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 p ro d u ce.
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onlMUSIC RESEARCH
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 CONTENTS
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Figures
Preface Pers 2 0 2 0 - 0
Abbreviations

PART ONE RESEARCH PROCESS AND RESEARCH TOOLS

CHAPTER 1 Guides to the Research Process and Research Tools

Take It Step-By-Step
Research Ideas

ce.
Some Types of Music Research
p ro d u
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Things to Consider
Research Process
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Music Research Process
a
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General Research Process
Research Tools 2 0 2 0 - 0
Music Research Tools
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 2 Library Catalogs

Author Searches
Title Searches
Author/Title Searches
Keyword Searches and Subject Heading Searches
p ro d u ce.
Keyword Searches
, d o n ot re
s e only
Library of Congress (LC) Subject Headings
l u
Format Issues
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Keyword Searches and Title Searches
Limiting Search Results
Contents of Bibliographic Records
Examples of Library Catalogs
Local Libraries
Library Consortia
National Libraries
Bibliographic Utilities
Finding Library Catalogs
Information Centers
ro duc e.
not r e p
do
Evaluation Checklist
o n l y,
l use
Suggested Readings

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CHAPTER 3 Music 20
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Comprehensive Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries by Language
Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries for Specific Geographical Places
Special Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
 Biographical Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Dictionaries of Musical Terms
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries of Musical Instruments
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries of Opera and Musical Theater
o d uce.
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries of Performance Practice
e p r
o n ot r
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries of Jazz, Rock, and Popular Music
, d
e onl y
Miscellaneous Music Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
s
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Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings 2 0 2 0
CHAPTER 4 Periodical Indexes and Article Databases
Major Music Periodical Indexes
Retrospective Music Periodical Indexes
Other Music Periodical Indexes
Ceased Music Periodical Indexes
Periodical Indexes for Related Disciplines
American History
Business
p ro d u ce.
Education
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Humanities
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Language and Literature
Performing Arts 2 0 2 0 -
Science and Medicine
Social Sciences and Psychology
Major General Periodical Indexes
Major Newspaper Indexes
Finding Online Journals
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 5

ro duc e.
Indexes to Music Dissertations, Theses, Conference Papers, and Festschriften
Dissertations and Theses
not r e p
n l y, do
Indexes of Dissertations and Theses
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Music-Specific Indexes of Dissertations and Theses
Pe 20 2 0
General Indexes of Dissertations and Theses
Conference Papers and Congress Reports
Indexes of Conference Papers and Congress Reports
Music-Specific Indexes of Conference Papers and Congress Reports
General Indexes of Conference Papers and Congress Reports
Festschriften
Indexes of Festschriften
Music-Specific Indexes of Festschriften
General Indexes of Essays
Evaluation Checklist
p ro d u ce.
ot re
Suggested Readings
, d o n
CHAPTER 6 Thematic Catalogs
l u s e only
na Catalogs 20-08-30
PersofoThematic
Bibliographies
20
Single-Composer Thematic Catalogs
Examples of Single-Composer Thematic Catalogs
Guides and Locators for Single-Composer Thematic Catalogs
Thematic Catalogs for Particular Repertories
 Examples of Thematic Catalogs for Particular Repertories
Collections, Archives, Libraries, and Publishers
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

e p ro d uce.
not r
CHAPTER 7 Indexes to Music in Complete Works Editions, Musical Monuments, Historical Sets, and Anthologies

n l y, d o
e oEditions
Complete Works Editions

o n a l
Examples of Composers’ Complete u sWorks
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P
Musical Monumentse r
and sHistorical Sets 202 0 - 0
Examples of Musical Monuments by Place
Examples of Historical Sets by Style Period
Additional Examples of Sets and Series
Anthologies
Examples of Anthologies
Indexes of Complete Works Editions, Musical Monuments, Historical Sets, and Anthologies
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

p ro d u ce.
not re
CHAPTER 8 Music Histories, Source Readings, and Chronologies
Music Histories
e o n l y, do
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Multi-Volume Music Histories
o n
P 2 0 2
Music History Series (W. W. Norton and Prentice Hall)
General Music History Texts
Music Appreciation Texts
Study Guides and Outlines of Music History
Important Earlier Music Histories
Historiography
Special Topic Histories
Music Source Readings
General Music Source Readings
Special Topic Music Source Readings
p ro d u ce.
ot re
Music Chronologies
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only
General Music Chronologies

