Chapter 1 Introduction To Hydraulic and Pneumatic System (W1)

DMCF 2232
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC

SYSTEM
BY: DR NUR FATHIAH BINTI MOHD NOR

LECTURE W1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO HYDRAULIC & PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION :
 Hydraulics and Pneumatics is the main elements in

Fluid Power (Kuasa bendalir)
 What is Fluid Power?

Fluid Power is a way to transmitting power from one
location to the other by using of confined fluid, which is in
the form of liquid and gas.
 Hydraulic is a transmission of power (penghantaran kuasa)

through liquid.
 Pneumatic is a transmission of power through gas or air.
INTRODUCTION :
Three types of Power Transmission.
Mechanical Power Electrical Power Fluid Power

Transmission Transmission Transmission
HISTORY : ORIGIN
Hydraulics
 Based on the Greek word for “water”
 The study of the physical behavior of fluid at rest and in motion
Pneumatics
 Derivative of the Greek word pneuma, which means “air”, “wind”, or
“breath”.
 It involve of the use of gaseous pressure and flow in transmitting
energy.
The history of water used in hydraulic application goes back to 1795.

An Englishman Joseph Bramah, endorsed water as a medium in a
hydraulic press, comprised of a large cylinder and a ram.
HISTORY : Lifting crane
HISTORY : Old Industrial Hydraulic
HISTORY : Old Hydraulic Lifter
HISTORY : Old Hydraulic Jack
HISTORY : Modern Hydraulic Press
CONCEPTS : CHARACTERIZATION
A hydraulic system often characterized into two system:

Hydrostatics system
 refers to a fluid in motion, where the energy is transmitted by the
pressure.
 transmission of force is influence by fluid pressure.
Hydrodynamics system
 refers to a fluid in motion, where energy is transmitted by motion of
mass.
 transmission of force is influence by kinetic energy.
CONCEPTS : CHARACTERIZATION
CONCEPTS : BASIC PROPERTIES
Related Fluid Related Fluid
Basic Properties: Parameter:
 Mass. (kg)  Fluid Pressure. (N/m2 or Pa)

 Weight. (N)
 Density. (kg/m3)  Fluid Flow. Q = A x V (m3/s)
 Specific Weight. (kg/m2s2)
 Specific Gravity.  Fluid Work. W = P x V (Nm or Joule)
 Bulk Modulus. (N/m2, Pa)
 Viscosity. (kg/ms)  Fluid Power = P x Q (J/s or W)
=FxV
CONCEPTS : LAW
Pascal Law
 Pascal’s law states that:

“the pressure exerted on a confined fluid
is transmitted undiminished in ALL
direction throughout the vessel or systems”
Figure: Transmission of force

(A) solid; (B) fluid.
CONCEPTS : LAW
 Notice that a pressure

of 100 bar is
distributed equally in
ALL direction.
CONCEPTS : Force Transmission
Since pressure is distributed

equally in all directions,
Thus,
EXAMPLE : Force Transmission
ANSWER : Force Transmission
CONCEPTS : Displacement Transmission
V1 = s1A1 V2 = s2A2
Since the displacement volumes are identical (V1 = V2 ), the following equation is valid:
s1A1 = s2A2
From this, it can be seen that the distance S1 must be greater than the distance S2 since
the area A1 is smaller than the area A2.
EXAMPLE : Displacement Transmission
ANSWER : Displacement Transmission
CONCEPTS : BASIC PRINCIPLES
Related Fluid
Basic Principles:
 Continuity Equation
 Bernoulli Equation.
 Torricelli’s Theorem.
 Type of Flow a.k.a Reynolds Number
 Head Pressure
 Pressure Loss
 Power
CONCEPTS : Continuity Equation
The flow rate of liquid which flows through a pipe with several changes in cross-
section is the SAME at ALL points in the pipe.
Q1 = Q2
A1v1 = A2v2 A1 > A2 v1 < v 2
Therefore,
The liquid flows FASTER through SMALL cross section
The liquid flows SLOWER through LARGER cross section
EXAMPLES : Continuity Equation
ANSWER : Continuity Equation
CONCEPTS : Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation describe the TOTAL energy of an incompressible

liquid.
CONCEPTS : TYPES OF FLOW
EXAMPLES : TYPES OF FLOW
ANSWERS : TYPES OF FLOW
CONCEPTS : POWER
Mechanical Power of a rotary motion is calculated from the torque and how many cycles
of the machine
Mechanical Power of a linear motion is calculated from the Force and the Speed of the
motion.
CONCEPTS : POWER
Basic Component of Hydraulic System
PIPING
 Tank / Reservoir : to reserve the hydraulic fluid/oil.

 Pump : to force the oil through the systems.
 Prime mover : electrical motor or other power source to drive the pump
 Valve : Control the direction, pressure and flow of the oil.
 Actuator : To convert oil pressure into mechanical force/torque to
perform work. E.g. cylinder (linear motion, motor – rotary motion)
 Piping : carries the oil from one location to another
Basic Component of Pneumatic System
ATMOSPHERE
AIR TANK COMPRESSOR
PIPING
 Air Tank : to store a given volume of compressed air
 Compressor : to compress the air that comes directly from the atmosphere.
 Prime mover : electrical motor or other power source to drive the compressor
 Valve : Control the direction, pressure and flow of the air.
 Actuator : To convert air pressure into mechanical force/torque to perform
work. E.g. cylinder (linear motion, motor – rotary motion)
 Piping : carries the pressurize air from one location to another
CONCEPT OF HYDRAULIC & PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
Hydraulic System Pneumatic System

CONCEPTS : SEGMENTS.
Segments
Hydraulics Pneumatics
Output
Actuator Actuator
Piping Piping
Valves Control Valves
Piping Piping
Prime Prime
Pump Compressor Mover
Mover Power
Supply
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages of Fluid Power
 Ease and accuracy of control
 Multiplication of force
 Constant force or torque
 Simplicity, safety & economic
Disadvantages of Fluid Power

 Hydraulic oil are messy and leakage is impossible to eliminate completely
 Hydraulic lines can burst and possibly resulting in injuries
 Pump can produce noise
 Most hydraulic oils can cause fires
 In pneumatic systems, components such as compressed air tanks and
accumulators are potentially to explosive
 (Therefore each application must be studied throughly to determine the best
overall system to employ )
THANK YOU…..
END OF CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 Introduction To Hydraulic and Pneumatic System (W1)

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DMCF 2232

HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC

BY: DR NUR FATHIAH BINTI MOHD NOR

 Hydraulics and Pneumatics is the main elements in

 What is Fluid Power?

 Hydraulic is a transmission of power (penghantaran kuasa)

Three types of Power Transmission.

Mechanical Power Electrical Power Fluid Power

The history of water used in hydraulic application goes back to 1795.

A hydraulic system often characterized into two system:

 Mass. (kg)  Fluid Pressure. (N/m2 or Pa)

 Pascal’s law states that:

Figure: Transmission of force

 Notice that a pressure

Since pressure is distributed

Bernoulli Equation describe the TOTAL energy of an incompressible

 Tank / Reservoir : to reserve the hydraulic fluid/oil.

AIR TANK COMPRESSOR

Hydraulic System Pneumatic System

Valves Control Valves

Disadvantages of Fluid Power

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