Research

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin
(Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito

Repellent
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region X – Northern Mindanao
Division of Lanao del Norte
LANAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Baroy, Lanao del Norte
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin (Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito
Repellent
A Research Proposal
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements in Research III
Proponents:
Valerie Joy J. Robles

Erika Lian T. Limot
Reyna Mae P. Cahilig
Grade-9-STE-B
Lanao del Norte National Comprehensive High School
Santo. Niño Village, Baroy Lanao del Norte

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin
(Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito
Repellent
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin (Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito
Repellent
Proponents:
Erika Lian T. Limot
Grade-9-STE-B
Maria Colita G. Regalado

MT- II
Research Adviser
June 2023
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin (Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito Repellent
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ……….…………………………………………….........................i
Dedication ..………..……………………………………………………………...... ii
CHAPTER I:
Introduction
Background of the study………………………………………………..1-3
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………….….4
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………….….5
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………5-6
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………..6
Significance of the Study…………………………………………...……7
Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………….8
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………9-11
CHAPTER II:
Review of related literature………………………………………….12-13
CHAPTER III:
Methodology …….……………………………………………………...14
Sampling Technique……………………………………………………..15
Research Design……………………………………………………........16
Statistical Treatment……………………………………………….....16-17
Data Collection…………………………………………………….....17-18
Bibliography…………………………………………………….….19-21
Appendices……... ………………………………………………….22-26
Curriculum Vitae……... ………………………………………………….27-30

Acknowledgement
We the researchers would like to reach out our most profound appreciation and
appreciation to those individuals who had made a difference in the completion of this study. The
researchers would like to express our sincerest gratitude and appreciation towards these
individuals who were with us from the start of our journey and to those individuals who lend
their assistance to make this research possible.
First and foremost, we would like to give thanks to the Lord, our Almighty God for the
knowledge, intelligence, boldness, and strength to wrap up this research study. Also, for giving
the course this opportunity and involvement that gave us so much to learn, and we thank
you for the guidance all through the end.
To our respected research adviser, Maria Colita G. Regalado MT II, for providing us
support and imparting knowledge, invaluable guidance, support, and expertise in helping us to
refine and shape our research. Her constructive feedback, insightful, suggestions, and attention
to detail have been instrumental in ensuring the quality and rigor of this research proposal.
To our kind classroom adviser, Mrs. Ledesma A. Visitasion, which help us all throughout
this journey. We would like to express our sincere gratitude for her unwavering commitment,
continues support, never ending patients and for going above and beyond her role to ensure our
well-being. Thank you ma’am for being our second parent in school, we loved you.
Finally, we are immensely grateful to our parents and family for their love, prayers, care,
sacrifices and most especially their support in educating and preparing us for the path and future
that awaits us. Their encouragement, patience, and belief in our abilities have been a constant
source of motivation.
Sincerely Yours,

Erika Lian T. Limot
i
Dedication
This research proposal is dedicated to all those who have suffered from mosquito-borne
illnesses and diseases. Your experiences have motivated us to seek out new and innovative ways
to prevent the spread of these diseases. We hope that our research on the efficacy of durian dried
skin as a natural mosquito repellent will contribute to the development of more effective and
environmentally-friendly methods of disease prevention. We are grateful for your support and
for the opportunity to work towards a healthier and safer future for all.
Yours Truly,

Erika Lian T. Limot
ii
Chapter I:
Introduction
Background of the Study
Mosquitoes are "silent" feeders; their siphon-like mouthparts can quickly pierce human
skin and feed on blood without causing any notice, says Patrick Kelly PhD, director of Global
Epidemiology for Tick Borne Diseases for Pfizer”. Mosquito-borne disease shows a destructive
effect on human health. Diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes and
ticks, are major contributors to the global burden of infectious disease, with nearly half the
world's population at risk of infection with a vector-borne pathogen at any moment (Prof Kate E
Jones PhD, David W Redding PhD, Prof Ibra).
Dengue
1 is a disease caused by dengue virus which