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Special Topic Music Chronologies
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Evaluation Checklists
Suggested Readings 2 0 2 0 - 0
CHAPTER 9 Bibliographies of Music and Music Literature
Bibliographies of Music
General Music Bibliographies
Bibliographies for Particular Repertories
Bibliographies of Music Literature
General Bibliographies of Music Literature
Special Topic Bibliographies of Music Literature
Bibliographies of Both Music and Music Literature
p ro d u ce.
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International Inventory of Musical Sources (RISM)
,
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Composer Bio-Bibliographies, Guides to Research, and Other Bibliographies
l
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Examples of Single-Composer Bibliographies-30
Evaluation Checklist 20
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 10 Discographies
 Bibliographies of Discographies
Comprehensive and Historical Discographies
Recommended Recordings and Buyer’s Guides
Library and Sound Archive Catalogs
Local Libraries
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Library Consortia
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National Libraries
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Bibliographic Utilities
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Per 2 0 2 0
Special Topic Discographies
Discographies for Instruments and Ensembles
Opera Discographies
Jazz Discographies
Rock Music Discographies
Folk and World Music Discographies
Discographies of Women in Music
Single-Composer Discographies
Schoenberg, Arnold

uce.
Stravinsky, Igor
Wagner, Richard
e p ro d
Performer Discographies
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Recording Label Discographies
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American Music Discographies
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Canadian Music Discographies
Recording Reviews and Indexes to Reviews
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 11 Music Iconographies

Bibliographies of Iconographies
General Music Iconographies and Illustrated Histories
Musical Instrument Iconographies
General Musical Instrument Iconographies
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Western Musical Instrument Iconographies
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Non-Western Musical Instrument Iconographies
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Multiple-Composer Iconographies
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Single-Composer Iconographies 2
Bach, Johann Sebastian
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Brahms, Johannes
Chopin, Frédéric
Debussy, Claude
Handel, George Frideric
Haydn, Franz Joseph
Liszt, Franz
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
p ro d u ce.
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
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Schoenberg, Arnold

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Schubert, Franz
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2
Schumann, Robert
Stravinsky, Igor
Verdi, Giuseppe
Wagner, Richard
 Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 12 Digital Media

Online Books
Online Scores
e p ro d uce.
Streaming Audio
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Streaming Video
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Images
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Mixed Media Websites 2
Staying Current
Evaluation Checklists
Suggested Readings

PART TWO WRITING, STYLE MANUALS, AND CITATION

CHAPTER 13 Resources for Academic Writing

uce.
General Writing Books
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Comprehensive Guides
Editing
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Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling
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Style and Rhetoric
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Writing and Publishing Process
0 2 0 - 0
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 14 Strategies for Writing Assignments

Assignment Types
Abstracts, Annotations, and Annotated Bibliography
Reviews
Presentations
Lecture Recitals
p ro d u ce.
, do
Concert Programs and Program Notes
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e o n
l us
Grant Applications

Pe r s o n a 0 - 0 8-30
Music-Specific Writing Books
0 2
2
Compiling Bibliographies
Concert Programs and Program Notes
Evaluation Checklists
Suggested Readings

CHAPTER 15 Style Manuals and Citation of Sources

Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
Examples of Plagiarism
Major Style Manuals

ro d u
University of Chicago Press Style (Chicago Style)
p ce.
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American Psychological Association Style (APA Style)
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Modern Language Association Style (MLA Style)

