DESIGN OF IRRIGATION

WORK

LECTURE (5)
Crossing Structures – Culvert
Design of Culvert
DR. Engy Khalil

ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING 2022– 2023

Course Code: CVE 344 1
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

DESIGN OF CULVERT
Culvert design consist of two main procedures;
1. Hydraulic design: this design is concerned
with structure’s internal dimensions, and
number of openings to fit the hydraulic
function of the structure.
2. Structural design: this design is concerned
with thicknesses, reinforcement to resist
stresses acting on structure.

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The objective of the hydraulic design is to
estimate the number of openings and its
dimensions, then check the hydraulic losses hup.
Pipe Culvert Type Box Culvert Type

D h h h
s s s

One Vent Two Vents

N, D are required N, s, h are required

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
There are two types of hydraulic design:

1- Running Full Water Water Water

Air Air Air

2- Running Free Water
Water Water Water

In this course, we are concerned with Running

Full hydraulic Design. 4
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The steps of hydraulic design can be presented in
details as follows;
1. For a given canal cross section downstream at
a location of constructing the culvert, the
velocity can be estimated as,
𝑄
𝑉𝑑.𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 Yd.s 1
𝐴𝑑.𝑠 z

𝐴𝑑.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑌𝑑.𝑠 𝑚2 B

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
2. Assume water velocity throughout the culvert
to follow these conditions,
2𝑉𝑑.𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑙 ≤ 3𝑉𝑑.𝑠
1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐≤ 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑙 ≤ 2𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
3. Estimate culvert cross section area
𝑄
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 = = 𝑚2
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑙

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
4. Culvert dimensions, and the number of vents or
pipes can be obtained as,
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 = 𝑁𝑠ℎ ------ for box culvert
𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 = 𝑁 ------ for pipe culvert
4

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

For a culvert height , and as a start value, it may

be assumed that,
ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 − 0.10

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

A maximum value of culvert height is taken by

assuming maximum drop in the bed level of 0.50 m
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 − 0.10 + 0.50
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + 0.40
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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Estimating the dimensions, and integer number of
vents and pipes, then calculate actual area and
actual velocity of culvert.
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 ------ for box culvert
2
𝜋 𝐷𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑡 ------ for pipe culvert
4

𝑄
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
5. Check of heading up ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 2 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 2
ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑘𝑟 + (𝑘𝑒𝑛 + 𝑘𝑒𝑥 + 𝑘𝑓 )
2𝑔 2𝑔

Yu.s Yd.s
h or D

𝑌𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Let’s introduce the different coefficients in the
heading up equation,
kr is coefficient of rack losses
𝑡 4/3
𝑘𝑟 = 𝜙 sin 𝛼
𝑏
𝜙 is coefficient depend on steel 𝛼
cross section
t is steel bar thickness ≥ 2.5 cm
b is the spacing between steel bars ≥ 30 cm
𝛼 is inclination of steel rack (60º-80º)
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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
𝑡 𝑏

𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝛼

Sec. (I-I)
𝐼

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

Different values of 𝜙

Shape

𝜙 1.79 1.67 2.42

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Velocity upstream ( 𝑉𝑢𝑠 ) the rack can be
estimated as follows, 𝐼
s

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
Yu.s tpier
𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
b 𝛼
𝐼
Sec. (I-I)
𝑌𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑌𝑑.𝑠 + ℎ𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑏 = 𝑁𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝐷+ (𝑁 − 1)𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 15
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Velocity upstream ( 𝑉𝑢𝑠 ) the rack can be
estimated as follows, 𝐼
s

𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐤
Yu.s tpier
𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
b 𝛼
𝐼
Sec. (I-I)
𝐴𝑢.𝑠 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑌𝑢.𝑠
𝑄
𝑉𝑢.𝑠 =
𝐴𝑈.𝑠 16
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
ken is losses coefficient due to entrance wing walls
kex is losses coefficient due to exit wing walls
These coefficients depend on the wing wall type.

Wing Wall
Box Rounded Broken Sloping Warped
Type

ken 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.10

kex 1.00 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.20

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LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
kf is friction losses coefficient
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑓 = −−−− −Box Culvert
4𝑅
In case of h=s
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑓 = −−−− −Box Culvert
ℎ
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑓 = −−−− −Pipe Culvert
𝐷
f is friction factor using moody diagram or
Colebrook-White equation, assumed = 0.02 if
not given.
L is Culvert length. 18
LECTURE (5): Design of Culvert

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
𝐴
R is Hydraulic radius =
𝑃
𝐴 = 𝑁∗𝑠∗ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑁 ∗ 2 ∗ (𝑠 + ℎ)
D is Culvert diameter.
L

Yu.s h or D Yd.s

L=Road width+ 2*z*(Road level-Berm Level)+ 2*(1~2)

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