

Jethro Wood, a blacksmith from Scipio, New York, was another innovator. He was granted two
patents, the first in 1814 and the second in 1819. His plough was constructed of iron and was
divided into three sections so that a broken portion could be replaced without having to buy a new
plough.

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This standardization principle is a significant step forward. Farmers forgot their biases and were
drawn to buying ploughs at this time. Even though Wood's original patents have been extended,
patent infringement is rampant, and he is believed to have spent his whole fortune pursuing it.

 William Parlin

William Parlin, a skilled magician from Canton, Illinois, began constructing ploughs in 1842 and
sold them throughout the country by vehicle.

 John Lane & James Oliver

A "soft" mild steel workshop was patented by John Lane in 1868. To prevent damage, the hard but
brittle surface is supported by softer and stronger metal.

James Oliver, a Scotch immigrant living in Indiana, got a patent for a "cold plough" in the same
year. The cast's wear surface is cooled faster than the back using a sophisticated approach. The
ground-contact surface is made of a hard, glassy surface, whereas the plow's body is made of hefty
iron. Oliver launched Oliver Chilled Works later on.

 John Deere

The world's first self-bullet steel plough was manufactured and marketed by John Deere in 1837.
"Grasshopper ploughs" are large ploughs designed to mow the rough American prairie soil.

 Farm Plow & Tractor Progress

From a single plough to two or more ploughs linked together, more work may be done with roughly
the same amount of people. The severe plough, which allowed plough riders to ride instead of
walk, was another improvement. As early as 1844, or possibly before, such ploughs were in use.

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  Plowing's earliest history

Figure 5 shows the conventional weeding tools (trench hoe and spade), used in different regions
of India, selected for field comparison. The selection of subjects plays a vital role in conducting
field evaluation. The subjects must be physically and medically fit to undergo the tests. There
should not be any major illness, and they should also be a true representative of the operating user
population. Age and physical condition are the main criteria for the selection of subjects.

Figure 2.5: Trench hoe and grub hoe

 PLOWING USING BUFFALOES

Figure 2.6
In general, there are various advantages to ploughing with buffaloes, including the ability to use
animal dung as fertilizer for rice. Livestock employed for ploughing will usually discharge
excrement, which can be used directly as fertilizer for the fields being ploughed. As a result, the
consumption of non-organic fertilizers may be minimized, allowing for improved relative
environmental security. In addition, compared to a hoe, it saves more energy and time.
Strengthening the bonds of friendship between farmers is the next step. Finally, compared to

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tractors, the expense of caring for buffaloes is lower. In addition to its benefits, utilizing buffaloes
to plough rice fields has a disadvantage: it takes a long time. Next, the yield received from buffalo-
plowed rice fields is lower than that obtained from tractor-plowed rice fields. It also necessitates
additional energy. Finally, obtaining a buffalo is significantly more expensive than obtaining a
tractor.

 PLOW USING A TRACTOR

Figure 2.7
Plowing with a tractor is often more efficient due to the tractor's ease of usage. Tractor is one of
the easiest tillage instruments to use; nevertheless, you must first turn on the machine. After that,
simply start the tractor and direct it to work the ploughed land. The soil yield is also improved.
The next benefit provided by utilizing a tractor is that the soil yield improves. This is because the
soil is ploughed deeper when using a tractor with a machine, and when the soil yield is better, the
plants put on it can also provide a better harvest or fruit. Furthermore, improved harvest results
and lower production costs. The first tractor engine had the disadvantage of polluting the air.
Where air pollution is defined as the presence in the atmosphere of one or more chemical,
biological, or physical contaminants that potentially harm all living beings on the planet.
Furthermore, because tractors use engines that require fuel, the expenditures incurred, in addition
to maintenance, include fuel costs. The tractor will not be able to operate without fuel.

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 Soil Types and Suitability for Garden Crops

Preparation of planting areas no matter in the yard of the house, in the garden or in pots
requires a suitable type of soil. So, it is best before planting activities to know the types of
soil that are around us.

 Clay Soil
Clay soil has very small particles and is close to each other. It is very sticky when wet and
hard when dry. Clay is also very dense among other types of soil. Since the particles are
very small and delicate, the air is very low in the soil thus causing less aeration. Clay soil
is also very difficult to receive water. When planting vegetables on this type of soil, the
roots of the plant are difficult to move. It is also difficult to smelt and although it has been
scalded but it is hardened again after several times being exposed to rainwater or flush
water. Usually, clay soil is reddish yellow. To determine your soil is the type of clay soil,
the soil clumps when it is still wet and if it is sticky or the soil can be shaped like a sausage
then your soil is a type of clay soil.

 Sandy Soil
Sandy soil has very large and loose particles. It's dry and drooping or peroi. This type of
soil does not absorb water like other types of soil where it dries quickly, and another reason
is its very large particles. The water will flow quickly causing insufficient water to reach
the seeds or roots of the plant. On this type of soil, nutrients will not last long because they
quickly disappear according to the water flowing out. When the sandy soil is irradiated by
the sun's rays, it heats up quickly. When you hammer this soil or make it look like a sausage
shape, but it doesn't form then you have sand-type soil.

