CHAPTER 1

DATA DESCRIPTION AND

NUMERICAL MEASURES
By: NORYANI MUHAMMAD
 OBJECTIVES

1. To study the basic introductory concept of statistics, including

the branches of statistics, the basic terms of statistics, and types
of variables.
2. To be able to use graphical and numerical methods to describe a
data set.

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

 1.1 INTRODUCTION

What is Statistics?
Most people become familiar with probability and statistics
through radio, television, newspapers, and magazines. For
example, the following statements were found in newspapers:
• In 2019, there are approximately 26 million tourist arrivals in Malaysia
• Kota Kinabalu and Langkawi drop in occupancy from 30% to 60% by the
coronavirus issue.
• The average cost of a wedding is nearly RM20,000.
•The dean of FKM is expect 330 students graduate in incoming graduation day.
•Women who eat fish once a week are 29% less likely to develop heart disease.

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 INTRODUCTION

is the sciences of conducting

studies to collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, present,
interpret and draw conclusions
from data.

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 TYPES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive & Inferential Statistics
 Descriptive statistics  Inferential statistics
 consists of the
collection, organization,
classification,
summarization, and
presentation of data
obtain from the sample.
 Used to describe the
characteristics of the
sample
 Used to determine
whether the sample
represent the target
population by
comparing sample
statistic and population
parameter
 consists of generalizing from
samples to populations,
performing estimations
hypothesis testing,
determining relationships
among variables, and
making predictions.
 Used to describe, infer,
estimate, approximate the
characteristics of the target
population
 Used when we want to draw
a conclusion for the data
obtain from the sample
 1.2 BASIC TERM

population • All item/elements of interest/investigation

sample • Certain no of elements that have been chosen

Random sample
• Sample drawn in such a way that each element
of the population has a chance of being selected

Elements
• Specific subject/individual about which the
information is collected

Variable
• characteristic of the individual within the
sample/ population.

Observation/Measurement • the value of a variable for an element

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 1.2 BASIC TERM

Data set •collection of values of one or more variables

Ungrouped data •contains information of each member of a sample or

set population.

Grouped data set •collection of data which are grouped in classes.

•data recorded in the sequence in which they are collected

Raw data and before they are processed or ranked.

Parameter •measure computed from a population data.

Statistic •descriptive measure computed from a sample data

Outliers / •values that are very small or very

Extreme Values •large relative to the majority of the values in a data set.

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EXERCISE 1.1

1. The freshman class at IT College has 317 students and

an IQ pre-test is given to all of them in their first week.
The dean of admission collected data on 27 of them and
found their mean score on the IQ pre-test was 51. The
mean for the entire freshman class was therefore
estimated to approximately 51 on this test. A subsequent
computer analysis of all freshmen showed the true mean
to be 52.
Based on the above problem,

a) What is the population?

b) What is the sample?
c) What number is a parameter?
d) What number is a statistic?

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 Qualitative
(categorical/Attribu
tes) 1* Data that refers
only to name classification
(done using numbers)
2* Can be placed into
distinct categories
according to some
Types characteristic or attribute.
of
Data
Quantitative
(Numerical)
1* Data that represent
counts or measurements
(can be count or measure)
2* Are numerical in nature
and can be ordered or
ranked.
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Nominal Data (can’t be
rank)
Gender, race, citizenship.
etc
Use code
numbers
(1, 2,…)
Ordinal Data (can be rank)
Feeling (dislike – like),
color (dark – bright) , etc
Likert scale
Discrete Variables (finite)
Assume values that can be
counted and finite
Ex : no of “something”,
value of sin x is -1<x<1
Continuous variables (infinite)
1. Can assume all values between any
two specific values & it obtained by
measuring
2. Have boundaries and must be rounded
because of the limits of measuring device
Ex: weight, age, salary, height,
temperature, etc
 EXERCISE 1.2

2. The Lemon Marketing Corporation has asked you for information

about the car you drive. For each question, identify each of the
types of data requested as either qualitative data or quantitative
data. When quantitative data is requested, identify the variable as
discrete or continuous.

a) What is the weight of your car?

b) In what city was your car made?
c) How many people can be seated in your car?
d) What’s the distance traveled from your home to your school?
e) What’s the color of your car?
f) How many cars are in your household?
g) What’s the length of your car?
h) What’s the normal operating temperature (in degree Fahrenheit)
of your car’s engine?
i) What gas mileage (miles per gallon) do you get in city driving?*
j) Who made your car?
k) How many cylinders are there in your car’s engine?
l) How many miles have you put on your car’s current set of
tyres?*

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 1.3 Graphical and numerical method 4
describing QA Data

QA Data

Relative
Frequency(f) Percentage(%)
frequency (Rf)

No of obsv in a
Rf=f/ total f %=Rf*100%
class. category

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 Graph for QA data

Bar Chart Pie Chart

80
70
60
50
40 75
30
20
10 25
0
No of
1 Male Female Male Female
Students

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Test your understanding….