Person
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Music-Specific Style Manuals
0 2 0 - 0 8-30
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Reference Management Tools
Using Sources
Evaluation Checklist
Suggested Readings
Appendices
A: Library of Congress Classification: Class M Outline
B: Search Tips
Boolean Search Terms
Nesting Search Terms
Truncation and Wildcards
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Phrase and “String” Searches
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Proximity
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s o
C: Composers Included as Examples in This Text
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D: Chicago Style at Your Fingertips 20
Bibliographic Citation Formats
Footnote/Endnote Citation Formats
Encyclopedia Articles
Author-Date System
E: APA Style at Your Fingertips
Reference List
Reference Citations in the Text
F: MLA Style at Your Fingertips
List of Works Cited
Parenthetical Text Citations

Glossary
Index
 p ro d u ce.
, d o ot re
FIGURES
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Figure 2.1. University of London Libraries Catalog
Figure 2.2. OhioLINK Consortium Library Catalog, Basic Search
Figure 2.3. Library of Congress Online Catalog, Advanced Search
Figure 2.4. Explore the British Library, Basic Search
p r odu ce.
Figure 2.5. Europeana Music Home Page
t r e
Figure 2.6.
o n l y, do no
WorldCat (the OCLC Online Union Catalog), Advanced Search
Figure 3.1.
s o n a l use
Grove Music Online (part of Oxford Music Online), Modify Your Search
- 0 8 - 30
Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.2. P e r 2 0
Music Index, Advanced Search Screen with Results
20
Music Periodicals Database, Advanced Search
Figure 5.1. Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology, Basic Search Screen
Figure 5.2. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I, Basic Search
Figure 6.1. Excerpt from James B. Sinclair, Descriptive Catalogue of the Music of Charles Ives (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1999), 235
p ro d u ce.
ot re
Figure 6.2. Excerpt from Dorfmüller, Gertsch, and Ronge, Ludwig van Beethoven: Thematisch-bibliographisches
,
Werkverzeichnis (Munich: G. Henle, 2014), 295
d o n
Figure 6.3. Themefinder Search Screen
l u s e only
Figure 6.4.
Person
a
SoundHound Mobile App, Results Screen
2 0 -0 8 -30
Figure 6.5. 20
RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales), Advanced Search
Figure 7.1. Index to Printed Music (IPM), Advanced Search Screen
Figure 7.2. Grove Music Online, Schubert Article, Editions Section
Figure 7.3. Grove Music Online, Schubert Entry, Songs of Introduction

uce.
Figure 7.4. Grove Music Online, Schubert Entry, Excerpt of Works List for “Gretchen am Spinnrade”
e p ro d
ot r
Figure 9.1. Oxford Bibliographies Online, Beginning of “American Minstrel Music” Research Guide
Figure 9.2.
, d o n
RISM Catalog Entry for Vecchi Motets (1579)
y
Figure 10.1.
u se onl
British Library Sound & Moving Images Catalogue, Advanced Search
l
Figure 10.2.
Person
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Excerpts from James H. North, New York Philharmonic: The Authorized Recordings, 1917–2005 (Lanham, MD:
0
2
Scarecrow Press, 2006), 111
Figure 11.1. RIdIM Database, Advanced Search
Figure 12.1. Naxos Music Library (NML) Mobile App, Recent Additions Screen
Figure 12.2. Open Music Library (OML), Archives
Figure 15.1. Chicago Manual of Style Online, Homepage
o duce .
Figure 15.2. ZoteroBib Home Page
ot r e p r
Figure B.1. “Music AND Society” Boolean Search
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Figure B.2.
r s o n a l use
“Flute OR Recorder” Boolean Search
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Figure B.3.
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“African NOT American” Boolean Search
20
 PREFACE
e p ro d uce.
l y , d o not r
l u s e on
r s a
n made me reflect2on0the
ohas - 0 8-30in music research in the years between the first edition, the
Usecond, and now the third. When I was2 writing the first edition, Google Translate was new. I remember students using
P e
pdating this textbook
0 changes