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
is classified as Arthropod Borne Virus. DHF is transmitted through the bite of Aides aegypti.
DHF can occur throughout the year, especially during the rainy season and can affect all age
groups. This disease is characterized by sudden high heat accompanied by red spots on the skin.
This disease is related to environmental conditions and people's behavior [1]. Dengue
Haemorrhagic Fever is a major public health problem throughout the tropics and
subtropics. The spread of this disease occur health organization (WHO) records Indonesia as
the second country with the largest DHF cases among 30 endemic countries and the highest in
Southeast Asia (Prof Kate E Jones PhD, David W Redding PhD, Prof Ibra).
1
Use of Mosquito Repellent
The use of repellents to protect people from bites of mosquitoes previously has been
acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme. Most
commercial repellents are produced by using chemical components such as N, N-diethyl-meta-
toluamide (DEET), Allethrin, N, N-diethyl mendelic acid amide, and Dimethyl phthalate
(Alayo M, Femi-Oyewo M, Bakre L, Fashina A 2015) . It has been identified that
chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of
their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as
allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported
generally after misapplication. The frequent use1of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for
mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance
to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target
organisms. Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative
to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution to scale back the
undesirable effects on environment and human health (Karunamoorthi K, Girmay A,
Hayleeyesus SF 2010).
Alternative mosquito repellent
The most common way to avoid mosquitoes is to use repellent. Mosquitoes have the
ability to find prey by smelling carbon dioxide, lactic acid and other odors that come from warm
and moist skin. Mosquitoes are very sensitive to these chemicals, so they can detect blood
which is their food within a distance of 2.5 meters. Repels will manipulate the odor and taste
emanating from the skin by blocking the lactic acid receptors on the mosquito antenna so as
2
to prevent mosquitoes from approaching the skin . One example of a plant that is thought
to have potential as an anti-mosquito is durian (Durio zibethinus ). This fruit is one of
the most consumed fruits in Indonesia because it has a delicious taste and distinctive
aroma. This research is an effort to utilize local durian peels which are quite abundant around us
and tend to only end up as waste. (Wahyono, T. Y.M., Haryanto B., Sigit Mulyono &
Adiwibowo A. 2010).
Biopesticides can disrupt the life cycle of mosquitoes, usually in the form of repellents,
inhibit eating, inhibit egg laying (antioviposition), and inhibit their growth and reproduction.
One plant that is thought to be an alternative to reduce the risk of dengue transmission is durian
fruit (Durio zibethinus murr). Dr. S. Kathiresan from AIMST University discovered that the
content in the durian dried skin has a very pungent odor and is not liked by mosquitoes, because
the effect of the content can affect the nerves in mosquitoes and the resulting effect is that
mosquitoes experience stability and
Eventually die. Due to the strong smell, durian husks can be used as the natural mosquito
repellent (Lim, 2010).

Theoretical Framework
This research study was inspired by a 3new study in Nature Communications and was
based on the studies of senior author Ke Dong, a Duke University neurotoxicologist.
Mosquitoes tend to develop “resistance” to a specific repellent over time, “new, alternative ones
need to be continuously developed to eventually replace current ones,” Understanding repellent
mechanisms could help (Ke Dong 2021). Durians are abundant in Asia during their season as
Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand are the world’s main durian producers. In this case, numerous
surveys and reviews have been done on the nutritional values and health benefits of durian.
Undeniably, durian has offered unlimited benefits to human health such as relieving mosquito
attacks, alleviating diseases, and enhancing safety in the areas and can increase platelet count in
dengue fever when the platelet decreases because the blood cells are affected by the virus that
causes platelet damage. (Health Benefits of Durian, 2015; Kevat, 2013).
The benefits of Durian Dried Skin can be used as a mosquito repellent. The smell of
durian is so strong since the durian dried skin contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, and
polyphenols which are toxic to pests such as mosquitoes. (Mulyato, 2015) Durian peel has been
previously reported to have an excellent nutritional composition and contain many bioactive
compounds. Feng and colleagues reported that durian peel had triterpenoids and glycosides with
anti-inflammatory activity (Feng et al., 2018). On the other hand, Durian husks which are
usually thrown as wastes after the durian pulps are consumed can be dried to be used as fuel or
fertilizers for trees (Utilization of durian, n.d.). There are lots of benefits to durian fruit (Agus,
2014).
Conceptual Framework
Mosquito
4 repellent
effectiveness
Durian dried skin

