Jamalia Ampoan The Risk Analysis of The Valley Fault System On The Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City Laguna 2

The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City
Laguna
Jamalia L. Ampoan, Angelo C. Dela Vega, Jay Bryan R. Toradio, Marianne Jade P.
Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, Neil Justin Medina, Marlene E. Baliano
College of Hospitality Institutional Management
Research Development and Innovation Center
Our Lady of Fatima University
Ms. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA
January 2023
ABSTRACT
The Big One is expected to strike Metro Manila from the West Valley Fault and pass through
seven cities in the National Capital Region along with neighboring provinces (S.Ong, et al., 2021).
The threat is now very real, and every time a province along the length of this fault is hit hard by
severe ground shakes, the danger of losing life and property drives speculation about when the big
one will strike. Fear and dread are growing, especially after earthquakes have struck various regions
of the country lately (Carteciano, 2017). The hospitality and tourism industry, like other businesses
and organizations, confronts the problem of managing risk and disaster. Since this includes human
interaction and delivery of services, the industry is more vulnerable to catastrophe. As tourists
usually prefer a destination to find some rest, the presence of a natural disaster threat or an
emergency situation in a touristic destination will cause tourists to consider other tourist destination
alternatives in order to maximize the utility that they receive from tourism activity. As a result,
economic profits received by a destination decline dramatically in correlation with the decrease in
visitor arrivals, and the damage caused by natural disasters increases even more (Genç, 2018).
According to a Financial Stability Board study, investors should assess their businesses’ exposure to
climate change as scientific studies show that natural disasters are becoming more common and
severe. (Idzelis, 2020). The tourism industry should be active in both crisis management (the
organizational process) and disaster management (the multi-agency and community based process).
The objective of this study is to analyze the risk of the Valley Fault System on the tourism
enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna, conducted by the BSITM students at Our Lady of Fatima
University, Quezon City, during the academic year 2022-2023. A total of 61 respondents were
selected through non-probability sampling, and in the end, the following results were sought:
Investors have doubts about risking their money in the city as it has a large earthquake threat
caused by the Valley Fault System, specifically to the barangays of Calendola, Sampaguita, San
Antonio, and G.S.I.S. Regardless of how the local government executes quarterly earthquake drills
and seminars in the city to control the risks, numerous local tourism enterprises are still not prepared
and knowledgeable, even though they are aware of the chance of a catastrophe. It figures out that the
campaigns of the local government to minimize the risks of an earthquake are not effective and has
to enforce an extreme and firm campaign that will force locals to participate and encourage everyone
to be ready and mindful once "The Big One" hits the city. The tourism sector of the city of San
Pedro, Laguna, will experience a drop in the number of tourist arrivals due to the threat of the Valley
Fault System if the local business operators do not control and manage the potential risks. In that
case, the local economy of the city will be the most affected since no entrepreneurs will be willing to
invest in a destination that tourists have doubts about visiting, knowing how the Valley Fault System
will impact the infrastructure to be built.
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Endorsement
This thesis entitled “The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of
San Pedro City, Laguna” prepared and submitted by Jamalia L. Ampoan, Angelo C. Dela Vega,
Jay Bryan R. Toradio, Marianne Jade P. Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, and Neil Justin
Medina of BSITM (TTO) 4-YA-4, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in International Tourism Management has been examined and is now
recommended for oral examination.

Adviser
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the
Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna” prepared and submitted by Jamalia L. Ampoan,
Angelo C. Dela Vega, Jay Bryan R. Toradio, Marianne Jade P. Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S.
Tan, and Neil Justin Medina of BSITM (TTO) 4-YA-4, has passed the Oral Examination.
Mrs. Rachel L. Subando, MSHM Mrs. Salve Marie Cariaga, MBA

Panel Member Panel Member
Mrs. Michelle Carmona

Panel Member
This is to certify that by Jamalia L. Ampoan, Angelo C. Dela Vega, Jay Bryan R. Toradio,
Marianne Jade P. Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, and Neil Justin Medina of BSITM (TTO)
4-YA-4 have submitted the final thesis manuscript “The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault
System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna” together with other relevant
documents in compliance to the requirements of the RDIC and their REAT 311 course.
Ms. Trisha Joy O. Gotinga, MA Ms. Armina A. Javier

Research Coordinator Program Head, CHIM
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Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material to
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the
text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though
we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.
Jamalia L. Ampoan
Principal Investigator
Members:
Angelo C. Dela
Vega
Jay Bryan R.
Toradio
Marianne Jade P.
Honorario
Marinnette Joyce S. Tan
Neil Justin D. Medina

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Marlene E. Baliano
Adviser
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The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City,
Laguna
Jamalia L. Ampoan, Angelo C. Dela Vega, Jay Bryan R. Toradio, Marianne Jade P.
Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, Neil Justin Medina, Marlene E. Baliano
College of Hospitality Institutional
Management Research Development and
Innovation Center Our Lady of Fatima
University
January 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endorsement ………………………………………………………………………… 1
Certificate of Originality ……………………………………………………………… 2
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………… 6
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… 7
List of Appendices …………………………………………………………………… 8
CHAPTER
1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 9
2.0 Background ……………………………………………………………………… 10
2.1 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… 10
2.2 Literature Review ……………………………………………………… 10
2.3 Variables ………………………………………………………………… 14
2.4 Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………… 16
2.5 Research Paradigm ……………………………………………………… 16
3.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………… 16
3.1 Research Design ………………………………………………………… 16
3.2 Research Locale ………………………………………………………… 17
3.3 Population and Sampling ………………………………………………… 17
3.4 Research Ethics …………………………………………………………… 18
3.5 Research Instruments……………………………………………………… 19
3.6 Data Collection …………………………………………………………… 20
3.7 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………… 20
3.8 Content Analysis ………………………………………………………… 21
4.0 Results …………………………………………………………………………… 22
4.1 Profile of Respondents …………………………………………………… 22
4.2 Awareness and Preparation of the Respondents for an Earthquake ……… 27
4.3 Risk Matrix for the Respondents Assessment on the Risk of the Valley
Fault in Different Aspects: Lives; Labor Market; Facilities; and Destination’s Image 29
4.4 Preparation of the Local Government Unit ……………………………… 34
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendation ……………………………………… 36
5.1 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 36
5.2 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………… 39
5.3 Recommendations ………………………………………………………… 42
References …………………………………………………………………………… 45
Appendix A: Title Approval ………………………………………………………… 53
Appendix B: Letter for Advisorship ………………………………………………… 54
Appendix C: Validation Letter ……………………………………………………… 56
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Appendix D: Permission Letter for Local Tourism Enterprises ……………………… 57
Appendix E: Permission Letter for Local Government Unit ………………………… 59
Appendix F: Validated Research Questionnaire …………………………………… 61
Appendix G: Consent Form ………………………………………………………… 64
Appendix H: Self Checklist Protocol ………………………………………………… 67
Appendix I: RDIC Compliance – Ethical Certificate ………………………………… 75
Appendix J: Ethical Review Application Form ……………………………………… 76
Appendix K: RDIC Claim Slip ……………………………………………………… 77
Appendix L: Research Fee Payment Receipt ………………………………………… 78
Appendix M: Data Gathering Documentation ……………………………………… 79
Appendix N: Certificate of Originality………………………………………………. 81
Appendix O: About the Researchers ………………………………………………… 82
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Tourism Enterprise ……………… 22

Table 2: Profile of the Respondents as to Position …………………………………… 23
Table 3: Profile of the Respondents as to Number of Years Operating the Business … 24
Table 4: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Business Structure ……………… 24
Table 5: Profile of the Respondents as to Number of Employees …………………… 25
Table 6: Profile of the Respondents as to Barangay ………………………………… 26
Table 7: Local Government Unit …………………………………………………… 27
Table 8: Summary of the Awareness and Preparation of the Respondents ………… 27
Table 9: Summary of the Assessment on the Risk of the Valley Fault System ……… 33
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………… 10

Figure 2: Research Paradigm ………………………………………………………… 16
Figure 3: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Lives … 29
Figure 4: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Labor
Market ……………………………………………………………………………… 30
Figure 5: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of
Facilities ……………………………………………………………………………… 31
Figure 6: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism Enterprises in terms of
Destinations Image …………………………………………………………………… 32
Figure 7: Map of Tourism Enterprises and the Valley Fault Line in San Pedro City, 39
Laguna…………………………………………………………………………………
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Title Approval ………………………………………………………… 53

Appendix B: Letter for Advisorship ………………………………………………… 54
Appendix C: Validation Letter ……………………………………………………… 56
Appendix D: Permission Letter for Local Tourism Enterprises ……………………… 57
Appendix E: Permission Letter for Local Government Unit ………………………… 59
Appendix F: Validated Research Questionnaire …………………………………… 61
Appendix G: Consent Form ………………………………………………………… 64
Appendix H: Self Checklist Protocol ………………………………………………… 67
Appendix I: RDIC Compliance – Ethical Certificate ………………………………… 75
Appendix J: Ethical Review Application Form ……………………………………… 76
Appendix K: RDIC Claim Slip ……………………………………………………… 77
Appendix L: Research Fee Payment Receipt ………………………………………… 78
Appendix M: Data Gathering Documentation ……………………………………… 79
Appendix N: Certificate of Originality ……………………………………………… 81
Appendix O: About the Researchers ………………………………………………… 82
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1. INTRODUCTION
The hospitality and tourism industry, like other businesses and organizations, confronts the
problem of managing risk and disaster. Since this includes human interaction and delivery of
services, the industry is more vulnerable to catastrophe. As crises occur when it is least expected,
it is essential to have a risk management plan in place that outlines the procedures to be followed
in the event of an emergency. Planning for a risk can help decrease the negative impacts and
better prepare organizations or stakeholders to deal with unexpected and unforeseen situations.
There are various dangers associated with the hospitality and tourism industries, and one of these
was the earthquake (Kim, 2022).
The effect of an earthquake on the tourism industry may be seen all over the world (Rijal, 2016).
As a result, it is not surprising that risk management and hazard mitigation are gaining
prominence in tourism studies. A growing amount of research offers conceptual and
methodological insights into many elements of disasters and tourism (Rosselló, Becken, &
Santana-Gallego, 2020). Thousands of research studies have been conducted to explore the
processes, geographical distribution, long-term evolution, risk management, and mitigation of the
resulting Geohazards. However, studies on the relationship between earthquakes and tourism
have gotten relatively little attention (Zhang, C.Seyler, Di, Wanga, & Tang, 2021). A series of
risk analysis theoretical, methodological, and practical research are conducted, but scientists and
economists do not pay attention to the tourist risk in practice (Arturas, Jasinskas, & Svagdiene,
2015).
Finally, the objective of this study is to analyze the risk of the Valley Fault System on the
Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna. The findings of this study will redound to the
benefit of the tourism local enterprise owners considering the prospective huge earthquake,
awareness and preparedness will be a great advance to minimize and control the damage that will
hit the city and their business. Respectively, this study will serve as an eye-opener for the Local
Government Units (LGU) to encourage locals to participate with their projects, programs and
drills as preparation for “The Big One”. For future researchers, this study will provide a new
pathway for the quantitative and qualitative risk analysis in relation to Earthquake and Tourism
Enterprises in San Pedro City, Laguna.
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2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Theoretical Framework

This research was based on the study of Genç (2018) in the Impact of Natural Disaster on
Tourism Industry, where he stated, “Natural disasters may have long-term effects on people's
lives, and as a result, the tourism industry might suffer from a fall in labor market, damage to
tourism facilities, or a worsening destination image due to poor disaster management”. Natural
disaster risk assessment is an important procedure in order to analyze the potential damage of the
risks and take appropriate measures before they cause major loss of life and property (Genç,
2018).
Figure 1: Adaptation from the study of GenC, 2018 from the study of Tsai and Chen, 2011
2.2. Literature Review