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 Peat Soil
Peat soil is black or brown in color. Has very much organic matter and water content in it.
These types of soil are grouped in inorganic soil types. It was formed about 9000 years ago
with the decay of minerals, plants and so on buried in it. When it rains, there is a lot of
water in it and it dries during the dry season. The type of peat soil in Malaysia is the type
of peat soil that is categorized as problematic soil like bris soil and sulfuric acid soil. If you
compact this soil it seems like a sponge and is easily formed, then you have this type of
peat soil.

 Sedimentary Soil
Sedimentary soils have smaller particles than sandy soils and not surprisingly they are very
fine and soft to the touch. When damp, it seems to be slippery foaming and when you rub
it between both hands, it quickly falls off. Sedimentary soils can absorb water, but nutrients
are quickly lost. This type of soil is cool and dry. It’s kind of compact and dense and
ventilation in the soil is problematic.

 Starfruit Land
Starchy soil or seline soil is dry and salty. Plants will be problematic if planted on this type
of soil.

 Loam Soil
The type of soil suitable for agriculture is loam soil. This soil is very popular with gardeners
and this soil has a content that is almost the same as muddy soil, sediment and sand along
with humus which is about 40 percent sand, 40 percent sediment and 20 percent clay. Loam
soil has a high PH value and high calcium content. The loam soil is black in color and very
fluffy, soft and brittle in your hands when held. It absorbs water well for plants but dries
quickly. This type of soil has good ventilation that is free to move between soil particles to
the plant roots. Although loam soil is very suitable for planting but do not be disappointed
if this soil is not available in your garden because other types of soil can still be improved
well to be used as a planting medium.

20
2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

In conclusion, this multipurpose gardening tools is the best way because it facilitates
users. It saves a lot of time. It is also suitable to be stored because it is not heavy, and its size is
not large. Finally, it is hoped that this project can facilitate users and implementation. this new
technology can be the best method for the application of the latest technological sophistication.
Based on the concept design, it can be concluded that this design provides a more modern and
sophisticated innovation and easy to use for all groups including youth, adolescents, and seniors.

21
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The methodology is referred to the strategies used to locate, select, process, and analyse
information on a topic which in this case is Multipurpose Gardening Tools. The methodology is a
part of a research report that helps students to examine the study of overall validity and
dependability. In this chapter, steps and methodologies will be used to analyse the product which
is an efficient wheel hoe product. The analysis of the wheel hoe will include a few suggested
designs and the final design will proceed to form a prototype using an engineering software called
Inventor. The wheel hoe is analysed step by step the first step is to refer to the existing concept
design of a similar product and then create a concept design sketch to choose and finalized the
design in Inventor. All the steps will be included in this chapter 3 as well as the calculations,
engineering analysis, costing, and funding and manufacturing.

22
3.2 PROJECT DESIGN

3.2.1 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

We developed this product design based on the problem statement which we explain in Chapter
1 as well as some investigations on existing design. So, we made a survey to study and design
about the project that we will run this "Multi-Purpose Gardening Tools"

The questionnaire approach was used as the study tools. We only give this survey question
to relevant people such as gardeners, gardening enthusiasts and those related to it. Apart from that,
we also only target local residents such as the community close to our area to make our affairs
easier when there is a development. Besides, this question we did not give to all, we only limited
it to 20 respondents The respondents is between the ages of 20 and 50.

 Questionnaire: All category people

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Do you have a farm or a small garden?
4. Do you have problems using old methods in gardening activities?
5. Do you use the capabilities of the machine to facilitate gardening work?
6. Do the modern gardening machines and tools you use make it easier and save your
time?
7. Do you agree if we produce a modern gardening tool called "Multipurpose Gardening
Tools" to facilitate gardening work?

23
 1. Do you have farm or small garden?

Figure 3.1: Pie chart for do you have farm or small garden

From this pie chart we can know most responses from respondents have their own farm or small
garden. This is because most of us only give these survey questions to people who are involved in
the hobby of gardening and smallholders and those who are only related to it. In addition, as many
as 10% of respondents said they had ever had a garden. This may be because he had stopped doing
this activity and moved on to another field.

2. Do you have problems using old methods in gardening activities?

Figure 3.2: Pie chart for problem using old methods in gardening activities

From this pie chart, we can know that the old method such as uprooting plant roots on the ground
using hands, digging the soil using a hoe and plowing the soil using a cultivator is very time
consuming, thus using a lot of energy.

24
 3. Do you use the capabilities of the machine to facilitate gardening work?

Figure 3.3: Pie chart for capabilities of the machine to facilitate gardening work

Of the 20 respondents. Only 50% of the respondents use the ability of the machine to do gardening
activities. This shows that many smallholders are still not open -minded to try new methods that
are more convenient and energy -saving. With our “Multi -Purpose Gardening Tools” project. We
will encourage smallholders to use this semi -auto capabilities machine to further facilitate the
work in the garden.

4. Do the modern gardening machines and tools you use make it easier and save your time?

Figure 3,4: Pie chart for do the modern gardening machines and tools you use make it easier and
save your time.

From this pie chart we can year most respondents say that the use of machine facilities can save
time and further facilitate the work of gardening work.

25
 5. Do you agree if we produce a modern gardening tool called "Multipurpose Gardening
Tools" to facilitate gardening work?

Figure 3.5: Pie chart for "Multipurpose Gardening Tools" to facilitate gardening work?