Acceptability
(Durio zibethinus)
Statement of the Problem
Mosquitoes are known vectors that transmit pathogenic microorganisms contributing to
the toll of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. These organisms proliferate in the
environment and continually affect the quality of life of everyone affected by mosquito-borne
diseases. In the Philippines, numerous mosquito-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, and
filariasis continue to affect everyone (Myra S. Mistica, MPH Department of Parasitology). The
content in the durian skin has a very pungent odor and is not liked by mosquitoes, because the
effect of the content can affect the nerves in mosquitoes and the resulting effect is that
mosquitoes experience stability and eventually die. Due to the strong smell, durian husks can be
used as the natural mosquito repellent (Lim, 2011).
This study would like to determine the Effectiveness of Durian Dried Skin as a Natural
Mosquito Repellent: Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions;
1. Is the durian dried skin effective in terms of:
1.1 Burning Time
1.2 Repellency
2. Average of mosquito bites
Hypothesis
H1
If durian (Durio zebethinus) durian dried skin is an effective mosquito repellent, then
there will be a significant difference in the number of mosquito bites between the control group
and the experimental group.
Ho
If durian (Durio zebethinus) dried skin is not an effective mosquito repellent, then there
will be no significant difference in the number of mosquito bite between the control group (no
repellent) and the experimental group (using durian dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent.
Significance of the Study 6
To the community
The community is experiencing a problem of diseases that mostly are caused by
mosquitos that could lead to death. Whenever there are a lot of people who got sick by diseases
transmitted by mosquitos; the community will have to increase their defences to live a healthy
life. This study would conduct research by comparing the affectivity of Durian Dried skin as a
Mosquito repellent. This study aims to repel mosquitoes in specific areas. This study is
beneficial to both the rural and urban areas.
To the economy
This study is significant to the economic base on the fact that the Philippines is prone to
mosquito diseases. The economy is striving to find a solution for the scarcity of natural
resources but due to the epidemic brought by mosquitoes, the economy falls or grows slower.
Epidemics affect the output or products and services that people could consume. It could also
affect tourism which is one of the incomes of a developing country. To lessen the effect, this
study aims to find out the effectiveness of Durian Dried skin as a mosquito repellent as an
alternative way to prevent them from developing to spread diseases.

7
Scope and Limitations
The scope of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of the durian dried (Durio
zebithinus) skin as natural mosquito repellent. The study will focus on the respondents of Pob.
Tubod Lanao del Norte, Limot Village P6b, the chosen respondents will be handed out research
questionnaires for us to be able to gather data and find the results. The number of mosquito bites
while conducting the study will also be recorded. The study will also be conducted in the mid-4th
quarter of this school year 2022-2023. The study will also explore the potential benefits of using
a natural to chemical-based repellents.
The limitations of the study include the fact that it will only test the repellent effect on
the specific area and will not consider other factors such as the effectiveness of the durian dried
skin as a natural mosquito repellent when used in other applications. The study will also only
consider one type of Durian dried skin and will not investigate the effectiveness of other durian
dried skins as mosquito repellents. Additionally, the sample size of the study may be limited,
which could impact the generalizability of the results.

Definition of Terms 8
Arthropod vectors - include mosquitoes, flies, biting midges, ticks, mites, fleas, bugs, lice, and
other arthropods that carry and transmit disease-causing organisms, or pathogens, from one host
to another.
Bioactive compounds – Bioactive compounds can be defined as nutrients and nonnutrients
present in the food matrix (vegetal and animal sources) that can produce physiological effects
beyond their classical nutritional properties.
Bombacaceae family – The Bombacaceae family is a botanical family that includes various
flowering plant species. One of the well-known members of this family is the durian (Durio), a
tropical fruit tree native to Southeast Asia. The durian is famous for its large, spiky fruit and
strong, distinctive smell.
Chemical-based repellents - Repellents that are made using synthetic or chemical-based
ingredients rather than natural ingredients.