2.2.1. Earthquake and Fault lines in the Philippines
The Philippines is prone to natural calamities such as earthquakes. It is bordered by five active
faults: the Western Philippine Fault, the Eastern Philippine Fault, the South of Mindanao Fault,
the Central Philippine Fault, and the Marikina/Valley Fault (S.Ong, et al., 2021). In addition, the
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors the Valley Fault
System. It is a fault system that goes across key cities in the metro and neighboring provinces. It
is also termed as the Marikina Valley Fault or the West Valley Fault. Norzagaray and San Jose
Del Monte City in Bulacan are among them, as are Rodriguez in Rizal, Quezon City, Pasig City,
Taguig City, Muntinlupa City, San Pedro, Cabuyao, Calamba, and Sta. Rosa in Laguna, and Sta.
Carmona, Silang, and General Mariano Alvarez in Cavite. According to Phivolcs, the fault is
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“ripe for displacement” and might cause a large-scale earthquake of magnitude 7 or greater at any
point in the next several years. It has also developed a danger map that shows exactly where the
fault runs and has highlighted crucial sites where residential communities, hospitals, and schools
are immediately above the valley fault (Villareal, 2015).
2.2.2. Valley Fault System of San Pedro City, Laguna
The main fault line and smaller faults identified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) run under at least 15 residential areas in San Pedro City, the majority
of which are in the barangays of Calendola, Estrella, G.S.I.S., Magsaysay, San Antonio, San
Vicente (including the new barangays of Chrysanthemum, Rosario, Maharlika, and Pacita II). The
growing urbanization of Laguna’s first five cities had experts worried about what would happen if
a 7.0-magnitude or higher earthquake struck the West Valley Fault. And, based on the maps, it
appears that many Lagunenses are in grave danger if what has been dubbed “The Big One”
strikes the fault (Veloso, 2022) .
2.2.3. San Pedro City, Laguna Disaster Risk Reduction Management

The province of Laguna’s cities of Cabuyao and San Pedro adopted and installed USHER, or the
Universal Structural Health Evaluation and Recording, a technology created with assistance from
the Department of Science and Technology, in an effort to have a more coordinated plan and
response during times of natural disasters like earthquakes (GOVPH, 2021).
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 strengthened the Philippines’
development of actions and procedures for disaster direction and mitigation, and it is a critical
step toward achieving an enhanced disaster risk reduction response program. As a result, the
Philippine Government, through the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
(NDRRMC), has developed a number of memorandums, guidelines, and protocols calling for
more efficient and effective mitigation, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from
earthquakes and tsunamis (NDRRMC, 2018).
2.2.4. Risk analysis

Risk analysis is a method of determining and evaluating possible problems that could have a
negative impact on key business initiatives or projects. This process is carried out to assist
organizations in avoiding or mitigating risks. A risk analysis includes considering the likelihood
of adverse effects triggered by natural procedures such as severe storms, earthquakes, or floods,
as well as adverse events caused by malicious or inadvertent human activity. Identifying the
dangers that could result from these occurrences, as well as the likelihood that these events will
occur, is an essential component of risk analysis. (Rosencrance, 2021) .
2.2.5. Tourism enterprise

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“Tourism Enterprises” are facilities, services, and attractions that are typically involved in
tourism and seek to attract visitors to and within the Philippines including, but it’s not limited to,
“facilities, services and attractions involved in tourism; travel and tour services, tourist transport
services, whether for land, sea or air transportation; tour guides; adventure sports services
involving such sports as mountaineering, spelunking, scuba diving and other sports activities of
significant tourism potential; convention organizers; accommodation establishments, including
but not limited to, hotels, resorts, apartment hotels or apartelles, condotels (that cater to tourists),
tourist inns, motels, pension houses, and homestay operators; tourism estate management
services, restaurants, shops, and department stores, sports and recreational centers, spas, facilities
offering health and wellness services, museums and galleries, theme parks, convention centers,
zoos, and such other enterprises” (TIEZA). Thus, businesses are the primary source of income for
the people and they help to strengthen the country's economy. If they are unable to continue
operating their businesses, the flow of services and the production of goods such as medicine,
food, and utilities will be disrupted, as well as disaster recovery will be significantly delayed
(FEMA).
2.2.6. Effects of earthquake on tourism
Disasters, such as earthquakes, can frequently destabilize the day-to-day operations of a business
entity that has suffered damage, affecting the enterprise's performance. The sudden earthquake
event can cause the public to feel uneasy, anxious, and panicky, which may cause the people to
become extremely anxious about the disaster. Earthquakes are one sort of unpredictable and
catastrophic natural disaster that frequently causes significant casualties and economic loss (Li,
Zhai, Fan, Chen, & Li, 2021).
2.2.6.1. Lives
Earthquakes can have both immediate and long-term health consequences. Immediate health
consequences may include trauma-related deaths and injuries from building collapse, as well as
trauma-related deaths and injuries from secondary earthquake effects such as drowning from
tsunamis or wounds from fire incidents. Furthermore, medium-term health implications could
include the secondary infection of untreated wounds, increased morbidity and risk of
complications associated with childbirth and pregnancy as a result of disrupted obstetric and
neonatal services, potential risk of communicable diseases, particularly in overcrowded areas,
increased morbidity and risk of chronic disease complications as a result of treatment
interruption, increased psychosocial needs, and possible environmental co-morbidity (WHO,
2022).
2.2.6.2. Facilities
Earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse, as well as impair gas, power, and
telephone lines. They can also produce landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and tsunamis.
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Building damage is the most common cause of financial loss from earthquakes. Building collapse
is the leading cause of casualties, either by crushing or trapping. The main reason for individuals
being moved is a loss of services (Waikatoregioncdemg).
2.2.6.3. Labor Market

Disasters can result in deaths, inability to carry out basic activities such as education, health, and
housing, deterioration of the labor market balance and unemployment, a temporary failure to
provide essential services such as electricity, water, transportation, and communication, a
shortage of raw materials and food for industrial products, an increase in public activities during
the recovery and restructuring period, and a change in employment (Dolu, A. & İkizler, H.,
2022).
2.2.6.4. Destination’s Image
Natural or man-made calamities can have an impact on tourist destinations. These calamities not
only have an impact on the image of destinations and the experiences of tourists, but they can also
generate unpredictability in the economy. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive and
unpreventable natural disasters. They can cause irreparable environmental damage, structural
damage, loss of life, population displacement, and epidemics that endanger human health. Some
earthquake catastrophes in the last decade have caused substantial losses to tourism destinations
by drastically lowering the number of people who visit important tourist sites and severely
damaging tourist attractions and amenities. As a result, communities struggle to make ends meet
(Min, J., KC, B., Kim, S. & Lee, J., 2020).
2.2.7. Preparedness of Tourism industry in Valley Fault System
Republic Act 10121 -An act reinforcing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
System, providing for the national disaster risk reduction management structures and establishing
the national disaster risk reduction and management plan, appropriating funds therefore, and for
other purposes (GOVPH).
As the master plan, a National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP) is being formed,
developed, and implemented to offer the strategies, organization, tasks of concerned agencies and
local government units, and other guidelines in dealing with disasters or emergencies. This plan
will hopefully result in cohesive, coordinated, efficient, and responsive catastrophe risk
management at all levels. Through the development of the National Disaster Risk Management
Framework, RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and
community-based approach to disaster risk management (Grantham Research Institute on Climate
Change and the environment).
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2.3. Variable Discussion
2.3.1. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to analyze the risk of the Valley Fault System (VFS) on the tourism enterprise in
San Pedro City, Laguna; it intends the following questions:
1. Demographics:
1.1. Type of Tourism Enterprise
a. Accommodations
b. Travel and tour services
c. Tourist transport operators
d. Meeting, Incentives, Conference and Events
e. Adventure/Sports
f. Ecotourism and Wildlife
g. Health and Wellness Services
h. Food and Beverages
i. Resorts
1.2 Occupation/Position
a. Owner
b. Manager
c. Supervisor
1.3 Number of Employees

a. 1 – 10
b. 11 – 20
c. 21 – 30
d. 31 – 40
e. 40 – 50
f. 51 - above
1.4 Number of year/s in operating
a. 3 to 11 months
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b. 1 year
c. 2 – 3 years
d. 4 – 6 years
e. 7 – 10 years
f. 11 – above years
1.5 Business Structure
a. Sole proprietorship
b. Partnership
c. Corporation
1.6 Barangay
a. Calendola
b. Sampaguita
c. San Antonio
d. G.S.I.S
1.7 Local Government Unit
a. City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO)
2. Are the local tourism enterprises in the city of San Pedro, Laguna are aware and prepared for the
possible large earthquake in the city?
3. How does the tourism enterprise assess the risk of Valley Fault System in their business in
terms of:
a. Lives
b. Labor market
c. Facilities
d. Destination image
4. What are the regulations and compliance implemented in this city for the preparation for the
earthquake?
5. How do tourism enterprises market their products despite the risk of the Valley Fault System
in San Pedro City, Laguna?
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2.3.2. Research Assumption
Assumption 1: The San Pedro City, Laguna city disaster risk reduction and management office
effectively campaigns for earthquake awareness and preparedness among local tourism enterprises as
preparation for “The Big One”.
Assumption 2: San Pedro City, Laguna has several businesses and enterprises regulations and
compliance implemented in the city for the preparation for the earthquake.
2.4. Conceptual Framework
Natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, are among the most powerful disasters due to their
being unforeseen. Natural catastrophes have a considerable negative impact on some sectors of the
economy, including housing and the labor market. Although some studies suggest that even
extremely large catastrophes have no long-term influence on economic growth, rising death tolls
and property loss have a direct impact on all sectors in a particular destination. Entrepreneurs will
lose their investment and experience a severe impact on their day-to-day practice, preventing them
from sustaining or growing income. The tourism industry will suffer as a result of disasters since all
activities and tourist arrivals will be suspended while the destinations rebuild and recover.
2.5. Research Paradigm
The diagram below illustrates the study’s research simulacrum. This diagram reflects the
primary concept of this study. The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System in San Pedro City,
Laguna will help the Tourism Enterprise to minimize the significant damage to the city's tourism
industry. In this study, the insights of business owners, supervisors or managers, as well as the local
government units are significant.
Independent Dependent
Valley Fault System Local Government

Unit
Tourism Enterprise
Figure 2: Research Paradigm

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
Descriptive research is a method of study used to clearly define existing phenomena. The term
"existing phenomena" distinguishes descriptive research from experiment research, which
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recognizes not just existing phenomena but also phenomena after a duration of treatment. The
main objective of descriptive research is to describe existing phenomena in a systematic manner.
Descriptive research encompasses some methods of research, such as surveys, correlation studies,
qualitative studies, and content analysis. These variants vary not in terms of reliability, but in terms
of data collection and/or analysis procedures. As a result, a descriptive study may include
quantitative analysis or qualitative analysis (Atmowardoyo, 2018).
A combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques also known as a mixed method, a certain
research paradigm that uses both qualitative and quantitative data in such a form is recognized as
mixed methods. Qualitative techniques depend on subjective assessments of rich textual or
experiential data, whereas quantitative techniques depend on objective findings of suitable data
through narrative or analytical data (Kimmons, 2022).
3.2. Research Locale

San Pedro is an urban center in Laguna, which is located in Region IV-A or also known as
CALABARZON region. The municipality consists of 27 barangays and has a population of
326,001 (PhilAtlas, 2022). It is part of the affected areas of the Valley Fault System particularly
in the barangays of Bagong Silang, Calendola, Sampaguita Village, San Antonio, San Roque,
Santo Niño, San Vicente and United Bayanihan. The researchers chose San Pedro City, Laguna to
conduct the interview and data gathering that will be useful for the study. The respondents will be
interviewed in their chosen place, which they are comfortable with. The study will be conducted
in the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023.
3.3. Population and Sampling