copy and paste to enter text for translation from foreign language reference resources. By the time the second edition was
published, Google Translate was available as a mobile App. At that point, students could point their phones at text in other
languages to get a rough translation to English. In 2016, as I was revising it again, we have the first reference tool with Google
Translate integrated, MGG-Online. Now students at subscribing institutions can translate the original German encyclopedia
into over 100 languages.
Research tools are improving all the time, and I hope you are as excited about the current possibilities as I am. Given the
rapid pace of change, please remember that this text’s companion website will have updates much more quickly than the next
edition of the book. The third edition includes updates through the end of
August 2018.
p ro d u ce.
, d o n ot re
I have been happy to heed the advice, suggestions, and corrections received from colleagues, reviewers, and students.
onl y
Chapters 2 and 3 have been switched in order. Since library catalogs are such an important gateway for many databases and
se
a l u 8-30
Person
services, it makes sense to cover them sooner. Catalogs are now in Chapter 2 and encyclopedias are next in Chapter 3. The
2 0 2 0 -0
chapter devoted to music directories has been discontinued. Most directories have ceased publication, because Google has
eliminated the need for them. Reviewers and students alike asked for more on the research process and more about writing. As
a result, more information on research is included in Chapter 1. Chapter 12, previously titled “Online Music Content” is now
“Digital Media” in reflection of the increased number of streaming media resources available today. A new chapter, 14, has
been added specifically to cover writing about music. Despite these changes, the book still has fifteen chapters. Appendix D,
listing all the volumes of RISM, has been deleted, because more and more of RISM becomes available online. The Appendices
on citation formats (now D, E, and F) have been updated to comply with new editions of the Chicago Manual of Style (17th
edition) and the MLA Handbook (8th edition).
I want to publicly thank everyone who adopted the first and second editions of Music Research. You have my sincerest

ce.
gratitude. I was deeply honored to win the Vincent Duckles Award from the Music Library Association for this book. And I
p ro d u
have been humbled to have so many colleagues and students respond with such positive enthusiasm. You have made this new
edition possible.
, d o n ot re
l u s e only
Audience
P e rsona 2 0 -0 8 -30
20 and research classes and may also work for some upper-
Music Research is designed for graduate-level music bibliography
level undergraduate classes. The primary target audience is master’s students, though doctoral students and undergraduates will
also find it a helpful supplement.

Approach
The overriding goal for Music Research is to be as useful as possible for music bibliography classes. With that in mind, this
textbook focuses on teaching the research process and points students toward the most important music research tools.
Pedagogical aids are included to enhance teaching and learning. This book is informed by the information literacy movement,
u c e.
which is broader than traditional bibliography classes or bibliographic instruction. Music Research emphasizes learning
ro d
d o n o t rep
research skills, critically evaluating information, writing effectively, and properly citing sources. It is based on over twenty

only,
years of experience teaching graduate music bibliography at the University of Colorado Boulder.
a l u s e 30
Other books strive to list music research tools comprehensively. In comparison, Music Research is a handbook rather than a
n -
P e r s o 2 0 - 0 8
20
bibliography and emphasizes major research, writing, and citation tools that graduate music students need to know. Some of
the titles included are most appropriate for master’s-level students, while others are included specifically with the doctoral
student in mind.

Contents
The book is divided into two main parts. The first (Chapters 1 through 12) is devoted to research process and tools. The second
(Chapters 13 through 15) is devoted to resources on writing about music, style manuals, plagiarism, and citation of sources. In
addition, a number of appendices, a glossary, and an index are provided.