The majority of all our respondents are encouraging if we produce this project. This is because
the machine facility is very good in small gardeners to lighten the heavy work while saving more
time.

26
3.2.2 COMPONENT PROJECT

Figure 3.6: Blade Assembly

This classic cultivation tool is also known as an “oscillating hoe.” Featuring a
sharpened edge along both inner and outer sides of its blade, the stirrup hoe efficiently
cuts weeds on forward and reverse strokes. Strong construction allows the user to
cultivate both thread-stage and more mature weeds. Ideal for inter-row and footpath
cultivation. Available for Glaser Single- and Double-Wheel Hoes, as well as the Solus
Electric Wheel Hoe.

Figure 3.7: 4-Tine Cultivator

This Eliot Coleman design features curved tines with flattened tips to effectively break
up crusted and compacted soils quickly. It is also very helpful for weed management,
as well as for incorporating soil amendments such as compost and fertilizer.

27
 Figure 3.8: Furrower
This hand-crafted accessory creates planting furrows in your seedbed. The furrower
can be used directly on the main wheel hoe frame or can be installed on the new 30″
tool bar. Pull double duty when you use the tool bar by attaching multiple furrowers. It
can also be used in tandem with any of our stirrup hoes, cultivators or marker pins.

Figure 3.9: Hiller

Also known as a “ridger” or a “furrower,” this is a V-shaped plow used to create deep
furrows for planting or ridges for hilling potatoes, leeks, onions, beans, and peas.
Available for the Glaser Single Wheel Hoe. Using the Glaser Adapter Plate, Hilling
Blades can also be mounted to the Solus Electric Wheel Hoe.

28
 Figure 3.10 2 Steel Handles With Rubbers Grips

Figure 3.11: 2 Handle Plates (Front & Back) ,4 Machine Screws. 4 Nuts, 8 Washers

Figure 3.12: 1 T-Handle, 1 Blue Yoke Tube, 1 Long Bolt, 2 Bolts, 2 Nuts 6 Flat
Washers, 2 Lock Washers

29
  HOUSE OF QUALITY

Technical
Requirement
Cost of Quality
Size Weight
Customer Product control
Requirements

Soil Types in the 0 3 0 0

Farm
Mobility 5 3 0 1

Lifespan 3 0 5 0

Safety 3 3 5 0

Multi-function 0 0 1 1

Easy to Use 1 3 0 3

Total 12 12 11 5

Rank Order 1 2 3 4

Table 3.1: Table House of Quality HOQ

As we can see in table 3.1, in house of quality we can sort of some of the customer priorities in
their product. Among the order that customers care about is size, which is 12 points followed by
weight, cost of product and quality control. With the house of quality, we can conclude that the
most important aspect before we produce this project is size followed by weight. We must produce
products according to data from the house of quality to get good product results and according to
customer requirements.

30
 3.2.3 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT METHOD

 Morphological Chart

DESIGN CONCEPT 1 CONCEPT 2 CONCEPT 3

FUNCTION
Main
Material

Iron Iron Iron Plate

Number of 2 1 1
Wheel
Product Size 1200mm (L) x 1500mm (L) x 1500mm (L) x
400 mm (W) x 600mm (W) x 600mm (W) x
1500mm (H) 1200mm (H) 1200mm (H)

Handle
Material

Iron Hollow bar

Stainless Steel Metal

Wheel

Bicycle Wheel Pneumatic wheelbarrow Wheelbarrow Tires

Blade Side Hoe blade 3-Tine cultivator blade and hoe Can use any attachment
blade of cultivating

Table 3.2: Morphological Chart

31
3.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN/ PRODUCT LAYOUT

3.3.1 CONCEPT DESIGN

The product design specification is based on the criteria which are aesthetic,
function, materials, environmental issue, performance, and target market. The
product must be multifunction and portable which can usable into all situation
land. Next, the product must have an optimum hoe knife to make sure that the
work can be more efficient and save more time. Lastly, this product is
flexibility into all agriculture product which can fully all the specifications and
customer requirement. This are the characteristic that evaluate our product.

3.3.2 PROJECT DESIGN

Three designs have been decided to be the main design of this project:

The idea of this design to create an ideal weeding wheel hoe to accomplish the
aim of this project. This project is formed by according an existing product
and make an improvement at a design, material, performance, and cost to make
it environmentally friendly.

32
 3.3.3 Final Concept/Design

Figure 3.16: Final Concept

. Figure 3.16 above shows the final concept/design. This final design uses bicycle type tires
or wheelbarrow tires to lighten the weight of the project and further smooth the movement of this
product. The material used for the handle is iron hollow bar type material while for the main frame
of the body using aluminum plate material. Aluminum plate is used for the body because it is easy
to shape and very strong. In addition, the material used for the body and tire connectors is solid
iron. The final design is also carefully designed so that it can be used for three types of functions,
namely blade, 4-tine cultivator, and furrower.

Because this design was chosen as the final design because of its features that can be said to
be perfect and strong. The first reason is in terms of the use of materials. The material used to
make the handle is iron hollow bar material. Iron hollow bar can be found in the market at a
reasonable price compared to other materials and therefore with strong durability. In addition, the
material for making the main body is to use aluminium plate material. This material is very good
because it is very suitable for making the body because of its easy -to -shape nature, therefore it
also has tough durability. The handle is also designed to make it easier for the user to use because
the height and distance between the handle and the body can be adjusted easily. Finally, for this
design, we can use various types of uses by simply changing the use with other tools under the
body.