Durian Husk –For this reason, research is underway to utilize the fiber obtained from durian
husk and combined with PLA to produce bio composites. The durian husk consists 60.45% of
cellulose, 15.45% of lignin and 13.09% of hemicellulose, and the content are similar to wood
fiber.
Effectiveness - The ability of a product or substance to produce the desired result or outcome.
Flavonoid Compound –In nature, flavonoid compounds are products extracted from plants and
they are found in several parts of the plant.
Fruit-dried skin of durian (Durio zibethinus) - This refers to the outer layer or rind of the
durian fruit that has been dried.
Mosquito-borne disease - Diseases that are spread to people by mosquitoes include Zika virus,
West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue, and malaria.
Mosquito repellent - A substance or product that is used to repel or deter mosquitoes from
biting humans or animals.
Natural alternative - A product or substance that is derived from natural sources, rather than
synthetic or chemical-based sources.

Olfactory Factors- In the case of mosquito and other insect olfactory systems, odorant
receptors are located on the dendrites of ORNs that extend into the hollow space formed by
distinctive sensory hairs (sensilla) that populate the antennae and maxillary palps (Stocker,
1994).
Preventive measures - Preventative measure includes the measures or steps taken for the
10
prevention of disease as opposed to disease treatment.
Polyphenols – Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant
in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin,
some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Pungent odor – The pungent odor of durian contains various volatile compounds, such as sulfur
compounds, esters, and aldehydes, which contribute to its distinctive smell. These compounds
may interfere with the normal olfactory cues that mosquitoes use to locate hosts, breeding sites,
or sources of food.
Saponins – Saponins, also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting
usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water.
Chapter II:
Review of Related Literature
The effectiveness of durian dried skin11as a natural mosquito repellent has not been
widely studied or established scientifically. However, it is believed that the strong and pungent
odor of durian fruit, which is attributed to various volatile compounds, may contribute to its
potential repellent properties. Mosquitoes are known to be sensitive to certain odors, and strong-
smelling substances can deter them (Lim, 2011). There are anecdotal claims and traditional
practices suggesting that durian skin may have mosquito-repellent properties, there is a lack of
rigorous scientific evidence to support these claims.
The strong smell of Durian can be used as an insect repellent according to an industrial
level, Dr. S Kathiresan of AIMST University discovered that durian peel can be used to recover
oil spills at coastal areas when it is chemically modified and acts as an efficient oil absorbent to
remove oil from water (Lim, W. L. 2012, May 2). Polysaccharides present in the large thick
husks were found to pose moisturization benefits and able to trap lipids, thus making it
potentially ideal for cosmetic products. Undeniably durian has abundant benefits to mankind, on
the other hand, the not-so-good effects of durian come from overconsumption of the fruit
(Morton, J. 1987)
The pungent odor of durian contains various volatile compounds, such as sulfur
compounds, esters, and aldehydes, which contribute to its distinctive smell. Mosquitoes have
highly sensitive olfactory receptors that help them detect specific odors, such as carbon dioxide,
lactic acid, and other chemicals emitted by potential hosts (Stocker, 1994). The overpowering
scent of durian may mask or disrupt these attractive scents, making it more difficult for
12
mosquitoes to locate their preferred targets. (Samuel Gertler 1946).
Fresh durian fruits take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide in large quantities, which
generates high amounts of heat. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensitivity: Mosquitoes are highly
sensitive to carbon dioxide, which is a key component of human and animal breath. They use
CO2 as a primary cue to locate potential hosts. The odour of pungent substances may potentially
interfere with or mask the CO2 signal, making it more challenging for mosquitoes to find their
hosts (Anandasankar Ray 2013).
Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Activity of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Fruit Rind
Extracts" by S. Suwannapong et al. (2018) - This study evaluated the mosquito repellent activity
of durian fruit rind extracts against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The results of the study suggested
that durian fruit rind extracts have potential as a natural mosquito repellent.
"The Potential of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Peel Extract as Mosquito Larvicide"
by N. A. Rahman et al. (2018) - This study investigated the potential of durian peel extract as a
mosquito larvicide. The results of the study suggested that durian peel extract has potential as a
natural mosquito larvicide.
Chapter III
13
Methodology
Research Methodology
Phase I. Gathering of Materials:
The materials needed for the experiment include 1 durian fruit and 1 pack of matches.
These materials can be obtained from a nearby shop in Tubod, Lanao del Norte.
Phase II. Preparation
One of the durian fruits will be used to extract the skin for the experiment. Before
drying, the durian skin will be prepared by removing it from the fruit and avoid washing that
may alter its chemical composition. Additionally, 1 pack of matches will be purchased to
facilitate the experiment. The durian skin will be dried for a period of two weeks to ensure that
it is adequately dried and ready for use in the study.