p ro d ce.
Part One is arranged by the type of research tool, for example, music encyclopedias, periodical indexes, and discographies.
u
ot re
The arrangement is from general to specific, following the typical research process. Each chapter includes a discussion about
, d o n
the general uses of the tools and an annotated bibliography pointing out the purpose, scope, strengths, and weaknesses of each
y
u se onl
individual research tool. Both print and electronic resources are included.
l
Person
a 0 -0 8-30
The most important general music research tools in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish are covered. Examples
0 2
2
were selected, in part, to apply to as many music libraries as possible. Additional common topics have been included
throughout, such as resources in the broad disciplines of musicology, ethnomusicology/world music, theory, and music
education. Narrower topics include specific groups of musicians (e.g., women and African Americans), individual significant
composers (see Appendix C), common performance media and instruments/voice (e.g., chamber music and piano), and genres
and styles (e.g., jazz and opera). Further, topics likely to be of interest to the target audience—those devoted to the music of the
United States, Great Britain, and Canada—are also covered.
Following the format established with research tools, Part Two presents major guides in writing and citation. Chapter 13
offers general writing tools and resources. Chapter 14 covers typical music writing assignments. All three major style guides
are included in Chapter 15.

p r o d u ce.
Features
, d o n ot re
s e
• Music Research is a handbook designed for classroom use,
u nlythan a bibliography intended for use by librarians and
orather
r son a l -0 8 -30
scholars.
P e 20
• Although selective, the most important music research tools 2 0
are included. Emphasis is on titles in English, but the major
French, German, Italian, and Spanish resources are included as well.
• Most entries are annotated and include review citations.
• Stays current through updates on the companion website maintained by the author and hosted by Oxford University Press,
http://www.oup.com/us/musresearch.
• Provides evaluation checklists for each type of research tool to help students develop critical evaluation skills.
• Suggested readings are given in each chapter.
• Offers advice for students researching and writing theses or other formal scholarly projects.

e.
• Includes a section on avoiding plagiarism, with examples.
ro d u c
t rep
• Includes appendixes with music citation examples for Chicago, APA, and MLA style in a variety of formats.
•
d o n o
Includes a glossary and combined author, title, and subject index.

l u s e only,
e r s o n a 0 - 0 8 -30
Ancillaries
P 20 2
One of the major challenges with a text on research is keeping it current. The companion website hosted by Oxford University
Press assists with this goal in addition to providing supplemental information. The website will be updated regularly, at least
once a year before the beginning of each fall semester. The website also provides additional information, including a list of
major music associations and journals. Visit this text’s website at http://www.oup.com/us/musresearch.

For Students
Several features of Music Research are intended to help as you develop your research and writing skills in music. In each
chapter you will find a discussion of the uses of the particular type of research tool. In addition, you will learn how to find

ep ro d uce.
more using Library of Congress subject headings and classification numbers. The annotated bibliographies evaluate and

l y, d not r
describe the research tools. Look for the stars (★) indicating the major music research tools that you should be familiar with.
o
e on
The dollar sign ($) indicates an online resource that is not free. The Evaluation Checklists will assist you in thinking critically
n a l u s - 30
about the research tools as well as the materials you find researching topics of interest. The Appendices, especially the citation
o 8
P e r s 20 2 0 -0
format guides, will help you document your research. Use the Glossary to look up terms and concepts that are unfamiliar.
Finally, check the companion website for updated information.

For Faculty
One of the overriding goals for this text was to be as useful as possible for instructors, both music librarians and music faculty,
teaching a bibliography class. For that reason, it includes pedagogical aids that I hope you find useful, especially if you have
not taught music bibliography before.
Because you may wish to customize your instruction of research process, writing, and documentation style, the chapters on
those topics (1, 13, 14, and 15) present the major existing resources. This will allow you to personalize your instruction while

oduce.
 p ro d u ce.
ot re
exposing students to alternative approaches. As throughout the book, these chapters include tips on finding resources on these
, d o n
only
topics and include recommendations in the bibliographies. Plagiarism is discussed, and examples of proper and improper usage
of sources are provided.
a l u s e -30
Person 2 0 -0 8
To get the most from this text, terms included in the Glossary appear in boldface type when they are first discussed in the
20
text. The figures and illustrations give an introduction to major resources before students try them out for the first time. Titles
marked with a star (★) are major research tools that you might emphasize in class. The dollar sign ($) indicates an online
resource that is not free.
The Suggested Readings are useful as assignments before a class session on the relevant tools and can serve as a
touchstone for in-class discussion. The reading introductions may help you in selecting among those included. The Suggested
Readings have been updated to include recent writings, research tools, and methodologies.
The Evaluation Checklists included in each chapter could be used in class as exercises or perhaps as assignments. For
instance, students (individually or in groups) could be asked to fill out a checklist for a particular title, or the lists could be used
as worksheets for comparing resources.