33
 1.3.4 Product Tree

Multipurpose Gardening Tools

Material Wheel Blade

1 Wheel
Aluminium Plate Can use any
Wheelbarrow attachment of
Rubber cultivating
Tires

Figure 3.17: Design Concept

34
 3.3.4 Bill Of Material

PART LIST
ITEM QTY PART MATERIAL
1 1 Main Body Aluminium Plate
2 1 Mounting Body 1 Iron
3 4 Screw 30 mm Stainless
4 11 Nut Stainless
5 1 Mounting Body 2 Iron
6 1 Handle 2 Iron Hollow Bar
7 4 Screw 50 mm Stainless
8 5 Washer Stainless
9 1 Handle 1 Iron Hollow Bar
10 1 Wheel
11 1 Screw 120 mm Stainless
12 1 4-Tine Cultivator Iron
13 2 Screw 70 mm Stainless
14 1 Blade Aluminium Plate

35
 3.3.5 Pugh Chart

Design Weight Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Concept

Technical
Requirements

Mobility 1 + - +

Lifespan 5 + + -

Speed 3 - - 0

Safety 3 + - +

Multifunction 5 0 - +

Easy to use 5 - + +

+ 3 2 4

- 2 4 1

0 1 0 1

Net Score 2 -2 9

Ranking 2 3 1

Table 3.3: Pugh Chart

36
 3.4 FABRICATION METHOD

 TOOLS & TECHNOLOGIES FOR FABRICATION

Figure 3.17: Drilling Machine

A drill is a tool used for making round holes or driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit,
either a drill or driver chuck. with hand-operated types dramatically decreasing in
popularity and cordless battery-powered one’s proliferating.

Figure 3.18 Hammer

Hammers and other hitting instruments are commonly used and misused. Hammers come
in a variety of shapes and sizes, as well as striking surfaces of variable hardness, and are
designed for certain uses. Hammers are used for a variety of tasks, including general
carpentry, framing, nail pulling, cabinet constructing, assembling furniture, upholstering,
finishing, riveting, bending or shaping metal, striking masonry drills, and so on. The
purpose of a hammer is determined by its design.

37
 Figure 3.19: Grinder

A handheld power tool used for grinding (abrasive cutting) and polishing is an angle
grinder, also known as a side grinder or disc grinder. Although they were designed to be
used with stiff abrasive discs, the availability of an adaptable power source has allowed
them to be used with a wide range of cutters and attachments.

Angle grinders can be powered by compressed air or an electric motor. The motor drives
a right-angle geared head with an abrasive disc, or a narrower cut-off disc installed on it,
both of which can be replaced when worn. For two-handed use, angle grinders usually
have an adjustable guard and a side-handle. Certain angle grinders can be used as sanders,
depending on their speed range, by using a sanding disc with a backing pad or disc.
Depending on the amount of flexibility necessary, the backing system is often comprised
of hard plastic, phenolic resin, or medium-hard rubber.

In metal fabrication workplaces and on construction sites, angle grinders are

commonplace. Along with die grinders and bench grinders, they're common in machine
shops.

38
 Figure 3.20: Welding Machine and electrodes

The welding machine is a fusion welding machine that joins metals together. An electric
arc generated by an AC or DC power supply generates a high temperature of roughly
6500°F, melting the metal at the joint between two work parts.

The machine can be directed along the join line manually or mechanically, and the
electrode can either carry current or conduct current and melt into the weld pool at the
same time to give filler metal to the join. Because metals react chemically with oxygen
and nitrogen in the air when heated to high temperatures by an arc, protective shielding
gas or slag is used to keep the molten metal from coming into touch with the air. The
molten metals solidify to form a metallurgical connection when they cool.

39
 Figure 3.21 Anvil

Anvil is an iron block on which metal is fashioned, traditionally by hand with a hammer.
The anvil of a blacksmith is normally made of wrought iron, although it can also be made
of cast iron, and it has a smooth working surface of hardened steel. Hammering curved
metal parts is done with a protruding conical beak, or horn, on one end. The other end of
the beak occasionally has a rectangular part. The cutting edge of tools like the anvil cutter
or chisel can be put foremost in a holder made of a square hole in the anvil's surface. When
using power hammers, the anvil is supported by a hefty block, which is in turn supported
by a solid base of wood, masonry, or concrete.

40
 Figure 3.22 Hydraulic Press Machine

Hydraulic Press Machine Working is based on Pascal's principle. That is, the pressure
applied to a fluid stored in a container will be distributed equally in all directions. The
important components of a hydraulic jack are cylinders, a pumping system, and hydraulic
fluid (oil is used commonly). This machine is used to form an aluminum plate to be used
as the main body.

Figure 3.23: Adjustable Spanner Wrench

An adjustable spanner is an open-ended wrench with a moveable jaw. Its function is the same as
any regular spanner - to grip fasteners, such as nuts and bolts - however, only adjustable spanners
can grip fasteners of all sizes, thanks to their moveable jaw

41
 3.5 PROJECT TESTING

Figure 3.24 Multipurpose Gardening Tools

The Multipurpose Gardening Tool was designed with farmers in mind. In vegetable gardens,
this tool was used to create crop boundaries. Multipurpose Gardening Tool can also be operated
manually by pressing them into the ground. The goal of this tool was to give comfort to farmers
as they worked, as well as to reduce working time and manpower on the farm during cropping
boundaries.