Phase III. Testing the efficacy of the product
The researchers seek 20 people for this experiment to test the effectiveness of the durian
dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent. They will be separated into two groups (the
experimental and the controlled) by using purposive sampling. The experimental group will
consume the durian dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent, while the controlled group will be
using the commercial mosquito repellent. After two days, the researchers will compare the result
of the experimental group who consumed the durian dried skin as an alternative mosquito
repellent to the controlled to see the potential benefits of using the durian dried skin as an
alternative mosquito repellent. The data to be collected will be analysed after which the
effectiveness of the product will be computed and

14 interpreted.
Sampling Technique
Our research aims to investigate the effectiveness of fruit dried skin of durian as a
mosquito repellent using purposive sampling. We plan to gather data through qualitative
methods such as interviews, and observation.
The sampling technique employed in this study is purposive sampling, specially
targeting humid places like under sinks, in showers, in closets, under furniture, or in the laundry
room. To select the participants, qualified respondents will be requested to write their names on
individual pieces of paper, which will be rolled and place into a lottery box. A simple random
sampling will be used to draw 20 respondents from this poll of participants. This random
selection process will ensure the fairness and reduces potential bias in the sample composition.
The selected sample will be divide into two groups, namely group A and Group. Group A
will be the experimental group, which will receive the durian dried skin as an alternative
mosquito repellent, while group B they will use the commercial mosquito repellent.
By employing the purposive sampling technique and dividing the sample into two groups, this
study aims to examine the effectiveness of Durian Dried Skin (Durio zibethinus) as a Natural
Mosquito Repellent.
Research Design 15
True experimental research design is a rigorous research methodology that allows
researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. True experimental
research design is chosen to be used as a method for the participants, yes it is true that it allows
to researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships but true experimental can also have the
experimental group and the control group which is going to be used in this research, in each
group there will be 10 respondents, there are 10 respondents in the experimental group and there
will be 1 respondent in each 10 houses who will answer the research questions after the
experiment or the treatment that is given in the group, the control group will be asked some
questions about dried durian skin as a mosquito repellent but will not experience any treatment.
Statistical Treatment
Our proposed research study entitled 'Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin as
a Natural Mosquito Repellent' will use descriptive statistics .In our evaluation of the efficacy of
durian dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent, we will use the measures of central tendency,
such as the mean, median, and mode, as our statistical treatment. Specifically, we will use the
mean to calculate the average number of mosquito bites received by participants who used the
natural repellent made from durian dried skin. The number of mosquito bites will determine the
efficacy of our product which will be recorded, it will serve as the data in our statistical
treatment.
We will calculate measures such as the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and
16
range to describe the distribution of the data. These will be the formulas that will be used to
determine the average:
-Mean = ∑x/n (the average of mosquito bites in a specific time with the Durian dried skin as a
mosquito repellent)
-Median = (The middle of value of the number of mosquito bites)
-Mode = the most frequent occurring value in the data set (the most frequent number of
mosquito bites from the respondents during the conduction of the study)
-Standard deviation = √[(∑(x- u ) 2 –/ (n-1)] (a measure of the mosquito bites with a specific
study time or variability of the data).
-Range = the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data set.
Data Collection
To collect data for the evaluation of the efficacy of durian dried skin as a natural
mosquito repellent, we will use a purposive sampling technique. This approach will allow us to
select participants based on specific criteria, including their age, gender, and location. We will
also consider individuals who have experienced mosquito bites or have used mosquito repellents
in the past. Participants will be asked to fill out a survey that includes questions about their
experience with mosquito bites, their knowledge of mosquito repellents, and their willingness to
try a natural repellent made from durian dried skin. Additionally, we will conduct interviews or
focus groups with participants to gather qualitative data about their experience with the natural
repellent. All data collected will be kept confidential and anonymous to ensure the privacy of
participants. The data collection procedure will help us evaluate the efficacy of durian dried skin
17
as a natural mosquito repellent and identify any potential limitations or issues that may arise
during the study.