ro d u c e.
If you are a music faculty member teaching the class, you will probably find that, in addition to the information in this

d o n o t rep
book, meeting with your music librarian is very helpful. Although the research tools selected for inclusion are widely held,

l u s only,
your library may not have them all. This is especially true for expensive online subscription resources. Even if your library
e
Person
a
2 0 - 0 8 -30
subscribes to a title (e.g., RILM Abstracts), you will need to determine which version your students have access to. You may
20
also need to help your students find local call numbers (especially if your library does not use Library of Congress
classification numbers), authenticate for remote access to online subscription resources, and so on.
The fifteen chapters correspond closely to a typical semester. This text was designed to proceed in the order reference tools
are often used by students in the research process. For instance, encyclopedias and dictionaries appear before periodical
indexes. However, there are many ways to approach research. You may want to begin with searching periodical indexes and
databases (Chapter 4) instead. Or you may wish to introduce Digital Media (Chapter 12) sooner. Another approach would be to
use Part Two (on writing, citation formats, etc.) earlier. The chapters can be used in any order you choose, but you may wish to
begin with Chapter 1, because it discusses research process, types of sources, and other basic information. Appendix B
presents basic search tips useful for many research tools. Yet another approach might be to organize your course topically. For
example, the focus on representative composers is included throughout and could serve as an orientation for a composer-
specific approach to research.
ep ro d uce.
l y, d o not r
The following suggestions might help when teaching groups other than master’s and DMA students. For undergraduates,

n a l u se on
you might focus on the major sources in each chapter. The most important research tools are marked with a star (★). For more
- 30
P e r s o 2 0 -0 8
advanced students, the reviews could be assigned as additional readings, and sources mentioned in the text could also be
explored. 20
A few words about my methodology are in order. I have personally examined the vast majority of sources included in the
bibliographies or mentioned in the text. I have tried to include the most useful sources available and those that are most widely
held by libraries. In most cases, the two goals are complementary. One exception is iconographies; the high cost of many of the
best titles makes their purchase prohibitive for many libraries. In some chapters (for example, Chapter 12 on Digital Media),
representative examples were included. In this case, additional resources are included on the companion website.
The categories of topics, such as music of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, were selected in hopes that they
would be most relevant for the students using the book. The major composers selected for inclusion throughout were chosen
with the same goal (see Appendix C). Additional topics on broad disciplines (e.g., musicology, ethnomusicology/world music,

uce.
theory, and music education) as well as narrower subjects (e.g., opera, jazz) were chosen on the basis of my experience of
ep ro d
ot r
common topics selected for research by graduate students.
, d o n
Whenever possible, review citations were included in the annotations. These are not exhaustive; the reviews cited were the
y
u s e onl
most detailed and informative. When more than one is listed, it is because they either express a different evaluation of the title
l
Person
a 0 -0 8-30
at hand or, alternatively, more than one review was considered outstanding. The selection was subjective. Whenever possible,
0 2
2
reviews in English were chosen rather than those in another language.

What’s New to This Edition

• The textbook has been comprehensively updated through August 2018.
• Over 250 entries have been updated, added, or deleted to reflect the current state of music research.
• More guidance on research, especially asking research questions, narrowing topics, and formulating thesis statements has
been added to Chapter 1.
• The textbook was revised to remove chapters no longer needed (for example, music directories) to create space for more
coverage of other topics (like writing about music).

pr o d u ce.
• The order of some chapters has been changed to flow in a more logical progression.

not re
 n o t r e pro
l0y-, 0d8o-30
The chapter formerly titled Internet Resources for Music is now “Digital Media” and it has been heavily revised to reflect
•
se o n
2
al u 20
the dramatic growth of streaming audio and video services.
•
e r s o n
The Appendices on citation formats (D, E, and F) have been updated to reflect new editions of the three major style manuals
P
(Chicago, APA, and MLA).
• More tips have been added to the writing chapter, including a checklist for students to use before submitting an assignment.
• The Suggested Readings have been reviewed and updated, as appropriate. Additions include digital humanities, Open
Access publishing, and ORCID IDs.
• The Figures have been revised and updated.
• The dollar sign ($) was added to denote online resources requiring a subscription.

