Lecture 3 2023 2024

DESIGN OF IRRIGATION
WORK
LECTURE (3)
Synoptic Diagram
DR. Engy Khalil
ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING 2023– 2024

Course Code: CVE 344 1
LECTURE (3): Synoptic Diagram
SYNOPTIC DIAGRAM
It is a longitudinal section throughout the canals
and drains.
The diagram shows land level, water level, bed
level, berm level, road level, and the structures
exist along the canal, or the drain length.
The scope of our study is to obtain the water
level, and the land level for all the canals, and
drains of the network.
2
It is a longitudinal section throughout the canals

and drains, an example for synoptic diagram of a
canal is presented below,
Head of a Canal 6
4
Level (m)
1
Tail of a Canal
0
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 5
(km)
Land Level
5.25 5.00 5.40 5.35 5.00 5.00
(m)
Water
3.80 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30
Level (m) 3
SYNOPTIC DIAGRAM OF CANALS

1. Drawing synoptic of a canal requires to start
from the least grade up.
2. Each Kilometer length of the canal is
numbered on the contour map starting from
km (0) at head regulator up to the tail
escape.
3. Land levels are estimated from the contour
map for each Km of the canal.
4. Water levels for the canal is taken under
land levels from 0.50 to 2.00 m, and with the
closest slope of the land level. 4
EXAMPLE IN PERVIOUS LECTURE

T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E. T.E. T.E.
5
4
Ganabia(1)
B.C (3)
3
B.D (3)
B.C (2)
B.D (1)
B.D (2)
B.C (1)
2
Major Drain
Major Canal
1
H.R.
H.R. H.R H.R.0
.H.R.
H.R. Main Canal H.R. T.E.
Ganabia(2)
B.C (6)
B.D (6)
B.D (5)
B.C (5)
B.C (4)
B.D (4)
Main Drain
T.E. T.E. T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E.
Scale 1:100,000 5
For The Branch Canal Number (3) as an example

1. Draw the land level for the canal.
17
16
15
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 5
(km)
Land Level
16.00 15.90 15.80 15.70 15.65 15.65
(m)
Water
Level (m) 6
2. Draw two boundaries parallel to the land

level at 0.50 m and 2.00 m depth.
17
16
0.50 m
15
2.00 m
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
16.00 15.90 15.80 15.70 15.65 15.65
(m)
Water
Level (m) 7
3. Estimate the land level slope by subtracting

land level at the tail from the land level at the
head divided by the canal length.
16.00 − 15.65 ∗ 100
𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 7.00 𝑐𝑚/𝑘𝑚
5
Branch Canals required water slope shown in
table (Lecture 2)
Water Slope = (9-12 cm/km)
Use Water Slope = 9 cm/km
8
4. Draw guideline for the selected water slope

and take a parallel water level between the
two boundaries. 5 km
0.45 m
17
16
0.50 m
15
2.00 m
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
16.00 15.90 15.80 15.70 15.65 15.65
(m)
Water 9
15.00 14.91 14.82 14.73 14.64 14.55
Level (m)
5. The water level required at next grade of

canals is estimated by adding 10 cm to the
water level obtained at the head of the
current canal, this increase in the water level
is considered the losses at the structure
constructed at the beginning of the canal to
regulate the flow.
10
The water level must be supplied by the main

canal at the location of the branch canal Number
(3) = 15.00+ 0.10 = 15.10 m
5 km
0.45 m
Required Water Level 17

At the Main Canal 16
(15.10) 0.50 m
15
2.00 m
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
16.00 15.90 15.80 15.70 15.65 15.65
(m)
Water 11
15.00 14.91 14.82 14.73 14.64 14.55
Level (m)

Ganabia(1)
B.C (3)
B.D (3)
B.C (2)
B.D (1)
B.D (2)
B.C (1)
Major Drain
Major Canal
H.R.
H.R. H.R H.R. 11
.H.R.
0 1 2 3
H.R.
4 5 6Main7 Canal
8 H.R.
9 10 T.E.
Ganabia(2)
B.C (6)
B.D (6)
B.D (5)
B.C (5)
B.C (4)
B.D (4)
Main Drain
Scale 1:100,000 12
For the Main Canal, the Same process is used.

