LESSON 3: VERBALS – PARTICIPLES
above / beside / outside / on / out
- verb forms that function as adjectives
- can modify nouns / pronouns in a sentence
2 TYPES OF PARTICIPLE
● PRESENT – end in "-ing" and are used to
describe ongoing actions or states.
- "The running child is happy," the word
"running" is a present participle
modifying the noun "child."
● PAST – can end in "-ed," "-en," "-d," "-t,"
"-n," or "-ne" are used to describe
completed actions or states.
- "The broken vase needs to be
replaced," the word "broken" is a
past participle modifying the noun
"vase."
EXAMPLE:
1. The running child is full of energy.
2. The broken vase needs to be replaced.
3. Singing birds greeted us in the morning.
LESSON 4: VERBALS – GERUND
- A verb form that functions as a noun in a
sentence
- (base form + -ing)
- Allow us to express actions or activities as
nouns.
- adds variety and flexibility to sentence
structure and can be used to convey different
meanings and functions within a sentence.
MAIN FUNCTIONS
● SUBJECT – the thing doing the action /
being described
- “Swimming is a great way to stay fit”
● SUBJECT COMPLEMENT – describes a
subject. Usually follows a linking verb
- Linking Verbs : is / are / was / were
- “Her favorite activity is playing
soccer”
● OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION – word /
phrase that the proposition relates to / affects
- Prepositions: under / in / inside /
- “I asked him about playing soccer”
● OBJECT OF THE VERB – receives the
action of the verb or indicates to whom or for
whom the action of the verb is performed.
- Answers the questions "to whom,"
"for whom," or "for what" after the
verb and follows the verb
- “They love playing music”
● APPOSITIVE – provides further
explanation, identification or clarification
about a noun.
- Usually following a comma
- “His hobby, gardening, keeps him
busy”
EXAMPLES:
1. Swimming is a great way to stay fit
2. I enjoy reading books in my free time.
3. Cooking is a hobby that I find relaxing.
4. She loves dancing to her favorite songs.
5. Running helps me clear my mind.
6. His favorite activity is painting landscapes.
LESSON 5: VERBALS – INFINITIVES
- (to + base verb)
- Can function as nouns, adjectives or
adverbs in a sentence
● NOUN – function as nouns in a sentence,
performing roles such as the subject, direct
object, indirect object, object complement, or
subject complement.
- “To succeed requires hard work and
determination.”
- “My goal is to become a successful
entrepreneur.”
● ADJECTIVE – modify / describe a noun in a
sentence
- “She has a book to read”
- “The car to be repaired is in the
garage”
● ADVERB – provides information about the
purpose, result, or manner of an action
 - “He went to the store to buy some
groceries” (purpose)
- “She studies hard to pass the exam”
(purpose)
ACTIVITY 1
Column A
1.I go to the gym 3 times a week
2.I went to the supermarket
3. We went to the cinema
4. I drove all night just
5. He lifted up the sofa
6. She bought chocolates
Column B
a.to give to her mother.
b.to see the Train To Busan film. c.to
do the weekly shop.
d.to clean underneath it. e.to
keep fit.
f.to see you.
LESSON 6: BROADCAST MEDIA
STEPS IN WRITING A SCRIPT FOR
BROADCAST MEDIA:
1. Define the objective
- Determine the purpose of script
- Identify specific message / key
points you want to convey
2. Grab attention from the start
- Begin with a strong and
attention-grabbing opening line or scene
- “A massive earthquake measuring
7.5 on the Richter scale has struck a
major city, leaving destruction and
chaos in its wake. Join us as we
bring you live updates and firsthand
accounts from the ground."
3. Use clear and concise language
- Write in short, concise sentences to
ensure clarity and ease of delivery
- Write in conversational and
accessible tone
4. Incorporate visual and audio elements
- Utilize sound effects, music or
background audio to create
atmosphere and evoke emotions
5. Pace your script
- Maintain a good pace throughout the
script to keep the audience engaged
- Balance dialogue, narration and
action to create dynamic and
engaging content
6. Edit and revise
- Review your script for grammar,
spelling and punctuation errors
- Remove any unnecessary or
repetitive information
- Edit for clarity, coherence and
conciseness
7. Practice and rehearse
PARTS OF A BROADCAST MEDIA SCRIPT:
1. Introduction
- Sets the tone and provides an
overview of the program. May
include voice over introduction and
hosts introducing themselves
2. Dialogue and conversation
- Scripts include dialogue and
conversation between hosts
3. Description and action
- Provides visual cues and help guide the
flow of the program
4. Sound effect and music cues
- Enhance the overall production value
and create a more immersive
experience for audience
5. Attribution and quotes
- Recorded interviews which should be
introduced with the speaker’s name
and a brief description
6. Timing and length
- Script should consider the length of
each segment
7. Formatting
- Broadcast media may use
three-column format. One format for
video description, audio/dialogue and
one for technical instructions (sound
and light effect)
 LESSON 7 : EUPHEMISM - Challenging
- Inconvenient
- Word or phrase that is used to replace another ● Unemployed
word / phrase that may be considered - Between jobs
offensive, unpleasant, or taboo in certain - Resting in the labor market
contexts - Unbusied
- Used to soften impact of sensitive / negative ● Bodily Functions
topics and to convey information in a more - Answering nature’s call
socially acceptable / less direct manner - Dropping logs down the chimney
- Passing gas
IMPORTANCE OF USING EUPHEMISM