Figure 3.25
Figure 4.1 depicts a typical Multipurpose Gardening Tool, which has a variety of blades and is
essentially a hoe attached to a large wheel. Because you're using more of your arms to push the
hoe around, it's a little faster and easier (but your shoulders grow fatigued). Most of the
products on the market are aimed at overseas markets. International products, as we all know,
are more expensive than domestic products.

42
 3.6 ESTIMATED COST

Material Quantity Cost (RM) Overall Cost (RM)

Wheels 1 50.00 50.00

Steel (300×50mm) 2 30.00 60.00

Aluminium Plate A3 2 45.00 90.00

(3mm)
(297×420mm)
Hollow Bar 3 50.00 150.00
(35×35×300mm)
Hollow Bar 3 40.00 120.00
(30×30×300mm)
Rod for weld 20pcs/box 10.5 10.50

Screw 30mm 4pcs 0.50 2.00

Screw 50mm 4pcs 0.80 3.20

Screw 70mm 2pcs 1.00 2.00

Screw 120mm 1pcs 2.00 2.00

Nut 11pcs 0.45 4.95

Washer 0.20 5 1.00

4 Tine Cultivator 1 20.00 20.00

Furrower 1 7.00 7.00

Total 262.25 522.65

Table 3.4: Estimated cost

43
3.7 FLOW CHART

Start

BRAINSTORMING

The theme is researched and

analysed to come up with excellent
ideas for the project title

TOPIC OF INTEREST

NOT APPROVES
(DISCUSS WITH SV)

IDEAS AGREED
AND SV
APPROVES
PROJECT TITTLE

APPROVES

RESEARCH THE TOPIC

SURVEY

(USING GOOGLE FORM)

DATA COLLECTION
(FEEDBACK)

DATA
ANALYSIS

44
 HOUSE OF QUALITY

(PODUCT PLANNING)

MORPHOLOGICAL CHART

(DESIGN WITH SKECTH/CAD)

CONCEPT 1 CONCEPT 2 CONCEPT 3

PUGH CHART

(DECIDE THE BEST CONCEPT)

COMMUNICATION DECISION

(GROUP PROPOSAL)

PROPOSAL PRESENTATION

(RECORD SHORT VIDEO FOR PANEL TO ASSESS)

SUBMIT
PROPOSAL TO
PANEL/SV/COU
RSEV LECTURER

END

45
3.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY

The Multipurpose Gardening Tools are constructed with three ploughs attached
to a rack, which is coupled to the machine's main frame and allows it to plough
the area. The implement can be easily made with readily available machines and
raw materials in the area. Each of the machine's primary parts was well planned
and numerically assessed during the design phase, and the stress analysis
obtained from each part was safe. The results obtained from the design analysis
are used to create 2D and 3D drawings. Finally, the machine is put together to
show how it functions in agricultural settings and to visualise how it looks.

46
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
After the gathering of all the data and information from the previous chapter, tests were
run to determine the efficacy of Multipurpose Gardening Tools.

The results obtained in this chapter are the results obtained from questionnaires and
experiments that have been carried out in the study area. The data resulting from the experiment
in the study area is analysed in more detail to draw conclusions based on the objectives of the
study that have been stated.

The project we build is multipurpose gardening tools. Our project has been built and
the base of our project is made of iron plate and joined together with iron hollow bar as a
handle. For joining the body between the iron plate, we used the welding method and install
screw so that it is stronger and tighter. We use iron plate because to further reduce the weight
of our products so that it is easy and light to use taken anywhere.

4.2 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

In the observations that my group and I have made, the products we produce are more
suitable for limited places and not for heavy duty. Among the most suitable places to use this
product are small gardens, especially for those who make gardening just a hobby to fill their
free time.

47
4.2.1 PROJECT PRODUCTION PROCESS

The process of making the body of our project starts with finding all the necessary
things that are used in the right size, such as iron plate according to the specified size, iron
hollow bar 1inch×1inch, iron hollow bar 1.2inch×1.2inch, angle steel, wheelbarrow tyre,4tine
cultivator, bolt nut and washer.

Figure 4.2.1 (Iron Plate according to specified size)

Figure 4.2.2 (Iron Hollow Bar size 1:1 and 1.2:1.2)

Figure 4.2.3 (Angle Steel)

48
 Figure 4.2.4 (Wheelbarrow Size 13inch)

Figure 4.2.5 (4Tine Cultivator)

Figure 4.2.6 (Bolt,nut and washer size M8)

49
PROCESS OF HOLE PUNCHING AND DRILLING

After we do the measurement marking process and cut the material. We will proceed to
the next process which is the hole punching and drill proses. Among the materials that I want
to punch holes in are iron hollow bar, iron plate and on the 4tine-cultivator.

One of the steps I did before making the hole was Measure the width of the piece of
wood you are drilling into, to make sure the drill bit is long enough. For the drill bit, I use a
special bit for drilling iron and is 8mm in size because all our materials use 8mm sized hole
except for the angle iron to be used as a tire bracket, which means I use 16mm sized bit. I use
16mm size bit on the angle iron because the size of the shaft to hold the wheelbarrow tire is
16mm.