However, The water level must satisfy three
conditions;
1. Higher than water levels estimated from the
synoptic diagrams of the next grade of canals.
2. Between the two boundary lines parallel to the
land level as possible.
3. Closest to the land level slope as possible.
13
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
Level (m)
15
14
13
B.C (2)
B.C (2)
B.C (5)
B.C (5)
B.C (1)
B.C (6)
12
11
10
9
8
Distance
0 0 1 1 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11
(km)
Land
21.10 20.60 20.10 19.50 19.00 18.40 17.70 17.00 16.40 15.60 15.10 14.40
Level (m)
Water
Level (m)
14
SYNOPTIC DIAGRAM OF DRAINS

For Drains, Synoptic is drawn in reverse.
6
Tail of a Drain
5
4
Level (m)
0
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 5
(km)
Land Level
5.25 5.00 5.40 5.35 5.00 5.00
(m)
Water
3.80 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30
Level (m) 15

0
1
Ganabia(1)
B.D (3)
2
B.C (2)
B.C (3)
B.D (1)
B.D (2)
B.C (1)
3
Major Drain
Major Canal
4
H.R.
H.R. H.R H.R.5
.H.R.
Ganabia(2)
B.C (6)
B.D (6)
B.D (5)
B.C (5)
B.C (4)
B.D (4)
Main Drain
Scale 1:100,000 16
For The Branch Drain Number (3) as an example

1. Draw the land level for the Drain.
17
16
15
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 5
(km)
Land Level
15.65 15.65 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00
(m)
Water
Level (m) 17
2. Draw a line parallel to the land level at 1.50 m

depth. Water level will be drawn at the same
level or lower than this line.
17
16
15 1.50 m
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
15.65 15.65 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00
(m)
Water
Level (m) 18
3. Estimate the land level slope by subtracting

land level at the start from the land level at
the end divided by the drain length.
16.00 − 15.65 ∗ 100
𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 7.00 𝑐𝑚/𝑘𝑚
5
Drain Canals required water slope shown in table
(Lecture 2)
Water Slope = (12-16 cm/km)
Use Water Slope = 12 cm/km
19
4. Draw guideline for the selected water slope

and take a parallel water level below the 1.50
m depth line. 5 km
0.60 m
17
16
15 1.50 m
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
15.65 15.65 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00
(m)
Water 20
13.90 14.02 14.14 14.26 14.38 14.50
Level (m)
5. The water level required at next grade of

Drains is less than the water level obtained at
the tail of the current drain with 30 cm, this
difference in the water level due to the
quality of drained water, and to allow smooth
movement of water due to gravity.
21
The water level at the main drain at the tail of

the branch drain Number (3) = 13.90- 0.30 =
13.60 m 5 km
0.60 m
17
16
Required Water Level 15 1.50 m
At the Main Drain
Level (m)
14
13
12
11
10
Distance
00 11 22 33 44 55
(km)
Land Level
15.65 15.65 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00
(m)
Water 22
13.90 14.02 14.14 14.26 14.38 14.50
Level (m)

Ganabia(1)
B.C (3)
B.D (3)
B.C (2)
B.D (1)
B.D (2)
B.C (1)
Major Drain
Major Canal
H.R.
H.R. H.R H.R.
.H.R.
Ganabia(2)
B.C (6)
B.D (6)
B.D (5)
B.C (5)
B.C (4)
B.D (4)
11 10 9 8 7 6 Main
5 4Drain
3 2 1 0
Scale 1:100,000 23
For the Main Drain, the Same process is used.

However, The water level must satisfy three
conditions;
1. Lower than water levels estimated from the
synoptic diagrams of the previous grade of
drains.
2. Under the 1.50 m depth line parallel to the
land level as possible.
3. Closest to the land level slope as possible.
24
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
Level (m)
15
14
13
B.D (5)
B.D (6)
B.D (4)
12
11
10
9
8
Distance
0 0 1 1 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11
(km)
Land
14.40 15.10 15.60 16.40 17.00 17.70 18.40 19.00 19.50 20.10 20.60 21.10
Level (m)
Water
Level (m)
25
26

Lecture 3 2023 2024

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DESIGN OF IRRIGATION

DR. Engy Khalil

ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING 2023– 2024

It is a longitudinal section throughout the canals

SYNOPTIC DIAGRAM OF CANALS

EXAMPLE IN PERVIOUS LECTURE

For The Branch Canal Number (3) as an example

2. Draw two boundaries parallel to the land

3. Estimate the land level slope by subtracting

4. Draw guideline for the selected water slope

5. The water level required at next grade of

The water level must be supplied by the main

Required Water Level 17

EXAMPLE IN PERVIOUS LECTURE

For the Main Canal, the Same process is used.

SYNOPTIC DIAGRAM OF DRAINS

EXAMPLE IN PERVIOUS LECTURE

For The Branch Drain Number (3) as an example

2. Draw a line parallel to the land level at 1.50 m

3. Estimate the land level slope by subtracting

4. Draw guideline for the selected water slope

5. The water level required at next grade of

The water level at the main drain at the tail of

EXAMPLE IN PERVIOUS LECTURE

T.E. T.E. T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E.T.E. T.E.

For the Main Drain, the Same process is used.

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