1. Allows individuals to discuss sensitive or LESSON 8 : SHIFTING

uncomfortable topics in a more socially
acceptable and less offensive manner. - Can be described as changes in language use /
patterns
2. It can provide emotional comfort by using
less direct explicit language when discussing 4 CLASSIFICATION OF SHIFT
sensitive or distressing 1. TENSE
- Changes in verb tenses within a
EXAMPLES : sentence, paragraph, or text
● Death - Involves shifting between past,
- Passed away present, or future tenses
- Gone to a better place EXAMPLE:
- resting in peace ● I climbed out of the car, walk through the door,
● Being Sick and prepare to meet “the parents,” but instead a
- Under the weather large, honey-colored dog runs to meet me at the
- feeling off door.
- out of sorts - I climbed out of the car, walked
● Unintelligent / Foolish through the door, and prepared to
- Not the brightest bulb in the box meet “the parents,” but instead a
- not the brightest crayon in the box , large, honey-colored dog ran to meet
- not the sharpest tool in the shed me at the door.
● Unattractive ● She caught the ball and then throws it to the
- Not a head-turner catcher
- Not a looker - She caught the ball and then threw it to
- Not a stunner the catcher.
● Short
- Vertically challenged 2. NUMBER
- Not the tallest tree in the forest - Use singular pronouns to refer to
- Not towering over others singular antecedents and plural
● Aging pronouns for plural antecedents
- Golden years
- Senior citizen EXAMPLE:
- Seasoned ● When she calls, tell them I’m not at home
● Disabilities - When she calls, tell her I’m not at
- Differently abled home.
- Special needs
● Unpleasant Situation
 3. PERSON
- Usually occur with changes from the
third to the second person and first
person
- First Person : the speaker ( I, me,
my, mine, we, us, our )
- Second Person : listener ( you,
your, you’re )
- Third Person : refers to someone
being talked about ( he, him, his, she,
her, it, they, them, their )
4. It is raining today so you should bring an
umbrella.
5. He went to our house yesterday and he eats a lot.
6. When they arrive, let her stay .
7. She went to the party and you drank too
much.
8. He is a basketball player and I suggest he
should be careful

EXAMPLE:
● You went shopping yesterday and she
bought a lot of clothes.
- Mommy went shopping yesterday
and she bought a lot of clothes.

4. MOOD
- Often occur with directions, where
the mood is from indicative to
imperative to subjunctive

- Indicative : statement of fact. A

declarative sentence
- Imperative : expresses an order or a
request, advice instruction or
suggestion to do a thing
- Subjunctive : used to express
hypothetical situations, desires,
recommendations, or conditions
contrary to reality

EXAMPLE :
● She takes two aspirins and she should call me
in the morning.
- She takes two aspirins and she calls me
in the morning. / Take two aspirins and
call me in the morning.

ACTIVITY / SAMPLE :
1. They went to the mall yesterday and she
bought a lot.
2. When she travels, let them be careful
3. My brother is kind but they always teases
me.