Figure 4.2.7 (Measuring and marking) Figure 4.2.8 (Using a drill machine)

50
 The machine I use to drill hole at iron is floor drill machine. I use this machine because
this machine high power and more accurate in the width of the hole I want to drill. Before I do
this drill process, I will follow the safety and precaution that have been set by the workshop,
for example I must use goggle to protect my eyes from iron dust. Apart from that, before turning
on the machine, the bit on the drill must be tightened so that it is not loose and not easily pulled
out when starting to drill.

In addition, to maintain the sharpness of the bit we must use lubricant water to cool
the iron. It will also speed up the hole drilling process and will slow down the drill point to
become dull quickly.

Figure 4.2.9 (Floor Stand Drill) Figure 4.2.10 (Drill Bit Size 8 & 16mm)

51
PROCESS OF MARKING AND CUTTING
After we do the survey and purchase project materials. We will proceed to the next
process which is the measurement marking process and cut the material. Among the materials
that I want to mark, and cut are iron hollow bar, iron plate and angle steel.
First things first, I get the tools ready to measure before I start the process. I utilize a
tape ruler, a steel rule, an engineering square, and a marker as my tools. Then, I begin taking
the necessary measurements of the components. Measurements must be based on the created
CAD drawing.

4.2.11 (Doing Process Marking)

After doing the marking and measure process at the component. I do this cutting
process on the components that I have measured and marked. the materials used in this
cutting procedure include angle steel and iron hollow bar. Because the equipment being
used are hazardous, the cutting operation needs to be done carefully.

Figure 4.2.12 & 4.2.13 (Doing Process Cutting)

52
PROCESS OF WELDING

Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means
of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals
and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood.

After we finish making the cutting and drill hole process, we will weld the related
components so that the iron that is joined is stronger and does not break easily. One of the parts
we use the welding method on is the handle. Our handle iron is attached to the iron bracket that
holds the body product.

Apart from that, the body of our product that uses iron plate also we use the welding
method that is we weld on the iron part of the bone on the body of the product to further
strengthen the body of the product. So that it is not easily broken and pulled off.

Figure 4.2.14 & 4.2.15 (Iron bone welding process on plate iron.)

53
 The welding machine that we use in this welding process is a Metal Inert Gas (MIG)
type machine. Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding is an arc welding process that uses a continuous
solid wire electrode heated and fed into the weld pool from a welding gun. The two base
materials are melted together forming a join. The gun feeds a shielding gas alongside the
electrode helping protect the weld pool from airborne contaminants.

Among the reasons why we chose to use a MIG type welding machine is because this
machine is easy to control and how to use it is also very easy. It was very easy for those of us
who only knew the basic knowledge of how and how to use a welding machine.

Figure 4.2.16 (Metal Inert Gas Machine (MIG)

54
FINISHING PROCESS
Finishing processes aim to alter the surface of a manufactured part to achieve a
particular characteristic. Commonly desired characteristics include improved aesthetics,
adhesion, solderability, chemical-, corrosion-, tarnish- or wear-resistance, hardness, electrical
conductivity, flaw removal, and surface friction control. In limited cases, these techniques may
be applied to restore original dimensions or to salvage or repair a part.

There are two main categories of finishing processes, and they largely depend on how
they affect a workpiece. These processes are either removing/reshaping finishing or
adding/altering finishing. The removing/reshaping processes serve mainly to alter the surface
of a part to attain a desired finish by removing or reshaping it. For example, some users desire
a more polished, reshaped, smoothed or abrasive surface, or an aesthetically enhanced exterior.
A broad variety of processes are used, but among the most common are abrasive and sand
blasting, laser ablation and engraving, polishing, and superfinishing.

Figure 4.2.17 (Doing finishing process)

55
PROCESS OF JOINING ALL COMPONENTS
Assembly is an important step for manufacturing solid products, especially when the
shape of the product is complicated having multifarious geometrical features. It is neither
feasible nor economical all the time to directly produce a product having intricate shape. In
such a scenario, making small simple parts and joining them together is the best possible way.

Joining consists of many processes used to assemble two or more parts together,
irrespective of their composition, properties, features, shapes, etc. Joining is one of the
manufacturing processes by which two or more materials can be permanently or temporarily
joined or assembled with or without the application of external element to form a single unit.
Now-a-days a large variety of such joining techniques are available to cater to the need of
assembling a wide variety of materials in various ways for various processing or applications.
Some of the commonly used joining processes are listed below.

After we are cutting all the components, we will proceed to the next process which is
joining all the component’s process. Among the materials that we already marking and joining.
First thing first, we need to buy some bolt, nut, and washer before we proceed with the
joining component process. We went to the nearby shop that sells nuts and chose properly what
size of nut that we need. After that, we put all our components together and we start to combine
them with the bolt, nut, and washer that we bought.

Figure 4.2.18 (Joining Process)

56
 BODY FRAME
Our project is a wheel hoe, which is a multipurpose gardening implement. The project
is a functioning wheel-hoe project with a straightforward production. As a result, we shall
explain certain sections of our project in this chapter. For my part, I'm talking about the project's
body frame, which consists of the front, back, and handle bodies. We welded the steel to create
the body frame that adheres to the measurements that we have discussed and connected it to
the piece to the bottom of the iron plate that has been welded and used as a base to connect
other parts. We additionally welded the handle so that it can be used to push the wheel hoe as
intended.