In a survey concerning public education, 400 school

administrators were asked to rate the quality of education
in Malaysia. Their responses are summarized in the table
below.
Rating Frequency
A 35
B 260
C 93
D 12
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table which includes
values for relative frequency and percentage.
(b) Construct a bar graph and a pie chart.

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 Frequency distribution table
Rating f Rf %
A 35 0.09 9
B 260 0.65 65
C 93 0.23 23
D 12 0.03 3
Total 400 1.00 100%

Bar Chart Pie Chart

~~Exercise 1.1 (pg 7)

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Test your understanding….
 1.4 Graphical and numerical method 4
describing QN Data

Class •Interval that include all values

Lower Limit •Smallest value within the class

Upper limit •Largest value within the class

Class Size •Diff b/w 2 consecutive lover class limit

•Exclusive-no gap in b/w upper limit of 1 class and lower limit in the next class
Class Interval •Inclusive-with a gap in b/w upper limit of 1 class and lower limit in the next
class

No of Class •Range/class size

Class Midpoint • (Lower limit + upper limit)/2

• (Upper limit one class + Lower limit in the next

Class Boundary class)/2→[Inclusive class interval]

Cumulative Frequency • Total no of values that fall below the upper boundary of
Distribution each class

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Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!
 Graph for QN data

Histogram Polygon Ogive

50
40 100
Frequency

94
30 85

70
20

Cf
10
31
0
9

Class Boundary
Class Boundary

~~Example 1.7(pg 10)

~~Exercise 1.2 (pg 13)
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Test your understanding….
 1.5 Numerical Measurement

Measure of Central Tendency (Ungroup Data)~mean, median, mode

Mean

the sum of the values divided by the total number of values.

  x  4.8
Population Mean Sample Mean

x
N

x i i

 i 1
, N population size x i 1
, n sample size
N n

Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6 ,
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 Median
the middle number of n ordered data (smallest to largest)

If n is odd If n is even

Median(MD)  xn1 xn  xn
1
2 Median(MD)  2 2
2
Example: 9 2 1 3 3 7 5 8 6
Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6
MD = 5
MD = 4.5
Mode
the most commonly occurring value in a data series
Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6 Mode = 3

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 R/ship b/w Mean, Median n Mode

Symmetric

Positively skewed or right-skewed Negatively skewed or left-skewed

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 Example 1.8

Mean=(35.34+42.09+39.43+38.93+43.39+49.26)/6=41.41

35.34 38.93 39.43 42.09 43.39 49.26

Median=(39.43+42.09)/2=40.76

Mode=??

~~Exercise 1.3-1.5 (pg 17)

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Measure of Dispersion (Variability)~Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
 Describe the spread of the data
 Variation↑, spread out more

Range
is the different between the highest value and the
lowest value in a data set.

Range = highest value - lowest value

Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6
R=8

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 Variance
is the average of the squares of the distance each value is from the mean.

Population Variance Sample Variance

Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6  2  6.4
s 2  7.1
Standard Deviation
is the square root of the variance

Population standard deviation ,  Sample standard deviation, s

Example: 9 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 8 6 σ=2.53, s=2.66

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Example 1.9
Refer to exercise 1.8, find the range, sample variance and
sample standard deviation
 1.5 Numerical Measurement

Measure of Central Tendency (Group Data)~mean, median, mode

 mi f i
Mean
 fi

 mifi 2  m fi 
2  mi
fi 2
m
2
fi 
 fi
i
Variance  fi
i

 2
 s2 
 fi  f i   1

Standard
Deviation   2 s  s2

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 Example 1.10

Refer to example 1.7, from the frequency distribution table and find the
sample mean, variance and standard deviation for the monthly expenditures
on food for 30 households.

 mi f i 246
mean    8.2
 fi 30

 m fi
2

 mi f i 
2
246
2

2749.5 
 fi
i

s2   30  25.2517
 f i   1 29

s  s 2  25.2517  5.0251
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Exercise 1.2
Refer to solution in exercise 1.2. Use the frequency distribution
table to find the sample mean, sample variance and sample
standard deviation for the weight of 40 Kit Kat Chocolate bars.
Class Class Midpoint f mf m2 m2f
20.5-21.3 20.9 5 104.5 436.81 2184.05
21.4-22.2 21.8 4 87.2 475.24 1900.96
22.3-23.1 22.7 8 181.6 515.29 4122.32
23.2-24 23.6 7 165.2 556.96 3898.72
24.1-24.9 24.5 8 196 600.25 4802
25-25.8 25.4 5 127 645.16 3225.8
25.9-26.7 26.3 3 78.9 691.69 2075.07
Total 40 940.4 22208.92
 mi f i 940.4
mean    23.51
 fi 40

m f
2

 mi f i 
2
940.4
2

22208.92 
 fi
i i

s2   40  2.5671
 f i   1 39 TIPS: USE YOUR CALCULATOR
MODE SD m,f M+
s  s 2  2.5671  1.6022 shift 1 OR shift 2
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Test your understanding….