18
Bibliography
Bibliography
19
A Survey of Mosquito Species in Public Schools of Metro Manila, Philippines Using Ovitraps
as Surveillance Tool Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the
Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines 2 Crop Protection Cluster, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/6_mosquito_diseases_that_can_be_deadly
Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in the Fruit of Litsea pungens Hemsl. (LPH) by
GC-MS/O, OAV, and Sensory Techniqueshttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/jfq/2021/6668606/

Fernando,T,.Patricia, A,. Yong-seo, P,. Soon-teck, J., Seong-gook, K., Bukgu,H., Jerzy,D.,Zofia,
Z.,Pawel,Z.,Pawel, P., and Shela, S. 2008, Screenning of The Antioxidant and Nutritional
Properties,Phenolic Contents and Proteins of Five Duurian Cultivars, International Journal of
Food Sciences and Nutrition,59(5),415-427.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-does-the-durian-fruit-smell-so-terrible-
149205532/
Lim, W. L. (2011, May 2). Durian peel can help clear oil spills: Academic. The Singapore Straits
Times. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aimst.edu.my/faculties/applied_sciences/media/4.The_
Metcalf, R. L. 1986 The Ecology of Insecticides and

20 the chemical control of insect. In Kogan M
(ed), Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practise (New York: John Wiley &
Son.)
Morton, J. (1987). Durian: Durio zibethinus L. retrieved fromhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu
/newcrop/morton/durian_ars.html.
Mulyaningsih, Budi 2001 Deteksi Dini Status Resistensi Nyamuk Vektor Penyakit
Demam Berdarah Dengue Terhadap Insektisida Organo Fosfat di Daerah Endemic di
Yogyakarta dengan Uji Biokemis. Artikel Ilmiah (Lembaga Penelitian UGM) [2]
United States National Agricultual Library. (2015). USDA national nutrient database for
standard reference release 27.
Utilization of durian. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.dit.go.th/agriculture/durian/utilize.html.
Wan, N. H. (2010). Durian. Retrieved from http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/spicetrail
/durian/
WHO 2004 Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Terjemahan
dari WHO Regional Publication SEARON No. 29 (New Delhi)
21
Appendices
Appendix
22 A
Number of dengue cases in the Philippines from 2013 to 2022(in 1,000s)

Appendix B
23
Survey Questionnaires
1. Have you ever used durian dried skin as a mosquito repellent before?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How effective was durian dried skin in repelling mosquitoes compared to other
mosquito repellents you have use?
___________________________________________________________________
3. How long did the durian dried skin remain effective in repelling mosquitoes after
application?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Did you experience any adverse reactions or side effects from using durian dried skin
as a mosquito repellent?
_________________________________________________________________
5. Would you recommend using durian dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent to
others?
__________________________________________________________________
6. How frequently did you need to reapply the durian dried skin to maintain its
effectiveness as a mosquito repellent?

_________________________________________________________________
7. Did you notice any difference in the effectiveness of durian dried skin as a mosquito
repellent depending on the type of mosquito or the location where it was applied?
_____________________________________________________________________
24
8. How easy was it to obtain durian dried skin for use as a mosquito repellent?
______________________________________________________________
9. Would you be willing to pay more for a mosquito repellent made from durian dried
skin if it was proven to be effective? _____________________________________
10. How likely are you to use durian dried skin as a natural mosquito repellent in the
future? __________________________________________________________
11. Do you have any other comments or suggestions regarding the use of durian dried
skin as an alternative natural mosquito repellent? ___________________________
12. In your own words, what are the things you like the most about this new product?
__________________________________________________________________
13. How would you rate the overall?
______________________________________________
14. What surprised you while using this product? ____________________________

15. How well does our product solve your problem? ____________________________
Appendix C
To researcher’s selected participants 25
Good day ma’am/sir! We are a group of Grade 9 students from Science Technology and
Engineering, and we are conducting a research study on the efficacy of durian dried skin as a
natural mosquito repellent. Our aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of durian dried skin as a
mosquito repellent, and to gather information on its potential uses as a natural alternative to
chemical-based repellents. We would greatly appreciate your participation in our study.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of durian dried skin as a
mosquito repellent, and to gather information on its potential uses as a natural alternative to
chemical-based repellents. In line with this, we would like to request your permission for us to
conduct interviews for the study entitled the evaluation of the efficacy of durian dried skin as a
natural mosquito repellent. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact us
at 09519281261.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Erika Lian T. Limot

