DESIGN OF IRRIGATION

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LECTURE (8)
Crossing Structures – Syphon
Design of Syphon
DR. Engy Khalil

ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING 2022– 2023

Course Code: CVE 344 1
LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

CROSSING STRUCTURE-SYPHON
It is a hydraulic structure constructed when one
waterway intersect with another waterway. A
syphon is used to pass waterway under another
waterway.
Syphon is used when one of the waterways is
navigable, though the non-navigable pass through
out the syphon.
It is also used when the waterway with the lower
water levels has the lower discharge.
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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

DESIGN OF SYPHON
Syphon design consist of two main procedures;
1. Hydraulic design: this design is concerned
with structure’s internal dimensions, and
number of openings to fit the hydraulic
function of the structure.
2. Structural design: this design is concerned
with thicknesses, reinforcement to resist
stresses acting on structure.

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The objective of the hydraulic design is to
estimate the number of openings and its
dimensions, then check the hydraulic losses hup.
Pipe Culvert Type Box Culvert Type

D h h h
s s s

One Vent Two Vents

N, D are required N, s, h are required

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
There are two types of hydraulic design:

1- Running Full Water Water Water

Air Air Air

2- Running Free Water
Water Water Water

In this course, we are concerned with Running

Full hydraulic Design. 8
LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The steps of hydraulic design can be presented in
details as follows;
1. For a given canal cross section downstream at
a location of constructing the culvert, the
velocity can be estimated as,
𝑄
𝑉𝑑.𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 Yd.s 1
𝐴𝑑.𝑠 z

𝐴𝑑.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑌𝑑.𝑠 𝑚2 B

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
2. Assume water velocity throughout the syphon
to follow these conditions,
2𝑉𝑑.𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑠𝑦 ≤ 3𝑉𝑑.𝑠
1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐≤ 𝑉𝑠𝑦 ≤ 2𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
3. Estimate syphon cross section area
𝑄
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑠𝑦

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
4. Syphon dimensions, and the number of vents or
pipes can be obtained as,
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠ℎ ------ for box syphon
𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 𝑁 ------ for pipe syphon
4

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

For a Syphon height , and as a start value, it may

be assumed that,
ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 − 0.10

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Yd.s
Yu.s h or D

A maximum value of Syphon height is taken by

assuming maximum drop in the bed level of 0.50 m
Max. ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + 0.50 − 0.10
Max. ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + 0.40
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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Estimating the dimensions, and integer number of
vents and pipes, then calculate actual area and
actual velocity of syphon.
𝐴𝑠𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 ------ for box syphon
2
𝜋 𝐷𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑡 ------ for pipe syphon
4

𝑄
𝑉𝑠𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
5. Check of heading up ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 2 𝑉𝑠𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡 2
ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑘𝑟 + (𝑘𝑒𝑛 + 𝑘𝑒𝑥 + 𝑘𝑓 + 𝑛𝑘𝑏 )
2𝑔 2𝑔

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

𝑌𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Let’s introduce the different coefficients in the
heading up equation,
kr is coefficient of rack losses
𝑡 4/3
𝑘𝑟 = 𝜙 sin 𝛼
𝑏
𝜙 is coefficient depend on steel 𝛼
cross section
t is steel bar thickness ≥ 2.5 cm
b is the spacing between steel bars ≥ 30 cm
𝛼 is inclination of steel rack (60º-80º)
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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
𝑡 𝑏

𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝛼

Sec. (I-I)
𝐼

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Different values of 𝜙

Shape

𝜙 1.79 1.67 2.42

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Velocity upstream ( 𝑉𝑢𝑠 ) the rack can be
estimated as follows, 𝐼
s

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
Yu.s tpier
𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
b 𝛼
𝐼
Sec. (I-I)
𝑌𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑏 = 𝑁𝑠+ (𝑁 − 1)𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 or 𝑏 = 𝑁𝐷+ (𝑁 − 1)𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 19
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Velocity upstream ( 𝑉𝑢𝑠 ) the rack can be
estimated as follows, 𝐼
s

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
Yu.s tpier
𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
b 𝛼
𝐼
Sec. (I-I)
𝐴𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑌𝑢.𝑠
𝑄
𝑉𝑢.𝑠 =
𝐴𝑈.𝑠 20
LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
ken is losses coefficient due to entrance wing walls
kex is losses coefficient due to exit wing walls
These coefficients depend on the wing wall type.

Wing Wall
Box Rounded Broken Sloping Warped
Type

ken 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.10

kex 1.00 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.20

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
kf is friction losses coefficient
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑓 = −−−− −Box Syphon
4𝑅
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑓 = −−−− −Pipe Syphon
𝐷
f is friction factor using moody diagram or
Colebrook-White equation, assumed = 0.02 if
not given.
L is Syphon length= Ls+2*Lc.
𝐴
R is Hydraulic radius =
𝑃
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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
𝐴 = 𝑁∗𝑠∗ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑁 ∗ 2 ∗ (𝑠 + ℎ)
D is Syphon diameter.

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

Lc=Road width+ Berm width+ 2*z*(Road level-

Berm Level)+ (1~2)
Ls=Bed width+ 2*z*(Berm level-Bed Level) 23
LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
kb is losses coefficient due to bend in syphon
In order to guarantee 0.50 m between the top of
the syphon and the bed of the waterway which
passes under, it is sometimes required to bend
syphon.

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
kb is losses coefficient due to bend in syphon
A≥ B ------ No bend is required.
A< B ------ bend is required.

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LECTURE (8): Design of Syphon

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
n is number of bends

2𝜃 4𝜃
𝑘𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑌 −1
𝜃 = tan
𝐿𝑐
Y= B - A 26
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