The local government of the City of San Pedro, Laguna, was contacted by the researchers. It was
not permitted to disclose the total population of registered tourism enterprises, and there is no
data available on the internet. Therefore, researchers decided to send a message to every tourism
enterprise that can be found in Google Maps through email and Facebook Messenger and ask if
the business is still operating. For three (3) weeks of the first run, only 60 tourism enterprises
were able to answer the inquiry. A total of sixty-one (61) respondents were in this study.
Moreover, researchers will use a non-probability sampling method in gathering the particular
subjects, specifically, using purposive sampling to obtain specific criteria of respondents needed
in this study. For quantitative purposes, researchers have come up with the number of sixty (60)
business owners, managers, or supervisors from three (3) type of business structure: sole
proprietorships; partnerships; and corporations. On the other hand, for quantitative purposes, one
(1) department head from the Local Government Unit - Risk Management of the City of San
Pedro, Laguna will be included in this research to gather information from an expert, and a
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selected five (5) tourism enterprises from the sixty (60) respondents, to answer the questions in
words.
The researchers set different criteria in selecting the respondents that suit to the study to gather
in-depth information: [1] male or female; [2] 18 years old and above; [3] Filipino citizen; [4]
tourism enterprise owner; [5] manager or supervisor of tourism enterprise; [6] head of city
disaster and risk management department; [7] located in San Pedro City, Laguna; [8] registered
business as sole proprietor, partnership , or corporation; and [9] willing to participate. On the
other hand, subjects will be excluded from the study if they are: [1] minor or under legal age; [2]
foreign citizen; [3] not an owner, manager, or supervisor of tourism enterprise; [4] located outside
of San Pedro City, Laguna; [5] other business sectors; [6] unregistered business; [7] head of other
departments; [8] person with disability to speak; [9] unstable mental health condition; [10] and is
not willing to participate.
3.4. Research Ethics
Conducting research entails not just competence and dedication, but also honesty and integrity.
This is done to acknowledge and preserve the rights of human subjects. To make the study ethical,
the rights to self-determination, voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity,
confidentiality, potential for harm, and results of communication were protected. A well-designed
questionnaire is necessary for the success of any survey, questionnaire, or interview. A good
questionnaire is one that directly contributes to the achievement of the research objectives, offers
comprehensive and accurate information, is simple for both researchers and respondents to
complete, is organized in such a way that sound analysis and interpretation are feasible, and is brief.
Before creating questionnaires to collect data for the study, the researchers correctly prepare to
envision the perfect solutions to the problem at hand and identify numerous challenges and
constructions associated with the problem. The first questionnaires produced by considering all
variables and planned measuring questions were thoroughly examined by three (3) professors from
the College of Hospitality and Institutional Management to minimize duplication and bias toward a
certain type of investigation or interpretation. The participants' agreement was requested before they
completed the survey, questionnaires, and interviews. The respondents were advised of their rights
to voluntarily consent or decline participation, as well as to withdraw participation at any time
without penalty. If participants feel uncomfortable answering the questions, they have the option to
withdraw. Participants were informed about the study's objective and the techniques that would be
utilized to gather data, and they were guaranteed that there were no possible hazards or expenses
associated. Throughout the study, anonymity and confidentiality were ensured. Security of data:
Republic Act 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012: An Act to protect individual personal information
in government and private sector information and communication networks by establishing a
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national privacy commission, including other factors. Anonymity was maintained by excluding the
participant's name from the questionnaire and study results, as well as removing the letter of
agreement from the questionnaire. When reporting or publishing the study, confidentiality was
preserved by keeping the obtained data private and without exposing the subjects' identities. There
was no identifying information on the surveys. The identities of the participants were omitted from
the final report, and pseudonyms were used instead. The ethical principle of self-determination was
also respected. While explaining the goal of the study to the participants, the researchers also
discussed their backgrounds and some of their experiences in order to develop trust and urge the
participants to express their ideas. Information of the researchers was disclosed in the event of any
queries or complaints. The researcher avoids any type of dishonesty by accurately documenting the
responses of those participants. Data manipulation is not allowed, as the data gathered from the
survey and interview will be checked by the research adviser and research instructor. It should be
noted that the participants were offered free social media business promotion at any moment
following the study. All data should be preserved on a hard drive and a computer disk for two (2)
years. The hard disk will be kept in a secured cabinet, while the computer disk will be protected by a
password known only to the principal investigator. The saved data should be appropriately disposed
of once the retention period has passed. Methods of data deletion or disposal should be permanent
and irreversible. The computer disk must be reformatted by the researchers. The hard drive and
paper records will be pulverized.
3.5. Research Instruments
The instrument used was a researcher-made survey checklist and questionnaire, and a guide
questions for interview, to gather the needed data for this study. The draft of the questionnaire
was drawn out based on the researcher’s readings and previous studies. In the preparation of the
instrument, the requirements in the designing of a good collection instrument were considered.
The research instruments consisted of four sections. In the first section of the survey, the
demographic profile of the respondents was covered with a total of seven (7) questions, which are
used to determine the [1] type of tourism enterprise, [2] the number of employees, [3] the number
of years in business operation, [4] the position in the organization, [5] the form of ownership or
the business structure, [6] the location of the enterprise, and lastly, [7] the local government
department of the city. The following section included five (5) closed-ended questions to gauge
the local tourism enterprise’s awareness and preparedness for an earthquake. Using a Likert scale,
level of intensity, the third section of the questioners will ask tourism enterprises to assess the risk
of the Valley Fault System to their enterprises on a scale of one (1) as the none and five (5) as for
severe, with severe being the highest risk and none being the lowest risk. A five (5) sets of
qualitative questions, all of which are open-ended, will be included in the final section. The
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instrument was validated by three (3) professors from College of Hospitality and Institutional
Management (CHIM) Department before it laid on to the study.
3.6. Data Collection

Data from appropriate sources must be collected in order to conduct a study on the risk of the
Valley Fault System on the tourism enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna. Two (2) data collection
techniques will be used in this study. These are an online survey checklist and questionnaire
through Google Forms and an online interview through Google Meet. An invitation and request
letter will be sent to the target participant’s Facebook page and email address before obtaining
other information so as to collect their consent. Participants have the freedom to accept or decline
the request for data gathering and will not be forced to participate. Researchers use Google Maps
and Facebook to look for tourism enterprises along Barangay Calendola, Barangay Sampaguita,
Barangay San Antonio, and Barangay G.S.I.S. in the City of San Pedro, Laguna. The letter
includes assurances about data protection and respondents' privacy. The data collection for the
study will be conducted for two (2) weeks. The researchers used a mixed-method approach to
generate more insightful responses and an in-depth understanding from 61 participants, which
were composed of sixty (60) tourism enterprise owners, managers, or supervisors and one (1)
local department head of risk management.
3.6.1 Survey checklist and Questionnaires
The researcher prepared a survey checklist and questionnaires using Google Forms that consist of
profile checklists, yes-or-no checklists, and a numerical rating scale. The link will be sent to the
participants after confirmation and acceptance of the request letter. The online form will be
closed once the target number of participants has been reached. Out of sixty (60) respondents,
five (5) will be selected to answer a separate questionnaire in Google Form that has the same set
of questions for the local department.
3.6.2 Interview
The researchers have used guide questions for an interview. The date on which the invitation link
for the online interview will be sent is subject to confirmation from the local department head and
the interview schedule. The meeting will be recorded, and the respondents will be made aware of
the recording. Five (5) sets of open-ended questions will be verbally asked and verbally answered
by respondents with their own words. The data gathered from the interview will be transcribed
and analyzed.
3.7. Data Analysis

Researchers have described, shown, condensed, summarized, and assessed data using the
following analytical and logical procedures during data analysis and interpretation. The frequency
and percentage will be used to describe the respondents' demographic profile. In order to establish
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their general responses and view the overall results, the weighted mean was used. The ANOVA
was used to assess their differences in answers to the same questions. The risk matrix was
designed to identify potential and substantial risks and then analyze and mitigate them. It also
aided in the speedy resolution of any problems.
3.7.1 Frequency and Percentage
The frequency of a variable (data item) is the number of times that a specific value for the
variable has been observed to occur. A percentage of one hundred is used to express a value for a
variable in proportion to the entire population (Australian Bureau of Statistics).
Also frequency is used to determine the percentage for the date on profile (age, gender etc.)
Formula: % = (f / n) x 100
Where,
Frequency: f
Percentage: %
Number of respondents: n
3.7.2 Weighted Mean
The weighted mean is calculated by multiplying each data point in the collection by a value that
is based on some aspect of the factor that contributed to the data item (Clark- Carter, 2010).
Formula: X = £x / n
where,
Mean: X
Sum of all score: £x
Number of Respondent: n
3.7.3 Risk Matrix

The risk matrix is also known as the probability matrix or the impact matrix. This is a useful tool
for risk assessment because it focuses on the probability of potential risks. A risk assessment
matrix can help you quickly determine project risk. It accomplishes this by spotting potential
problems and weighing the potential consequences. This makes it simple to prioritize issues.
(Markovic, I., 2019).
3.7.4 Content Analysis
A set of guide questions are provided for a face-to-face interview. All answers from the participants
will be recorded in a device. Data and information collected will be encoded to quantify qualitative
information. In order to summarize the data, sorting and comparing will be used and data reduction.
3.7.5 Thematic Analysis
Thematic analysis is a qualitative data analysis approach that involves searching through a data
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collection to locate, evaluate, and report on repeating patterns. It is a data description approach, but
the processes of identifying codes and generating themes require interpretation. Thematic analysis is
distinguished by its ability to be employed within a wide range of theoretical and conceptual
frameworks, as well as to be applied to a wide range of study topics, designs, and sample sizes
(Kiger and Varpio, 2020).
4. RESULTS
This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered through the survey questionnaires
and interviews needed to determine problems to be addressed in this research.
4.1. Profile of the Respondents
Table 1: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Tourism Enterprise
n=60
Types of Enterprise Frequency Percent
Accommodation 10 16.7
Travel and tour services 0 0
Tourist Transport Operators 3 5
Meeting, Incentives, Conference and Events 1 1.7
Adventure sports 1 1.7
Ecotourism and Wildlife 1 1.7
Health and Wellness Services 13 21.7
Food and Beverages 29 48.3
Resorts 2 3.3
Arts & Culture 0 0
Total 60 100
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Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents as to type of enterprise. There were 29 (48.3%) for food
and beverages, 13 (21.7%) for health and wellness, 10 (16.7%) for accommodations, 3 (5%) for
tourist transport operations, 2 (3.3%) for resorts and few for meetings, incentives, conferences, and
events, adventure sports and ecotourism and wildlife 1 (1.7%), and lastly none for travel and tour
services and arts and culture. Based on the table presented above it shows that food and beverage
businesses have the majority of tourism enterprises in the city of San Pedro, Laguna, when it comes
to tourism products. According to Statista Research Department (2022), The Philippines has a
thriving foodservice industry, and dining out is regarded as a family pastime or a time for
celebration.
Table 2: Profile of the Respondents as to Position
n=60
Position Frequency Percentage
Owner 27 45
Manager 27 45
Supervisor 6 10
Total 60 100
Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents as to type of position (n=60). This indicates 27 (45%)
of the tourism enterprises are operated by managers, 27 (45%) are by the owner of the businesses,
and least by 6 (10%) supervisors in the daily operations. Based on the table presented above it shows
that the owner and manager are the one who manage or more likely in the establishment from day to
day operations. While the supervisors are rarely seen in the store.
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Table 3: Profile of the Respondents as to Number of Years Operating the Business
n=60
Number of Years Operating Frequency Percentage
6-11 months 11 18.3
1-3 years 22 36.7
4-6 years 16 26.7
7-9 years 4 6.7
10 – above years 7 11.7
Total 60 100
Table 3 shows that Tourism Enterprises (n=60) were operated about 22 (36.7%) for 1 to 3 years, for
4 to 6 years there were 16 (26.7%), for 6 to 11 months there were 11 (18.3%) and more than 10
years there were 7 (11.7%), and lastly, there were 4 (6.7%) for 7 to 9 years. Based on the table
presented above it shows that the majority of the tourism enterprises operated from 1 to 3 years,
while some of them operated more than 4 years and above.
Table 4: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Business Structure
n=60
Business Structure Frequency Percentage
Sole Proprietorship 38 63.3
Partnership 10 16.7
Corporation 12 20
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Total 60 100
Table 4 shows a number of respondents (n=60) where the type of business structure has 38 (63.3%)
for Sole proprietorship, 12 (20%) by Corporations, and the least, 10 (16.7%) by Partnership. Based
on the table presented above it shows that the majority of the tourism enterprises in San Pedro City,
Laguna are owned by one person or sole proprietor and some of the tourism enterprises are partnered
or corporated companies.
Table 5: Profile of the Respondents as to Number of Employees
n=60
Number of Employees Frequency Percentage
1-10 46 76.7
11-20 8 13.3
21-30 1 1.7
31- 40 1 1.7
41 - above 4 6.7
Total 60 100
Table 5 indicates majority of the total population (n=60) has 46 (76.7%) with 1 to 10 number of
employees in the organization, while 8 (13.3%) with 11 to 20 employees not far apart to more than
40 employees with 4 (6.7%), and none was able to have 21 to 40 employees. Based on the table
presented above it shows that the majority of tourism enterprises in San Pedro City, Laguna have a
number of 1 to 10 employees.
Table 6: Profile of the Respondents as to Barangay
n=60
Barangay Frequency Percentage