Grade 9 STE B
26
Curriculum
Vitae
27
25
Curriculum Vitae
ROBLES, VALERIE JOY J.
P2 Limuag Baroy, LdN
Cell Number: 09519281261
e-mail address: valeriejoyrobles651@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
NICKNAME: Vj
BIRTHDAY: February 15, 2008
BIRTHPLACE: Cagayan de Oro City
AGE: 15
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Assembly of God (AG)
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Ritchie A. Robles
MOTHER’S NA ME: Joylita J. Robles
2824
LIMOT, ERIKA LIAN T.
P6b Limot Village Pob. Tubod LdN
e-mail address: erikalimot@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Rika
BIRTHDAY: March 26, 2008
BIRTHPLACE: Aurora Zamboanga del Sur
AGE: 15
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Louie Dexter Laguna Limot
MOTHER’S NAME: Ihua Tiu Limot

29
CAHILIG, REYNA MAE P.
P6b Limot Village Pob. Tubod LdN
e-mail address: reynamaecahilig@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Mae Mae
BIRTHDAY: September 27, 2008
BIRTHPLACE: Baguer, Libungan North Cotabato
AGE: 14
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Reynaldo Delima Cahilig
MOTHER’S NAME: Norma Petiza Cahilig

30

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Research

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Durian Dried Skin

(Durio zibethinus) as a Natural Mosquito

Republic of the Philippines

Of the Requirements in Research III

Valerie Joy J. Robles

Lanao del Norte National Comprehensive High School

Santo. Niño Village, Baroy Lanao del Norte

Valerie Joy J. Robles

Erika Lian T. Limot

Reyna Mae P. Cahilig

Maria Colita G. Regalado

Background of the study………………………………………………..1-3

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………5-6

Significance of the Study…………………………………………...……7

Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………….8

Review of related literature………………………………………….12-13

Curriculum Vitae……... ………………………………………………….27-30

Valerie Joy J. Robles

Valerie Joy J. Robles

Background of the Study

Jones PhD, David W Redding PhD, Prof Ibra).

1 is a disease caused by dengue virus which

Use of Mosquito Repellent

acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme. Most

commercial repellents are produced by using chemical components such as N, N-diethyl-meta-

(Alayo M, Femi-Oyewo M, Bakre L, Fashina A 2015) . It has been identified that

to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target

undesirable effects on environment and human health (Karunamoorthi K, Girmay A,

Alternative mosquito repellent

to have potential as an anti-mosquito is durian (Durio zibethinus ). This fruit is one of

mosquitoes experience stability and

repellent (Lim, 2010).

based on the studies of senior author Ke Dong, a Duke University neurotoxicologist.

need to be continuously developed to eventually replace current ones,” Understanding repellent

causes platelet damage. (Health Benefits of Durian, 2015; Kevat, 2013).

Durian dried skin

Statement of the Problem

Mosquitoes are known vectors that transmit pathogenic microorganisms contributing to

used as the natural mosquito repellent (Lim, 2011).

1. Is the durian dried skin effective in terms of:

1.1 Burning Time

2. Average of mosquito bites

and the experimental group.

Significance of the Study 6

The community is experiencing a problem of diseases that mostly are caused by

beneficial to both the rural and urban areas.

alternative way to prevent them from developing to spread diseases.

a natural to chemical-based repellents.

which could impact the generalizability of the results.

Bioactive compounds – Bioactive compounds can be defined as nutrients and nonnutrients

beyond their classical nutritional properties.

strong, distinctive smell.

Chemical-based repellents - Repellents that are made using synthetic or chemical-based

ingredients rather than natural ingredients.

they are found in several parts of the plant.

durian fruit that has been dried.

West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue, and malaria.

biting humans or animals.

synthetic or chemical-based sources.

Saponins – Saponins, also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting

Review of Related Literature

rigorous scientific evidence to support these claims.

hosts (Anandasankar Ray 2013).