 Testing and Calibration Methods

1. We are checking the wheel hoe mobility to ensure that the wheels' bearings are
functional and capable of moving smoothly.
2. Next, we plow the backyard of our rental home to test the 4tine cultivator's
mechanics. When plows the soil, we test the 4-tine cultivator's ability to operate.

 Safety In Testing/Precautions
1. Wearing a workshop clothes to prevent from getting hurt by a a splash of
small stones that may happen on the project. It is also to prevent the sand that
are flying by when testing the wheel hoe.
2. Wearing a safety shoe to keep our feet save from stepping on a sharp stone or
sharp object hidden in the ground when doing plowing work using a wheel hoe.

 The First Level of Testing and Calibration Results

1. As the first thing that we tested was to make our wheel hoe to move properly. Based
on this, we checked the tires and the centering.
2. The iron plate of the tire body that we had welded before broke. So we used the
method of planting screws to further strengthen the body plate.
3. The body frame's durability was then put to the test as we shook it to make sure, it
was not crumbling.

57
 Final Stage of Testing Results
1. We were testing the handle’s positioning connected to the rear body of the project to
ensure we can push the wheel hoe properly.
2. Then, we were testing the durability of the project as it moves through the
hard ground at the backyard.

58
4.3 DISCUSSION

PROCESS TESTING 1 (HOLE SIZE ACCURACY)

After we finish doing the process of punching the hole. We'll do a quality check by
doing a test to the iron that's been punched.

The way we do those tests is by inserting bolts into the punched holes. If the bolt
manages to enter and pass through the hole, then the hole punched on the iron passes according
to the specified size. On this test we will use two different bolt sizes. The first bolt is a bolt that
is the size of an M8. The size of the M8 is tried on the iron handle and plate iron holes. The
size of the second bolt is the size of the M16. This size is tried on the iron angle bar which is
made as a tire handle bracket.

Figure 4.3.1& 4.3.2 (Hole Size Accuracy Test)

 Hole Size Accuracy Test

COMPONENT RESULT
Iron Plate According To Size M8
Iron Hollow Bar Handle According To Size M8
Angle Bar Tire Bracket According To Size M16
Table 4.3.1

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PROCESS TESTING 2 (WELDED IRON RESISTANCE)

After we weld all the iron you want to graft. We certainly want to know if it is already
solid and strong iron that we have just welded. Because we will do a quality check against the
iron that we have welding.

The test that we do on the iron that we just welding is by throwing the iron that has
been welded up in an appropriate place such as above the ground. We threw at a rather high
height to get a satisfactory result. The result of all the throws we made on the iron handle and
plate iron. We found none of them broke because of the throw. This means that the iron that
we have welded has strong resistance and is not easily broken.

 Welded Iron Resistance Test

COMPONENT RESULT
Handle Successful
Body Iron Plate Successful
Table 4.3.2

PROCESS TESTING 3 (BODY FRAME TEST)

This test's objective is to determine how long the body frame will last. There are two
requirements for the weight and speed that this body structure can support. This experiment
was conducted on ground that is appropriate for planting activities. This experiment was
conducted at the rental home we have in Taman Cempaka. This experiment exploits human
power. Therefore, the collected data can be used to establish whether the wheel hoe
project is appropriate for daily use.

 TEST 1
The first test was done by placing the 4 tine cultivator components on the wheel hoe
and pushing it using human power.

Figure 4.3.3

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  TEST 2
The first test was done by placing the blade components on the wheel hoe and pushing
it is using human power.

Figure 4.3.4

Types Of Tests Result

4 Tine Cultivator Can Support
Blade Can Support
Table 4.3.3

The data we gathered from the test is displayed in the table. We can infer from the test
that the product holds the 4-tine cultivator and blade successfully. Additionally, we may
infer from this test that the body frame product has a potent resistance to push and fit
the components. This makes the product function well. This test has shown that the
product is safe for daily usage.

61
4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

The conclusion that I can conclude from the part of the drilling and welding process is
that I am successful in doing the drilling process and welding with successful I do this process
carefully and use the knowledge and skills that I have in this process.

Besides, after I'm done doing all the processes. I've also done a test or quality check on
the components I've completed. Among them are the hole size accuracy test and the welded
iron resistance test. The results of these two tests gave good results, which is that the
components pass the good quality.

Apart from that, we can make from this joining and finishing part is that I am
successful in completing this joining and finishing process. I have done this process with
extra careful so that I did not
make any mistake during completing this process.
Besides, after completing this process I also did some testing and quality check on
this project. Overall, this project was done successfully and the testing that I did was also
done successfully.

62
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4. 1INTRODUCTION

All the decisions and actions for this chapter are based on the discussions from the
previous chapters as well as all the tests that have been conducted on the portion that we
have prepared. Also in this chapter, related matters are related to the objectives of the study
and the recommendations for the study conducted. In addition, conclusions have been made
for this experiment.

5.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in chapter 4 I told you about the process that I have done which is the
drilling process and welding. I do the process in the right way and from the knowledge that I
have learned in this way.