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Calendola 16 26.7
Sampaguita 5 8.3
San Antonio 26 43.3
GSIS 13 21.7
Total 60 100
Table 6 shows that there are 24 (43.3%) respondents from Barangay San Antonio, while 16 (26.7%)
from Barangay Calendola, 13 (21.7%) from Barangay G.S.I.S and 5 (8.3%) from Barangay
Sampaguita. Based on the table presented above it shows that barangay San Antonio has the majority
of tourism enterprises in San Pedro City, Laguna. According to the Malicdem (2017), these four
barangays are among those traversed by the West Valley Fault System in San Pedro, Laguna.
Table 7: Local Government Unit
n=1
Department Frequency Percentage
City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office 1 100
Total 1 100
Table 7 shows only 1 (100%) participants from local government units from departments of City
Disaster Risk Reduction of San Pedro, Laguna. Disaster risk management has really been described
as the method of implementing strategies, regulations, and developing coping capacities through the
use of organisational directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities in order to
decrease the adverse effects of hazards and the potential of catastrophic events (Losaba, K., 2016).
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4.2. Awareness and Preparedness of the Respondents for an Earthquake
Table 8: Summary of the Awareness and Preparedness of the Respondents
n=60 Yes No
Indicators Frequency Percent Frequenc Percent Total Total of

y of f %
Awareness of the Valley Fault 44 73.3 16 26.7 60 100

System.
Awareness of “The Big One”. 48 80 12 20 60 100
Feeling of fear in the possible large 52 86.7 8 13.3 60 100

earthquake.
Preparedness for an earthquake. 31 51.7 29 48.3 60 100
Possible huge damage in the city 58 96.7 2 3.3 60 100

caused by an earthquake.
Table 8 explains the awareness and preparedness of the respondents in the valley fault system or
“BIG ONE”. According to the official website of University of the Philippines Open University,
UPOU holds a session on the West Valley Fault for impacted towns and cities in Laguna, in an effort
to aid Laguna’s disaster readiness for the expected movement if the West Valley Fault, the UP Open
University hosted a seminar on it, on August 26, 2015, in the CCDL Auditorium, UPOU
Headquarters in Los Banos, Laguna. The West Valley Fault awareness seminar in San Pedro, Binan,
Sta. Ana was intended for the officers of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) and the
representatives of the concerned barangays, in table above show that 44 (73.3%) of the respondents
indicated that they were aware of the Valley Fault System, however, 26.7% or sixteen (16) out of
sixty (60) respondents, were not yet realized or still unaware of the occurrence. The same table also
demonstrates that just a small proportion of residents of San Pedro City, Laguna are uninformed of
the so-called “BIG ONE”, and a few people are still either oblivious of this hazard or unaware that it
even exists. In the data shown above 48 (80%) of the respondents are aware of the said event while
there are 20%, or twelve (12) out of sixty (60) respondents stated that they are unaware of the
aforementioned “BIG ONE” within this data it can certainly be said regardless and there are other
residents in San Pedro City, Laguna who did not receive the news about the said occurrence.
According to a study, in order to prepare for a significant earthquake that could come, the Philippine
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Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is currently concentrating on increasing
public awareness about the Big One (Ong, et al., 2021).
The researchers also conducted a survey about the psychological effect knowing that the City of San
Pedro, Laguna is one of the most affected cities, researchers asked respondents if they feel afraid
about the said occurrence and data shows that the majority of respondents are terrified of the danger
posed by the claimed “THE BIG ONE”. The survey shows that 52 ( 86.7%) of the respondents
claimed that it makes them afraid whereas 13.3%, or eight (8) out of every sixty (60) participants,
claimed not to feel afraid. A study claims that natural disasters harm survivors’ emotional and
psychological well-being in addition to causing physical damage, which has an effect on economies.
After suffering a shock, such as an earthquake, such behavior could become more obvious,
individuals may consider their own morality after experiencing a shock, especially a fatal one.
People tend to undervalue the future because they are aware of how short life is, which causes them
to reduce their savings (Filipski, et al. 2019). In said report the researchers disclosed how they were
getting ready for the aforementioned phenomenon. The investigation revealed that more respondents
said they were prepared for the catastrophe, thirty-one (31) out of sixty (60) respondents or 51.7%
claimed to be prepared while the number of those who claimed unprepared was similarly high as
48.3% or twenty-nine (29) out of sixty (60). According to (Juanzon, et al., 2017) said disaster risk
has reportedly grown to be a serious and more urban problem. The drafting of a family emergency
plan and the assembling of an emergency kit are the two operational components of personal
readiness, however, even in disaster-prone locations levels of home preparedness are frequently low.
In the data above the figure shows that fifty-eight (58) of the sixty (60) participants agreed, or 96.7%
indicated that it would be harmful for the city if the earthquake happened, while two (2) participant
disagreed or 3.3% saying that it will not damage the City of San Pedro, Laguna. According to the
DOST Undersecretary for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation, 34,000 people
could perish when the West Valley Fault shifted and caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake, and water,
infrastructure, roads, ports, and telecommunication will all be damaged. The fact that most
government organizations and enterprises are housed in structures and infrastructures that
overcrowded Metro Manila would also increase the likelihood that the entire nation will experience a
state of economic standstill.
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4.3. Risk Matrix for the Respondents’ Assessment on the Risk of the Valley Fault
System in Different Aspects: Lives; Labor Market; Facilities; and Destination’s
Image.
Figure 3: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Lives
Critical Major Moderate Minor Negligible
5 21 0 0 0 0
Severe
4 0 23 0 0 0
Moderate
3 0 0 8 0 0
Mild
2 0 0 0 3 0
Very mild
1 0 0 0 0 5
None
Legend: Green=Acceptable;Yellow=Tolerable; Flaxen=Manageable and
Tolerable;Orange=Manageable;Red=Requires control
Figure 3 illustrates the result of the risk of the Valley Fault System in the tourism enterprise in terms
of lives; twenty-three (23) or 38.3 % of the participants answered moderate/major, but when it came
to the risk analysis, it appeared that it required control (red), action, or help. Natural disasters have
an impact on economies not only through physical damages but also by emotionally and
psychologically affecting survivors. Even if a person did not directly suffer harm or injuries, they
would still be psychologically impacted by the tragedy they saw around them (Filipski, M., et al.,
2019). Twenty-one (21) or 35% participants answered that it has a "severe or critical" impact on the
lives of employees through physical and psychological effects when the strong possible earthquake
hits the city, and based on the risk analysis, it requires control (red). Eight (8) or 13.3% respondents
gave a mild /moderate response, indicating that the earthquake had an impact on the lives of
employees through physical and physiological effects, as appeared in the risk analysis, and that it
could be manageable and tolerable (flaxen). Five (5) or 8.3% respondents answered "none,"
indicating that the earthquake has no significant effect in terms of lives when it comes to physical
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and psychological damage, which has an acceptable (green) result on the risk analysis. Three (3) or
5% of the respondents believe that the impact of a possible strong earthquake on lives is very mild or
minor when it comes to physical and psychological effects, and what came out of the risk analysis is
acceptable (green).
Figure 4: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Labor
Market
5 27 0 0 0 0
Severe
4 0 22 0 0 0
Moderate
3 0 0 3 0 0
Mild
2 0 0 0 2 0
Very mild
1 0 0 0 0 6
None
Figure 4 shows the result of the risk of the Valley Fault System in the tourism enterprises in terms of
labor Market. Twenty-seven (27) or 45% participants or almost half gave a severe/critical response
to a 7.2 magnitude earthquake that will cause huge damage to the supply and demand on tourism
products, which will cause all activities to be temporarily affected. The operation of business
enterprises will be stopped and closed due to the difficulty of entering supplies in the city, which
requires control (red) based on the risk analysis. A study claims that post-natural disaster
immigration has the potential to have a significant impact on labor markets, potentially affecting the
employment opportunities of local workers and thus community recovery (How, S.M., et al., 2018).
While twenty-two (22) or 36.7% respondents agree that the impact of a possible earthquake on the
supply and demand of tourism products is moderate/major, which also appears in the result of the
risk analysis that requires control (red) and immediate action and help from the government to
resolve the problems. Six (6) or 10% participants chose to answer "none/negligible," meaning that
they don't have any ideas about the effect of the earthquake on supply and demand on tourism
products, which is reflected in the risk analysis that it is negligible (green). The three (3) or 5%
respondents gave a mild /moderate response, indicating that the earthquake had an impact on the
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supply and demand of tourism products but that it was only felt for a short time and could be
managed immediately, which also indicates that this risk analysis is manageable and tolerable
(flaxen), while two (2) or 3.3% respondents who answered "very mild" or "minor" think that the valley
fault system or the Big one, will have just slightly effect in the labor market.
Figure 5: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Facilities
5 29 0 0 0 0
Severe
4 0 19 0 0 0
Moderate
3 0 0 2 0 0
Mild
2 0 0 0 5 0
Very mild
1 0 0 0 0 5
None
Figure 5 shows the result of the risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of
facilities, twenty-nine (29) or 48.3% participants chose severe/critical, believing that the earthquake
will cause a lot of damage to establishments and facilities in the city and therefore require control
(red) based on the risk analysis. Nineteen (19) or respondents who answered moderate/major and
thought that when there is a big earthquake in their city, it will cause the establishment and facilities
to collapse due to the earthquake that required control (red) based on the risk analysis. According to
a study, buildings that were designed or were not designed with current realities are the most
vulnerable during disasters. High-magnitude earthquakes are expected to cause massive damage and
casualties. Earthquakes do not kill; but, a building collapsing as a result of an earthquake can (Ng,
C., et al., 2017). The five (5) or 8.3% respondents answer very mild/moderate and think the
earthquake will just slightly damage the establishment and its facilities but will not collapse, and the
result on the risk analysis will be acceptable (green), while the other five (5) or 8.3% participants
who answered "none" or "negligible" don't have an idea if the earthquake will cause damage or not
to the establishments and facilities in the city, and the result of the risk analysis is acceptable (green).
The last two (2) or 3.3% of the respondents give their opinion on the mild/moderate. An earthquake
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may affect the facilities and establishments, but not in the sense of collapsing, it will have cracks or
other damage after the earthquake, which has a manageable and tolerable (flaxen) result on the risk
analysis.
Figure 6: Risk of Valley Fault System in the Tourism enterprises in terms of Destinations Image
5 23 0 0 0 0
Severe
4 0 19 0 0 0
Moderate
3 0 0 7 0 0
Mild
2 0 0 0 4 0
Very mild
1 0 0 0 0 7
None
Based on Figure 6, Severe/critical was chosen by twenty-three (23) or 38.3% respondents as an

answer, indicating that the huge earthquake will cause huge, irreparable damage to the environment
and structures that will affect the image of the destination, requiring control (red) on the risk
analysis. According to the study, many tourist destinations that have been affected by or are
vulnerable to natural disasters face significant challenges to long-term development (Zhang, M., et
al., 2021). While nineteen (19) or 31.7% respondents chose the moderate/major option, indicating
that the potential "big one" or 7.2 magnitude will seriously cause irreversible environmental and
structural damage that will affect the image of their city or destination and it will never be the same,
which requires control (red) on the risk analysis. However, seven (7) or 11.7% respondents
answered mild or moderate, which means that the earthquake has a mild impact only on the
environment and structure of the city, which the government can repair and restore after the disaster,
resulting in a manageable and tolerable result on the risk analysis, while the other seven (7) or 11.7%
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respondents chose "none/negligible," indicating that they had no idea how large or small the damage
of the earthquake will be and that the city will affect the destination's image, and the result on the
risk analysis was acceptable (green). The last four (4) or 6.7% respondents chose "very mild" or
"minor," believing that the earthquake would just slightly cause damage in environmental and
structural terms, that would not mean that it would damage the destination's image as a result of the
risk analysis, which is acceptable (green). There are only certain areas in their city that will be
affected by the earthquake, and those areas will be damaged but not the rest of the city.
Table 9: Summary of the Assessment on the Risk of the Valley Fault System
n = 60
Indicators WM VD RM VD
Lives 3.87 Moderate Red Requires control
Labor Market 4.03 Moderate Red Requires control
Facilities 4.03 Moderate Red Requires control
Destination image 3.78 Moderate Red Requires control
Average 3.92 Moderate

Legend: WM=Weighted Mean; VD=Verbal Description 1.00-1.50=None; 1.51-2.50=Very Mild; 2.51-
3.50=Mild; 3.51-4.50=Moderate; 4.51-5.00=Severe RM=Risk Matrix; VD=Verbal Description
Green=Acceptable; Yellow=Tolerable; Flaxen=Manageable and Tolerable; Orange=Manageable;
Red=Requires control
According to researchers, a summary of the assessment on the risk of the Valley Fault System in
tourism enterprises, can be seen in Table 9. Respondents believe that the facilities and
establishments will be more affected and damaged due to a possible 7.2 magnitude earthquake that
will hit the city because it has a four point zero three (4.03) total weighted mean and is equivalent to
moderate in verbal description. With a total weighted mean of four point zero three (4.03) and a
moderate verbal description for Labor, respondents believed that the supply and demand for tourism
products would not be greatly affected by the "big one." In terms of lives, it has a result of three
point eighty-seven (3.87) weighted mean, or it appears that the impact of the strong earthquake in the
verbal description has a moderate impact on the lives of the employees, especially in the physical
and psychological aspects of their lives. According to the study, natural disasters have an impact on
economies not only through physical damages but also by emotionally and psychologically affecting
survivors. Even if a person did not directly suffer harm or injuries, they would still be
psychologically impacted by the tragedy they saw around them (Filipski, M., et al., 2019). Based on
the respondents' opinions, the impact of a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on the destination's image will
result in irreparable damage to the environment and structures that will influence the city's image
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because it has a three point seventy-eight (3.78) weighted mean and moderate in verbal descriptions..
In contrast, the three point nine (3.9) total weighted mean has a moderate outcome in the verbal
description. According to study, natural disasters may have long-lasting effects on people's lives,
which may have a detrimental influence on the tourist industry owing to a loss of labor force,
damage to tourism facilities, or a deterioration in the reputation of the destination as a result of poor
emergency preparedness (Genc, R. 2018).
The fourth column contains a summary of the risk matrix; based on the risk matrix, the facilities are
highlighted in red, indicating that they require control. Labor, which has the second highest total
WM, is included in the red color, which means it is manageable and tolerable in the VD, whereas
lives are included in the color red, which means they require control in the verbal description. The
destination image with the lowest weighted mean is also in red and requires control in the verbal
description. The San Pedro, Laguna Local Government unit and Disaster Risk Reduction team must
act and plan so that the people under their control are aware of the threat. And to be prepared for and
mitigate the effects of an earthquake if one occurs, because their city is one of those that will be
impacted by the valley fault line system, which will result in a strong earthquake. A study claims
that the LGU must be able to identify the areas and people that are most vulnerable, educate people
about natural disasters and their potential effects, run an information and education campaign (IEC)
on disaster mitigation, work with those in charge of planning, building, health, and welfare, conduct
first-aid trainings, collaborate with educational institutions to increase awareness and support
already-existing knowledge, construct evacuation centers, and mitigate those risks (Domingo, S.N.,
& Manejar, A.J., 2018).
4.4. Preparation of the Local Government Unit
4.4 a. What are the regulations and compliance implemented in this city for the preparation
for the earthquake?
The head of City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO) stated that San Pedro
City, Laguna has a new city development code. The new city development code requires an
enterprise or establishment to have an evacuation plan and state their contingency plan aside from
averting the tourism enterprise from the 5 meters buffer zone for both left and right side. According
to the head of CDRRMO, they will prohibit the tourism enterprise from developing or redeveloping
it, no matter how durable the construction is. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) proposes a buffer zone that has at least 5 meters on each of the fault
trace's sides or starting from the displacement zone's edge. It's also known as a fault avoidance area.
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According to PHIVOLCS, neither any component or establishment should be constructed within the
buffer zone (Mangahas 2017).
The local government unit recommends planting a Sampaguita flower or making it an open space for
those affected areas. In addition, the City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO)
has become part of their local government updated executive order as part of the safety of the
tourism enterprises. As stated by the head of CDRRMO, the executive order is just a combined joint
inspection such as Business Process Licensing Office (BPLO) which is the one who manages the
business requirements and assessment team like BPLO which is the one who manages the business
requirements. However, two (2) of the respondents from local tourism enterprises mentioned that
they are unaware of the regulations and procedures that are implemented in their city to prepare for
the earthquake. While three (3) of the respondents stated that the local administration conducts
monthly earthquake drills in their area as part of the regulations and procedures that are implemented
in their city to prepare for the earthquake. And they need to acquire business permits from the local
government unit which will determine the features and lot area of tourism enterprise establishments.
4.4.b. How do tourism enterprises market their products despite the risk of the Valley Fault
System in San Pedro City, Laguna?
According to the Head of City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, the City of San Pedro,
Laguna has tourism code requirements or a Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) plan
for business enterprises that must comply before creating or building a business in order to market
the products of tourism enterprises despite the risk of the Valley Fault System. The local government
unit also invites the entrepreneurs to their office to attend the quarterly meetings to inform about the
updates regarding the existing policy as part of the requirements from Seal of Good Local
Governance (SGLG). The local government unit is quite severe when it comes to regulations to
ensure that enterprises are aligned with the Philippines' tourism development goal. Small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been known and frequently referred to as the "economic
muscle" and "lifeblood" of most nations due to their importance in fostering economic growth and a
way of life through job creation (Dayour, F., Adongo, C. A., & Kimbu, A.N., 2020). However, two
(2) of the tourism enterprise respondents make a statement in response to the questions, indicating
that they have no ideas and are unsure what to do. While one (1) respondent proposed hosting an
earthquake drill so that local people and establishment personnel would know what to do if an
earthquake struck the city, The other two (2) respondents, who operate tourism businesses, provide
an explanation by stating that in order to operate their businesses, they must first obtain a permit
from the local government unit of San Pedro, Laguna, and that in order to draw more tourists to the
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city, the local government unit must ensure that every building, business, and tourist attraction is
secure and well-built so that visitors feel more at ease in their city.
As mentioned by the Head of City Disaster Risk Reduction Management their tourism enterprises
are trained and know what to do when a possible large earthquake occurs. The City Risk Reduction
Disaster Management Office (CRRDMO) reviews and provides recommendations to their public
service continuity plan, evacuation plan and contingency plan. The local government unit of City of
San Pedro, Laguna assured that the tourists and locals are safe as they also provide information
materials to the city such as an evacuation map where it has arrows where they have to follow and a
marker every 500 kilometers from the fault line location. The main fault line and smaller faults
identified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) run under at
least 15 residential areas in San Pedro City, the majority of which are in the barangays of Calendola,
Estrella, G.S.I.S., Magsaysay, San Antonio, San Vicente (including the new barangays of
Chrysanthemum, Rosario, Maharlika, and Pacita II). The growing urbanization of Laguna’s first five
cities had experts worried about what would happen if a 7.0-magnitude or higher earthquake struck
the West Valley Fault. And, based on the maps, it appears that many Lagunenses are in grave danger
if what has been dubbed “The Big One” strikes the fault (Veloso, 2022) .
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 strengthened the Philippines’
development of actions and procedures for disaster direction and mitigation, and it is a critical step
toward achieving an enhanced disaster risk reduction response program. As a result, the Philippine
Government, through the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC), has
developed a number of memorandums, guidelines, and protocols calling for more efficient and
effective mitigation, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from earthquakes and tsunamis
(NDRRMC, 2018).
5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
This chapter represented three sections. A summary of the research is presented, and findings of the
study are discussed and interpreted. The significance of this research in the awareness and
preparedness of the respondents on the possible large earthquake are examined. Recommendations
for further research end the chapter.
5.1. DISCUSSION
The study sought to assess the impact of the Valley Fault System on tourism businesses in San Pedro
City, Laguna. It covers four (4) barangays in San Pedro, namely Calendola, Sampaguita, San
Antonio, and G.S.I.S., with sixty (60) tourism enterprises and one (1) local government department
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as respondents. Specific questions such as type of tourism enterprise, position, years in operation,
number of employees, type of business structure, awareness and preparedness of local tourism
enterprises for an earthquake, risk assessment of the Valley Fault System in terms of lives, labor,
facilities, and destination image, the regulations and compliance implemented in the city as
preparation for the earthquake, and lastly, the strategic plans of the local government in marketing
tourism products of the city despite the risk of the Valley Fault System.
5.1.1. Profile of the Respondents
As PHIVOLCS identified an active fault line in the city of San Pedro, Laguna, several barangays are
affected by the Valley Fault System, including the barangays of Calendola, Sampaguita, San
Antonio, and G.S.I.S., where most of the respondents (43.3%) were from the barangay of San
Antonio, as it is the largest barangay and has the highest number of tourism enterprises (figure 6).
Food and beverages (48.3%) are the most popular business among the 60 tourism enterprises in San
Pedro City, Laguna, for this study. According to the World Food Travel Association (WFTA), 80%
of tourists check food and beverage offerings before visiting a new destination. Food and beverages
account for around 25% of tourist spending, which contributes an increase in revenue to both the
local community and government from the taxes charged on purchased products (University of
Central Florida, n.d.). Though the availability of health and wellness services (21.7%) and
accommodations (16.7%) is limited, the barangays lack other types of tourism enterprises, such as
those related to travel and tour services and arts and culture. Most of the tourism enterprises in the
said barangays start running between one (1) to three (3) years (36.7%) and four (4) to six (6) years
(26.7%), and the majority were registered as sole proprietorships (63.3%) that are operated mostly
by managers and owners (45%) in daily operations with one (1) to ten (10) employees (76.7%).
5.1.2. Awareness and Preparedness of Respondents for an Earthquake
This research found that the majority of the local tourism enterprises are aware of the Valley Fault
System (73.3%) located in the City of San Pedro, Laguna, and the possible 7.0 over magnitude
earthquake, or the so-called "Big One," (80%) that may put many Lagunenses in danger (Veloso,
2022). Earthquakes can occur unexpectedly and without notice. Earthquakes can have both
immediate and long-term health consequences. It can also cause damage to health care buildings and
transportation, disrupting service delivery and access to care (World Health Organizations, n.d.). As
a result, most of the locals feel afraid (86.7%) of the upcoming catastrophe, which the majority of
the respondents believe may cause huge damage in the city (96.7). Despite the threat of a possible
large earthquake that may be caused by the movement of the Valley Fault line, our findings indicate
that not all tourism enterprises are prepared (48.3%) for the said disaster.
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5.1.3. Respondent's Risk Assessment on the Valley Fault System in terms of Lives, Labor
Market, Facilities, and Destinations Image
When the weighted mean of the four (4) aspects of the Valley Fault System risk assessments by the
respondents is itemized, both labor markets (4.03) and facilities (4.03) present are the most affected
when an earthquake strikes San Pedro City, Laguna. The implosion of establishments and structures
causes the majority of earthquake-related deaths, and construction methods have a significant impact
on the death toll of an earthquake (Ammon, 2019). In addition, the earthquake had an impact not just
on people's consumption and saving habits but also on local sectoral growth. As a result, the
manufacturing sector lost competitiveness since its product prices and earnings had to match those of
the national market. Caused by the earthquake, the share of industrial production in the earthquake
regions shrank considerably (Chen, 2019). In the risk matrix shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, all
aspects, including lives, labor markets, facilities, and the destination’s image, fall in the red part of
the risk matrix tables, which indicates that the four (4) require a control as it shows that 3 (three) of
the aspects, labor market, facilities, and destination’s image are critical threats while one (1), lives, is
a major threat in the city, and may cause an extreme impact that may not be repairable in their
enterprises or businesses. Earthquakes can be unproductive, and the worst is when they stop the
operation of an enterprise if the risks are not managed.
5.1.4. Preparation of the Local Government Unit
The head of the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO) mentioned that
the most affected areas of the Valley Fault System are residential areas. However, the map (Figure 7)
shows that many tourism businesses will be impacted if the Valley Fault System moves quickly. The
local government follows the PHIVOLCS recommendation on having a 10-meter buffer zone where
5 meters on each side should be free space in order to avoid the fault trace and keep the
infrastructure safe in the event of a ground rupture. However, some structures have already been
built before the new ordinance was released, so in that case, renovation will not be allowed as the
ground will continue to crack and open. In addition, a new code was released where businesses were
required to submit a contingency plan and evacuation plan to ensure that the business, including the
staff and customers, are safe once an earthquake or any natural disaster happens. The local
government is persistent in making the city a great tourist destination and plans to use the free space
in the buffer zone to plant a Sampaguita flower to attract tourists and promote their product.
Preparedness and awareness are top priorities of the CDRRMO, where they conduct a quarterly
earthquake drill and information campaign in every barangay to raise awareness and prepare for a
possible large earthquake. The effort and courage of the local government to build a safe zone and
control the risk of the active fault line in the city is a great factor of assurance that the government is
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taking action and prioritizing the safety of the locals. In spite of the activities conducted by the
CDRRMO, some tourism enterprises are still unaware of the programs executed in their local
community as well as the risk management compliances needed for their business. Some believe that
the activities are limited to an area that causes their unawareness. However, locals are willing to be
involved and participate in the local government of the department to create more extensive
campaigns and programs for the affected barangays. Assuring the customer’s safety is still a big
issue for every tourism enterprise, as they choose not to talk about it with their clients, but with the
local government's new order, emergency planning will be one of their top priorities for compliance.
Figure 7: Map of tourism enterprises and the Valley Fault Line in San Pedro City, Laguna
5.2. CONCLUSIONS
5.2.1 The threat of the Valley Fault System may influence the potential investor’s
decision.
Capsulizing the data gathered from the 60 respondents from four (4) barangays, namely Calendola,
Sampaguita, San Antonio, and G.S.I.S. from the city of San Pedro, Laguna, it is empirically
conclusive after analyzing the results with the use of research instruments and statistical treatment
that the majority of the tourism enterprises in the city are small and owned by one (1) entrepreneur
with a limited number of employees, which indicates that investors have doubts about risking their
money in the city as it has a large earthquake threat, specifically to the four (4) barangays shown in
Figure 7. As natural catastrophes put economies at risk, it is reasonable to consider that multinational
enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly taking the likelihood and severity of natural disasters into
account when making investment decisions, thus undermining the value of long-term investment.
The incidence of hazards in the host location might also have an influence on business operations
and investments. Natural calamities, such as earthquakes, can inflict damage to manufacturing sites
and strain host communities' economies by destroying infrastructure and assets (Neise et al. 2021).
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5.2.2 There is a strong possibility that tourism enterprises established before the local
government unit implements the "5-meter buffer zone" will be the most impacted.
As PHIVOLCS released a recommendation to have a fault avoidance zone where no structures or