To reassure me of the results I have obtained when I do the process. I have tried to test
the components that I have prepared, namely the hole size accuracy test in the drilling process
while the welded iron resistance test in the drilling process. I did the test to get the best and
solid results. The results of the trials on the two processes were successful. On the drilling
process, all the holes that have been punched follow the exact size. In addition to the welding
process has also been tested try and get satisfactory results. The connection between iron is
very strong and will not break easily.

Apart from that, I already talked about joining components and finishing process that I
had done. I had done this process successfully and already done the testing successfully.

Joining is a manufacturing process in which two or more materials are permanently or

temporarily linked or integrated together with or without the use of an external element to
produce a single product. Nowadays, a wide range of such joining techniques are accessible to
meet the requirement of assembling a wide range of materials in a variety of ways for varied
processes or applications. Spraying is a painting technique that employs a spraying device,

63
usually coupled with compressed air, to air-spray a workpiece with a choice of coating.
Coatings can differ between paint, ink, varnish, and various other materials.

Overall, this body frame can contribute to the success of the project. this is since a
wheel hoe's body frame is a crucial part of its construction. It is due to the wheel hoe's presence
or because they are recognized as multipurpose gardening tools and the portion that will
connect other sections. The project's body has been tested to see if it can endure over time. But
since it is made of iron, which rusts readily, it cannot come into contact with water. As a result,
this product needs to be kept in a dry location. Likewise, a project like this one allows us to
assist small farmers with plow work. This project is affordable, user-friendly, and appropriate
for women. Multipurpose Wheel Hoe was found useful in terms of saving time, human effort,
increasing work capacity and productivity

5.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend that some more additional function ability be added to the project:

1. Since, the machine is totally man-powered working efficiency is less.

So, to increaseit motor or engine is required for the enhancement.
2. Various mechanisms should be used to improve maneuverability.
3. We would like to suggest building this project using a thick iron plate
so that it doesnot break when making the joining process.

5.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

In this chapter, we learned how crucial conclusions and suggestions are to us and our
projects since they will foster our innovative and creativity. We are grateful to all the
authoritieswho have helped us with our Multipurpose Gardening Tools from the beginning.
Finally, withGod's help, we pray that we have gained new knowledge, will continue to learn,
and will produce better projects in the future.

64
 APPENDIX
A. ACTUAL COST
No Item/Material Quantity Cost (RM)

1. Iron Hollow Bar 1:1 inch 60 inches 28.00

2. Iron Hollow Bar 1.2:1.2 inch 63 inches 30.00

3. Steel Angle Bar 15 inches 20.00

4. Steel Harden 15 inches 15.00

5. Iron Plate - 57.00

6. Wheelbarrow Tire 1pc 23.00

7. Shaft Tire 1pc 3.00

8. Bolt Nut & Washer M8 20pcs 6.00

9. Spray Black 1pc 7.00

10. Screw 1.2 inch 20pcs 4.00

11. Welder’s wages 20.00

Grand Total 213.00

65
B. GANTT CHART

WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
DATE 26/8 29/8 09/9 16/9 23/9 30/9 07/10 14/10 21/10 04/11 11/11 18/11 21/11 02/12

Meeting Student
with and
Supervisor supervisor
Listing The Student
item to buy
Starting to Student
buy the item
Complete Student
25% of and
design Supervisor
Correcting Individual
the design in
software
Complete Grouping
50%
progress
Complete Grouping
the progress
75%
Complete Grouping
the report
Final Year
project
Complete Grouping
the design
project
100%

66
 Designing Grouping
the slide for
presentation
Presentation Grouping
Infront the
panel
Correcting Individual
the report
progress
and logbook

67
C. CAD DRAWING

68
D. REFERENCES

1. Hosstools. (2014, July 28). Wheel Hoe Review: Old Book, Timeless Wisdom. Hoss Tools.
https://hosstools.com/wheel-hoe-review/.

2. (PDF) Development and ergonomic evaluation of manual weeder. (n.d.).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228548941_Development_and_ergonomic_eval
uation_of_manual_weeder.

3. (PDF) Development and ergonomic evaluation of manual weeder. (n.d.).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228548941_Development_and_ergonomic_eval
uation_of_manual_weeder

4. BBC. (n.d.). Design briefs and specifications - Investigating - AQA - GCSE Design and Technology
Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize. BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zbn6pbk/revision/3

5. Development of “Wheel Hoe” Appropriate Tool for Supporting ... (n.d.).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336264856_Development_of_Wheel_Hoe_Appr
opriate_Tool_for_Supporting_Organic_Farming

6. Glaser Wheel Hoe Glaser Wheel Hoe. Johnny's Selected Seeds. (n.d.).
https://www.johnnyseeds.com/tools-supplies/weed-control/wheel-hoes/glaser-
wheelhoe/glaser-wheel-hoe-9090.html.

7. Hosstools. (2014, July 28). Wheel Hoe Review: Old Book, Timeless Wisdom. Hoss Tools.
https://hosstools.com/wheel-hoe-review/

8. How many types of garden hoes are there?: Surprising answer! Easy Digging Tools. (n.d.).
https://www.easydigging.com/garden-hoes/articles/types-of-hoes.html

9. https://www.easydigging.com/garden-hoes/articles/types-of-hoes.html