buildings should be built on the fault line and must be at least five (5) meters away from the
deformation zone on each side of the fault trace, the City of San Pedro, Laguna, implemented the
five-meter buffer zone and a new city development code that requires enterprises to have an
evacuation and contingency plan as an additional document for business registration on account of
preparation and control for an earthquake caused by the active fault line, or the so-called Valley
Fault System (VFS). However, the National Structural Code of the Philippines published a map of
active fault lines in the country in 2001. Correspondingly, older structures that were designed and
established 20 years ago did not account for the fault line. Therefore, some of the tourism enterprises
in the barangays of Calendola, Sampaguita, San Antonio, and G.S.I.S. in San Pedro City, Laguna,
were already built above the fault trace before the local government unit issued the new code for
structures in the city, and renovation will not be allowed for enterprises operating within the buffer
zone as the ground rupture will continuously move even without an earthquake and will unceasingly
crack and open the ground no matter how strong the construction is. As a result, there is a strong
possibility that those businesses will be the most impacted when the fault line moves violently and
causes ground shaking, and the local government will be forced to lecture the operators on risk
management.
5.2.3 The campaigns of the Local Government Unit are not effective.
According to the risk assessment matrix the upcoming earthquakes will have a large impact on the
city, affecting not only people's lives but also the economy, as labor markets, facilities, and tourist
destinations will suffer massive damage, giving locals cause for concern and fright. The catastrophic
impact of a natural disaster manifests itself directly as damage to buildings such as houses, hospitals,
schools, and factories where people spend their daily lives or meet their needs, and it also reduces
people's motivation to participate in economic activities since they might be concerned about the
loss of their relatives and property (Genc, 2018). Accordingly, the CDRRMO of San Pedro City,
Laguna, is conducting campaigns in their municipality specifically for those affected barangays to
enlighten and advise locals in the area on what to do and where to go once an earthquake happens.
Regardless of how the local government executes quarterly earthquake drills and seminars in the city
to control the risks, numerous local tourism enterprises are still not prepared and knowledgeable,
even though they are aware of the chance of a catastrophe. It figures out that the campaigns of the
local government to minimize the risks of an earthquake are not effective and has to enforce an
extreme and firm campaign that will force locals to participate and encourage everyone to be ready
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and mindful once "The Big One" hits the city. The major risk of an earthquake is that it arrives
without indication, leaving no time to carefully prepare. This is why businesses and communities,
including those not in earthquake-prone areas, should be aware of the risks posed by earthquakes and
have a strategy in place to allow them to continue operating even if they are closed for a period of
time following an earthquake. Local disaster management services should be engaged when
developing an emergency plan, as well as ensuring that all employees and staff are adequately
briefed and conversant with contingency plans (RestorationSOS, n.d.).
5.2.4 There is a possible decrease in tourist arrivals, which will have a negative effect on the
local economy.
Tourists are less inclined to visit a location if they believe it is dangerous. As a result, several
renowned tourist spots have lost their popularity owing to hazards and safety concerns (Ismail, et al,
2017). There is a possibility of a decreasing number of tourist visitors in San Pedro City, Laguna,
since there is a lack of risk management and preparedness in the local tourism enterprises. Even with
the plan of the local government to promote their city as a tourist destination, like planting
Sampaguita flowers on the buffer zone considering that the city is popular for its Sampaguita
Festival and recognized as the Sampaguita capital of the Philippines, as well as ensuring that tourism
enterprises follow all compliance and regulations from local to national orders, it is still a huge
factor that most of the operators in local tourism enterprises are not prepared for an earthquake. To
put it simply, the tourism sector of the city of San Pedro, Laguna, will experience a drop in the
number of tourist arrivals due to the threat of the Valley Fault System if the local business operators
do not control and manage the potential risks. In that case, the local economy of the city will be the
most affected since no entrepreneurs will be willing to invest in a destination that tourists have
doubts about visiting, knowing how the Valley Fault System will impact the infrastructure to be
built. Tourists typically prefer a destination in order to find some rest. However, if a natural disaster
threat or an emergency situation exists in a tourism site, travelers will consider alternative tourism
destinations to maximize the utility that they receive from tourism activity. As a result, the economic
revenues received by a destination decline dramatically in line with the decrease in the number of
tourist arrivals, and the damage caused by natural disasters worsens even more. Nonetheless, the
influence of a natural catastrophe is evident even if no actual disaster occurred, and such occurrences
are only a possibility. In other words, travel decisions are made with possible dangers in mind. As a
result, tourists' perceptions of risk together with natural disaster risk analysis contribute to
understanding the dynamics leading to such economic and social activities (Genc, 2018).
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
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The result of the study could be used as the basis for designing a risk management plan that can help
the local government, investors, business operators, locals, and tourists in controlling and preparing
for a catastrophe. Moreover, the risk assessment of an earthquake could help the management
develop more risk reduction projects that prioritize the safety of people, properties, and the
economy.
5.3.1. Recommendations for City Local Government Unit and Barangays
Authorities can review and, if necessary, revise disaster risk management legislative and regulatory
frameworks in order to clarify and explicitly articulate the precise roles and responsibilities of
individual households, communities, the private sector, and local governments in strengthening
resilience (Asian Development Bank, 2013).
Training in risk assessment methodologies should also be available. Related tools may be created
and deployed on the same platform to assist non-experts in analyzing and applying data to public and
private development planning and investment choices (Asian Development Bank, 2013).
To reduce the impact of a natural disaster on the community, the major priority should be to update
infrastructure and train constituents on natural disaster preparedness. In terms of educating people,
your local government might consider establishing a certified emergency response team each
barangay. Regular training of constituents on the best strategies for reacting to an emergency disaster
situation is a vital aspect of the responsibilities (GovPilot, 2022).
Government regulators must communicate with the public throughout the decision-making process,
not simply after a choice has been made and the public is invited to comment on a finalized plan.
Members of a community affected by a hazardous site must be involved for a risk-management
project to be completed successfully. Decisions are less likely to be accepted by a community if the
individuals who will be directly affected by the decisions are excluded from the decision-making
process (National Academy Press, 2001).
The local disaster management office and other stakeholders should identify methods to engage
community members to participate in disaster risk reduction projects and activities, while also
empowering them by acknowledging their input into decision-making. This can be accomplished by
having an official present at district representatives' community meetings (WHO, 2015).
Awareness campaigns done by the Local Disaster Management Department and other stakeholders
should not be limited to schools and care centers but should also include door-to-door efforts, as
several locals were conscious that awareness programs had not been undertaken in their community.
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Brochures and booklets should be accessible in local languages as well as English (Nkombi and
Wentink, 2022).
5.3.2. Recommendations for Tourism Enterprise’s investors and business operators
Invest in risk management training and seminars that are competency-based, with KPIs in place to
monitor the evident improvements in the quality of risk-based decision making. Competency
assessments should be administered at the beginning and conclusion of each training session. In
addition, surveys should also be carried out one month and six months following the training to
assess knowledge retention (Risk Academy, 2017).
Create an internal risk management certification for workers who operate in high-risk settings. This
will guarantee that employees working in high-risk fields such as business, services, healthcare, and
transportation have proper risk management skills and are aware of the risks connected with their
workplaces (Risk Academy, 2017).
Design an emergency and contingency plan. Many organizations have emergency management and
contingency operations plans in place that may be implemented in the event of a catastrophic
disaster, but most have disregarded the potential of an earthquake because they believe they are safe,
especially if they are not in an earthquake-prone location. However, earthquakes may strike
anywhere; therefore, every business should be prepared. Local disaster management agencies should
be involved in developing an emergency plan, and all employees and personnel should be adequately
briefed and engaged with contingency procedures. Ensure that workers, partners, and customers
have access to risk management information. Place the risk management policy on the internet and
the business website, and film and distribute recordings of risk management training or awareness
sessions on the designated risk management internet page. By identifying tourism risks, destination
marketers may use risk-minimization and risk-reduction methods to build a favorable image of their
tourism offerings, which will in turn disseminate more positive words to attract more tourists.
Furthermore, assessing the integrated relationship between risk, satisfaction, attitude, and desire to
return helps to ensure tourist loyalty, establish a competitive advantage, and warrant more successful
business growth (Ismail, et al, 2017).
Completing a risk assessment will assist the business in understanding the complete scope of its risk
exposure, including the chance of a risk event occurring, the reasons for its occurrence, and the
possible severity of its impact. An effective compliance risk assessment also assists firms in
prioritizing risks, mapping these risks to the appropriate risk owners, and allocating resources to risk
mitigation (Kaseya, 2018).
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5.3.3. Recommendations for Local Residents
Participate in the local government's risk management program as well as involve yourself in the
meetings conducted in the community. Make some research and be mindful about the earthquake.
Ensure that all documents and necessary things are in safe storage, as well as preparing a kit for
emergencies in case of evacuation. By strengthening community preparedness and response as well
as reducing hazards within the community, the community may mitigate the negative effects of
disasters. After a catastrophe, the community must recover and restore regular life as soon as
possible (WHO, 2015).
5.3.4. Recommendations for Tourists
Before visiting a destination, conduct extensive research on it, not only for its beautiful tourist
attractions but also for the risks associated with its geographical area. Ensure that emergency kits
and contacts are included in your to-bring checklists. Travel destination risk is complex in nature,
with both the effects and the results being unpredictable. The effects of risk during travel impact the
experience, satisfaction, loyalty, inclination to return, and word-of-mouth creation (Ismail, et al,
2017).
5.3.5. Recommendations for Future Researchers
The study recommends further research on the prioritization and encouragement of public
participation and city disaster risk reduction and management offices in local departments to ensure
that tourism enterprises are aware of and prepared for a possible large earthquake in the city.
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APPENDIX A
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY AND INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT
Lagro, Quezon City
October 2022
Ms. Trisha Joy

Gotinga Research
Coordinator OLFU,
Quezon City
Dear Ms. Gotinga,
The undersigned are the members of BSITM (TTO) 4-YA-4, currently enrolled in Research and
Tourism in the class of Dr. Mylene C. Dela Cruz. In this regard, may we request for the approval
of our research title “The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of
San Pedro City, Laguna ''.
We are hoping for your favorable response in this regard.
Respectfully yours,
Jamalia L. Ampoan Angelo C. Dela Vega Jay Bryan R. Toradio
Marianne Jade P. Honorario Marinnette Joyce S. Tan Neil Justin D Medina
Noted by:
Dr. Mylene C. Dela Cruz, RND, LPT Ms. Marlene E. Baliano

Research Professor Research Adviser
Approved by:
Ms. Trisha Joy Gotinga Ms. Armina Javier, MBA

Coordinator, RDIC QC Program Head, CHIM QC
Dr. Ramonita A. Salazar Ed.D.

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Campus Dean, OLFU QC
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APPENDIX B

Lagro, Quezon City
September 08, 2022
MS. MARLENE E. BALIANO

Professor, College of Hospitality and Institutional Management
Our Lady of Fatima University
Quezon City, Philippines
Subject: Invitation letter for Research Advisor
Dear Ma’am:
Greetings!
We, the undersigned, are fourth-year students of Our Lady of Fatima University—Quezon City
pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Science in International Tourism Management major in Travel
and Tour Operations, and we are currently enrolled in Research and Tourism 311.
We will conduct a research study entitled "The Threat of the Valley Fault System on the
Tourism Enterprise in San Pedro City, Laguna".
We are writing to respectfully request your guidance and knowledge as a research advisor. We
have followed your lectures and courses, which have been incredibly beneficial to us. We believe
that your experience and insights will be immensely helpful to our work.
Thank you for your consideration and we hope you will be able to fulfill our request.
Respectfully yours,
The Researchers
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Jamalia L. Ampoan Angelo C. Dela Vega Jay Bryan R. Toradio
Marianne Jade P. Honorario Marinnette Joyce S. Tan Niel Justin D. Medina
Noted by:
DR. MYLENE C. DELA CRUZ, RND, LPT
Doctor of Philosophy, Educational Management – Research Lecturer
Conforme:
MS. MARLENE E. BALIANO, MBA
Professor, College of Hospitality and Institutional Management

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APPENDIX C

Lagro, Quezon City
October 06, 2022
Dear Sir/Ma’am,
Greetings!
We are the fourth-year students of Our Lady of Fatima University—Quezon City pursuing a
degree of Bachelor of Science in International Tourism Management major in Travel and Tour
Operations, and we are currently conducting a research entitled “The Risk Analysis of the
Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna”.
We are writing to respectfully request your guidance and knowledge by validating our
questionnaire. We have followed your lectures and courses, which have been incredibly
beneficial to us.
We believe that your experience and insights will be immensely helpful to our work. We will
appreciate whatever comments as well as suggestions you would give for the improvement of our
research.
Thank you for your consideration and we hope you will be able to fulfill our request.
Respectfully yours,
Jamalia L. Ampoan
Angelo C. Dela Vega
Jay Bryan R. Toradio
Marianne Jade P. Honorario

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APPENDIX D

Lagro, Quezon City
CITY OF SAN PEDRO

Province of Laguna
CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
Philippines
Subject: Letter of Permission for Data Collection for Research
Respected Sir/Madam,
We are fourth-year students of Our Lady of Fatima University—Quezon City pursuing a degree in
Bachelor of Science in International Tourism Management with a major in Travel and Tour
Operations. We will conduct a research study entitled "The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System
on the Tourism Enterprise in San Pedro City, Laguna."
We wish to study and analyze how the Valley Fault System (VFS) will affect the tourism enterprise
in your city. We request that you extend help to our team and allow us to conduct an online survey
and questionnaires with your local business’s owner, manager, or supervisor.
On behalf of our whole research team, we heartily express our gratitude for collecting our request for
data. We assure you that privacy regulations will be followed. All information provided will be
treated strictly as confidential and purely for academic purposes only. A free social media promotion
will be granted as our special token for your business.
We would be happy if you accepted our request and granted us permission for the data collection.
Best regards,
The Researchers
Jamalia L. Ampoan Angelo C. Dela Vega Marianne Jade P. Honorario
Neil Justin D. Medina Marinnette Joyce S. Tan Jay Bryan R. Toradio
Noted by:
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Dr. Mylene Dela Cruz, RND, LPT Mrs. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA
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APPENDIX E

Lagro, Quezon City
CITY OF SAN PEDRO

Province of Laguna
CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
Philippines
Subject: Letter of Permission for Data Collection for Research
Respected Sir/Madam,
We are fourth-year students of Our Lady of Fatima University—Quezon City pursuing a degree in
Bachelor of Science in International Tourism Management with a major in Travel and Tour
Operations. We will conduct a research study entitled "The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault
System on the Tourism Enterprise in San Pedro City, Laguna."
We wish to study and analyze how the Valley Fault System (VFS) will affect the tourism enterprise
in your city. We hereby want to take your consent to your good office to spend an hour or two for an
online interview with the head of your City Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO).
On behalf of our whole research team, we heartily express our gratitude for collecting our request for
data. We assure you that privacy regulations will be followed. All information provided will be
treated strictly as confidential and purely for academic purposes only.
We would be happy if you accepted our request and granted us permission for the data collection.
If you have any further queries, you can reach us at 0916-723-8767 or through an email at
jlampoan@student.fatima.edu.ph.
Best regards,
The Researchers
Jamalia L. Ampoan Angelo C. Dela Vega Marianne Jade P. Honorario
Neil Justin D. Medina Marinnette Joyce S. Tan Jay Bryan R. Toradio

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Noted by:
Dr. Mylene Dela Cruz, RND, LPT Mrs. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA
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APPENDIX F
Validated Research Questionnaire
“The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro
City, Laguna”
I. Please put a check mark (/) to indicate your answer to the questions.
Lagyan ng tsek (/) ang iyong antas ngpagsagot sa katanungan.
Position
Type of tourism enterprise
□ Owner
□ Accommodations
□ Manager
□ Travel and tour services
□ Supervisor
□ Tourist transport operators
□Meeting, Incentives, Conference
Business Structure
and Events
□ Sole proprietorship
□ Adventure/Sports
□ Partnership
□ Ecotourism and Wildlife
□ Corporation
□ Health and Wellness Services
□ Food and Beverages Number of employees
□ Resorts □ 1 to 10
□ 11 to 20
Number of years operating □ 21 to 30
□ 6 to 11 months □ 31 to 40
□ 1 - 3 years □ 41 - above
□ 4 – 6 years
□ 7 – 9 years Barangay
□ 10 – above years
□ Calendola
□ Sampaguita
□ San Antonio
□ G.S.I.S
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For tourism enterprise owners/managers/supervisors.
II. Please put a check mark (/) to indicate your answer to the questions.
Lagyan ng tsek (/) ang iyong antas ng pagsagot sa katanungan.
QUESTIONS YES NO
1. Are you aware of the Valley Fault System?
2. Are you aware of "The Big One"?
3. Do you feel fear of the possible large earthquake in the

city?
4. Are you prepared enough in an earthquake?
5. Do you believe that the possible large earthquake will

cause huge damage in the city?
III. Please rate the following aspects to assess the risk of the Valley Fault System in tourism
enterprises on a scale of one (1) = Minor to five (5) = No Opinion.
Consequences 1 2 3 4 5
None Very Mild Moderat Severe
Mild e
An earthquake may affect the lives of our
employees through physical and
psychological effects.
An earthquake might affect the supply and

demand of our tourism products.
An earthquake might cause our

establishments and facilities to collapse.
An earthquake may cause irreparable

environmental and structural damage that
will affect the destination’s image.
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For CDRRMO online interview and selected (5) tourism enterprise owner: guide questions.
IV. Kindly answer the following questions promptly and directly.
1. What are the risk management plans that have been prepared to lessen the impact of the possible
earthquake?
2. What are the regulations and compliance implemented in this city for the preparation for the
earthquake?
3. How can locals be encouraged to participate in the drills that local government units organize?
4. What are the strategic plans used in marketing tourism products despite the risk of the Valley
Fault System in San Pedro City, Laguna?
5. How do you ensure that customers (tourists and local residents) are safe in your establishment?
Approved by:
_________________________ ______________________________
Dr. Mylene C. Dela Cruz, RND, LPT Ms. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA
Research Instructor Research Adviser
Validated by:
Ms. Aileen Kazel Dumagco, MBA

College of Hospitality and Institutional Management
Faculty
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APPENDIX G

Lagro, Quezon City
Consent Form
Project Title: “Risk Analysis of Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise in San
Pedro, Laguna”
Researchers: Jamalia L. Ampoan

Angelo C. Dela
Vega Jay Bryan R.
Toradio
Marianne Jade P.
Honorario Marinnette
Joyce S. Tan Neil Justin D.
Medina
Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze the Risk of Valley Fault System on Tourism
Enterprise in San Pedro City, Laguna. This study will assist Local Enterprise in being aware of
and prepared for risk management, as well as assist Local Government Units (LGU) in
encouraging locals to join in the preparedness for the big earthquake.
Description Process: The researcher will conduct an online survey checklist and questionnaires
through Google Forms and an online interview through Google Meet. An invitation and request
letter will be sent to the target participant’s Facebook page and email address. The survey
checklist and questionnaires will take five (5) to ten (10) minutes, while the interview will take
twenty (20) to thirty (30) minutes. Researchers will ask the participants to fill out the Google
Form in their free time, and the interviewee will decide the schedule of the virtual meeting based
on his or her availability. The survey checklists and questionnaire are answerable by their
demographic profile, by yes or no, and on a numerical rating scale. On the other hand,
questionnaires and guide questionnaires are answerable by their own words and thoughts.
Participant Selection: Researchers have come up with the number of thirty (30) business
owners, managers, or supervisors. For survey participants, they should be: [1] male or female; [2]
18 years old and above; [3] Filipino citizen; [4] tourism enterprise owner; [5] manager or
supervisor of tourism enterprise; [6] located in San Pedro City, Laguna; [7] registered business as
sole proprietor, partnership, or corporation; and [8] willing to participate. While for interview,
one (1) department head from the Local Government Unit - Risk Management of the City of San
Pedro, Laguna will be included in this research to gather information from an expert, and a
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selected five (5) tourism enterprises from the thirty (30) respondents. Participants can be the
following: [1] male or female; [2] 18 years old and above; [3] Filipino citizen; [4] tourism
enterprise owner; [5] manager or supervisor of tourism enterprise; [6] head of city disaster and
risk management department; [7] located in San Pedro City, Laguna; [8] registered business as
sole proprietor, partnership , or corporation; and [9] willing to participate.
Voluntarily Participation: Your decision to participate in this study is voluntary. We, the
researchers, will ensure that you have the right to choose whether or not to actively participate in
this study, and that your refusal to participate will have no effect on your present or future career.
If you agreed to participate as a respondent, you will be required to sign a consent form. If you
withdraw while doing the interview, your data will be returned or deleted. Please carefully read
this document and be certain that you fully understand its contents before deciding whether or not
to participate. If there is any information about which you are unsure, please do not hesitate to ask
questions.
Risk: We the researchers, would uphold the right of fairness by ensuring that there is no
discrimination of participants in any way. This may influence the mental state of the respondents,
who may feel insulted by the survey questions, but they need not be concerned since all data
gathered would be retained and stored by the researchers. If this occurs during the survey, you
have the option of refusing to answer a portion of the form. If the situation worsens, please notify
the researchers immediately so that they can totally erase your consent form and stop
communicating with you via email and Facebook Messenger. The researchers will ensure that
you have complete freedom to decline participation.
Benefits: This study on Risk Analysis on Valley Fault System on Tourism Enterprise in San
Pedro City, Laguna, will provide you an idea of how significant the impact of an earthquake will
be in your city, particularly in the tourism enterprises of San Pedro, Laguna. This research could
help the business owner and Local Government Units (LGU) in becoming more prepared and
aware to lessen the potential impact of the big earthquake on their tourism industry and city.
Confidentially: All information obtained will be utilized solely for this study. The right to
privacy is a lawful concept that refers to individuals and their interest in controlling who has
access to them, and no participant should ever be forced to reveal information to the researcher
that the participant does not wish to reveal.
Right to refuse or to withdraw: Your identity will be kept private and anonymous, and
information will be kept safe in password-protected folders that only the researchers will be able
to access. The data will only be kept for three months, or for the duration of the study. After the
study is completed, the data will be disposed of. The password-protected folders will be erased
completely, and researchers will assure that the material acquired will not be sold or used for any
paid or curriculum development activities
Alternative to Participating: The researchers will prioritize respondent confidentiality and
privacy by not disclosing personal information and names in demographic profiles,
positions/occupation, and social status; this will limit the amount of information collected. As a
result, coding methods and email addresses will be employed to keep you anonymous. As a thank
you for participating in this study, you will be kept up to speed on the progress of the research
project as well as its outcome/findings through email or Facebook messaging.
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Who to Contact: You can email or contact our lead researcher if you have any questions or
comments. Ms. Jamalia L. Ampoan, contact at 09167238767 or send an email to
jlampoan@student.fatima.edu.ph. You can also contact Ms. Angelita A. Rodriguez, PhD, our
Chair of Our Lady of Fatima University-Institutional Ethics Review Committee at 281- 7664 or
283-9754 local 1204; ierc@fatima.edu.ph.
CERTIFICATION
I agree to participate in the research project based on the information. I have read the consent
form. All the procedures, any risks and benefits have been explained to me. I have had the
opportunity to ask any question and to receive any additional details I wanted about the study. If
I have questions later about the study, I can ask the researcher.
❏ I have read and understand the terms and conditions stated above.
❏ I give permission to be part of this study.
Signature over Printed Name of the Respondent:

Date agreed:
I have explained this study to the above respondents and sought his/her understanding of the
consent.
Researchers: Jamalia L. Ampoan
Lead Researcher
Angelo C. Dela
Vega Jay Bryan R.
Toradio
Marianne Jade P.
Honorario

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APPENDIX H
Study Protocol Self-Assessment Checklist
Principal Investigator: Jamalia L. Ampoan
College/Affiliation/Program: College of Hospitality and Institutional Management
BSITM (TTO)
Date Received:
Research Title: The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism
Enterprise of San Pedro City, Laguna
To be filled out by the Principal Investigator
ASSESSMENT Indicate if the Page and the

POINTS specified assessment paragraph where
point is stated on the the said point is
study discussed
protocol
A. Proposal (Scientific and

Technical Issues) YES N/A
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A.1. Are the objectives/aims of the
study protocol clearly and concisely The main goal is to...
defined?
Page 8
A.2. Is the question/issue or

general problem of the study
protocol clearly stated?
Page 13
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A.3. Is the research question related The study aims to:

to the objective/purpose of the
research study?
Research Question 1:
Page 13
A.4. Does the literature review

section of the research
Page 9-13
protocol provide foundation
knowledge of the topic?
A.5. Are the review results in the

literature review section
Page 9-13
relevant to the proposed study
protocol?
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A.6. Does the chosen research
design effectively address the
research problem in a logical
way? Page 16
A.7. Are the specific sampling

methods and procedures in the study
protocol fully described?
Page 17
A.8. Is the research approach

or type of analysis clearly
described?
Page 20
A.9. Are the types of sources used

clearly discussed?
(primary or secondary texts,

interviews, surveys, diaries, Page 9-13
journals, etc.)
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A.10. Is the sample size appropriate

and well justified?
Page 17
A.11. Is the statistical method used

appropriate?
Page 20
A.12. Are the statistical and non-

statistical methods
Page 20
relevant to the data analysis and data
summary?
A.13. Are the inclusion and exclusion Page 17

criteria complete and appropriate?
B. Research Handling
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B.1. Do provisions exist in the
specimen storage, access, N/A
disposal, and terms of use? (If
applicable)
B.2. Are the copies of the CV of the research

investigator included? Page
48
B.3. Is the duration/length of the respondent’s

involvement in the study clearly discussed? Page
34
C. Ethical Issues
C.1. Is a vulnerable population being studied? Page

17
C.2. Is the justification for studying this vulnerable Page

population adequate? 17
C.3. Do adequate provisions exist to ensure that the Page

17
vulnerable population is not being exploited?
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C.4 Are the risks and benefits for the research Page
participants 37
been discussed in the research protocol?
C.5 Does the protocol describe how the communities

from which the participants are to be drawn likely Page
benefit from 37
the research?
C.6 Is the design free of undue inducements to Page

participate in the research? 37
C.7. Does the recruitment procedure include

adequate protection for the privacy and
psychosocial needs of the individuals? Page
37
C.8.Do Provisions Exist In The Protocol For Counseling NA
research participants during and after the research?
C.9. Are the research participants free not to

participate or to leave the research at any time, Page
without penalty? 17
C.10. Do provisions exist in the proposal to recruit

participants incapable of giving personal consent, (e.g. NA
because of
cultural factors, children or adolescents less than the
legal
D. Informed Consent Form
D.1 Is the attached informed consent form written in

English or in a language that the respondents can Page
understand? 37
D.2 Is the information sheet free of technical terms,

written in lay-persons’ language, easily NA
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understandable, complete & adequate?
D.3 Is the Informed Consent Form patterned after the NA

WHO template?
D.4 Are all the sections in the ICF completely and

clearly explained? NA
Submitted by: Jamalia L. Ampoan Received by:

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APPENDIX I
RDIC Compliance - Ethical Certificate
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APPENDIX J
Ethical Review Application Form
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APPENDIX K
RDIC Claim Slip
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APPENDIX L
Research Fee Payment Receipts
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APPENDIX M
Date Gathering Documentation
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Exclusive Invitation of San Pedro City Tourism, Culture, and Arts Office
First 100 Days Una sa Laguna Report and Sampaguita Festival Planning
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APPENDIX N
Certificate of Originality
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APPENDIX O
About the researchers
Jamalia L. Ampoan
is currently a 4th year
college student taking
up a Bachelor of
Science in
International Tourism
Management major in
Travel and Tour
Operations at Our
Lady of Fatima
University, Quezon
City Campus. She is
part of the Tourism Society OLFU-QC as the Committee for
External Affairs. A consistent dean's list and academic scholar.
The Commission on Higher Education of the National Capital
Region grants her a full scholarship. She finished her
secondary education for senior and junior high school at
National Housing Corporation High School, and graduated
"With Honors" for both years. She took her primary education at National Housing Corporation
Elementary School and graduated as the fifth honorable mention. Throughout her primary and
secondary school years, she was a Campus Journalist and represented the Division of Caloocan
City at the Regional level in the Photo Journalism category. She is also part of the school varsity
and competes against different schools in Arnis. Lastly, she was acknowledged as a Leadership
Awardee for being elected as President of Supreme Student Government, Campus Integrity
Crusaders, and Caloocan City Linggo ng Kabataan 1st District Councilor, and nominated for
being one of the outstanding organizations in the National Capital Region.
Angelo C. Dela Vega is currently a 4th year college student

taking up a Bachelor of Science in International Tourism
Management major in Travel and Tour Operations at Our Lady
of Fatima University, Quezon City Campus. He finished his
secondary education at San Jose del Monte National High
School and transferred to Our Lady of Fatima University for
Senior high school. He took his primary education at Gumaok
Elementary school.
Jay Bryan R. Toradio is currently a 4th year college student

taking up a Bachelor of Science International Tourism
Management major in Travel and Tour Operations at Our Lady
of Fatima University. He is one of the scholars of Overseas
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Workers Welfare Administration. He finished his secondary
education for senior high school at Our Lady of Fatima
University. He took his primary education at North Fairview
Elementary School. He is currently working as Technical
Support Representative, handling HP Printers at a well-known
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Company in the
Philippines.
Marianne Jade P. Honorario is currently a 4th year college

student taking up a Bachelor of Science International Travel
Management major in Travel and Tour Operations, at Our
Lady of Fatima University Quezon City Campus. She is part of
the Tourism Society OLFU-QC as the Committee for External
Affairs. She is granted a scholarship by the Quezon City -
Scholarship Youth Development Program (QC-SYDP). She
finished her secondary education at Senior High School and
graduated “With Honors” for both years. She took her primary
education at Tandang Sora Elementary School. Currently, she
is working as a Floor Support, Customer Service
Representative at one of the well-known Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) Company in the Philippines.
Marinnette Joyce S. Tan is currently a 4th year college

student taking up a Bachelor of Science in International
Tourism Management major in Travel and Tour Operations at
Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City Campus. She is
part of the Tourism Society OLFU-QC as the Committee for
External Affairs. She finished her secondary education for
senior high school at Lady of Lourdes Hospital and Colleges.
She took her primary education at Lawang Bato Elementary
School. She is a former employee of McDonald's at South
Supermarket in Valenzuela City.
Neil Justin D. Medina is currently a 4th year college student

taking up a Bachelor of Science International Travel
Management major in Travel and Tour Operations at Our
Lady of Fatima University. He took his primary to junior high
school at Batasan Chunan Christian School. He is a varsity
player (Basketball) from grade 7 to grade 10, and a consistent
leader in Boy Scout. He continued his senior high school at
Our Lady of Fatima University.

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The Risk Analysis of the Valley Fault System on the Tourism Enterprise of San Pedro City

Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, Neil Justin Medina, Marlene E. Baliano

College of Hospitality Institutional Management

Research Development and Innovation Center

Our Lady of Fatima University

Ms. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA

Ms. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA

Mrs. Rachel L. Subando, MSHM Mrs. Salve Marie Cariaga, MBA

Mrs. Michelle Carmona

Ms. Trisha Joy O. Gotinga, MA Ms. Armina A. Javier

Marinnette Joyce S. Tan

Neil Justin D. Medina

Honorario, Marinnette Joyce S. Tan, Neil Justin Medina, Marlene E. Baliano

College of Hospitality Institutional

Management Research Development and

Innovation Center Our Lady of Fatima

Ms. Marlene E. Baliano, MBA

Table 1: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Tourism Enterprise ……………… 22

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………… 10

Appendix A: Title Approval ………………………………………………………… 53

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.2. Literature Review

2.2.3. San Pedro City, Laguna Disaster Risk Reduction Management

2.2.4. Risk analysis

2.2.5. Tourism enterprise

2.2.6.3. Labor Market

2.3.1. Statement of the Problem

1.1. Type of Tourism Enterprise

b. Travel and tour services

c. Tourist transport operators

d. Meeting, Incentives, Conference and Events

f. Ecotourism and Wildlife

g. Health and Wellness Services

h. Food and Beverages

1.3 Number of Employees

1.4 Number of year/s in operating

1.5 Business Structure

1.7 Local Government Unit

a. City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO)

2.4. Conceptual Framework

2.5. Research Paradigm

Valley Fault System Local Government

Figure 2: Research Paradigm

3.2. Research Locale

3.3. Population and Sampling

3.5. Research Instruments

3.6. Data Collection

3.7. Data Analysis

3.7.1 Frequency and Percentage

3.7.3 Risk Matrix

4.1. Profile of the Respondents

Table 1: Profile of the Respondents as to Type of Tourism Enterprise

Types of Enterprise Frequency Percent

Travel and tour services 0 0

Tourist Transport Operators 3 5

Meeting, Incentives, Conference and Events 1 1.7

Adventure sports 1 1.7

Ecotourism and Wildlife 1 1.7

Health and Wellness Services 13 21.7

Food and Beverages 29 48.3

Arts & Culture 0 0

Table 2: Profile of the Respondents as to Position

Position Frequency Percentage