Acknowledgments
ep ro d uce.
l y, d not r
Over the twenty years I have been teaching graduate-level music bibliography, I have watched many students develop their
o
n a l u se on
research skills by using the sources and methods included in this text. While not all of those students were excited about taking
- 30
P e r o 2 0 - 8
the course, by the end of the semester most were much more comfortable finding information and evaluating it. I have learned
s 0
20
something from each and every student, and they have all contributed to the creation of this book. I thank them all.
I need to thank former Executive Editor Jan Beatty from Oxford University Press, who first suggested this book to me.
Jan’s patience and kindness during difficult periods kept me working on the first edition.
Thanks to current Executive Editor Richard Carlin, Assistant Editors Jacqueline Levine and Grace Li, and Production
Editor, Holly Haydash.
I would like to thank the reviewers of this edition: Judith Bowman, Duquesne University; Caroline Ehman, University of
Louisville; Paul Ellison, San Francisco State University; Sara Nodine, Florida State University; Linda Pohly, Ball State
University; James E. Shearer, New Mexico State University; John D. Spilker, Nebraska Wesleyan University; Jennifer
Thomas, University of Florida; Joan Titus, University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Scott Warfield, University of Central

uce.
Florida; Richard Wetzel, Ohio University; Mary Wischusen, Wayne State University.
ep ro d
Also, thanks to the reviewers of the second edition: Stacey Davis, University of Texas-San Antonio; Holly Gardinier,
d o n ot r
Claremont McKenna College; Vicki Stroeher, Marshall University; Gerald Szymanski, University of Rochester; and Cheryl
,
s e onl y
Taranto, University of Nevada-Las Vegas. Finally, I would like to acknowledge and thank the reviewers of the first edition:
a l u 8-30
Person 0 -0
Steve Gerber, George Mason University; Alan Green, Music/Dance Library, Ohio State University; Rebecca Littman, Golda
2 0 2
Meir Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Erin Mayhood, University of Virginia; Bruce MacIntyre, Brooklyn
College; Scott McBride, Morehead State University; Ruthann McTyre, Rita Benton Music Library, University of Iowa; Jane
Penner, Music Library, University of Virginia; Carl Rahkonen, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Jennifer Thomas,
University of Florida; Pantelis Vassilakis, DePaul University; Liza Vick, Loeb Music Library, Harvard University; Daniel
Zager, Sibley Music Library, Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester.
Much of this text is based on models provided by Karl Kroeger and Deane Root. Kroeger was my predecessor at the music
library at the University of Colorado Boulder, and he left me his course materials—including the beginnings of this text—
when he retired in 1994. I took music bibliography from Deane Root at the University of Pittsburgh at the beginning of my
doctoral work in musicology there. Many ideas and approaches included here were inspired by Kroeger and Root.
So many others assisted me that it would be impossible to thank them all individually. Thank you to all the colleagues,
publishers, vendors, and editors who answered my questions so helpfully. At the University of Colorado Boulder, I would like
to thank my colleagues in the musicology department of the College of Music. Warm thanks to my family and friends for their
helpful support. Special thanks to my husband, Donald Puscher, for indexing and proofing and more (again!).
Once again, I alone take responsibility for any errors or omissions present in this text. And, as always, I will gladly accept
corrections and suggestions from faculty, students, and other readers.
 ABBREVIATIONS
e p ro d uce.
l y, d o not r
n a l u s e on -30
P e r so 2 0 - 0 8
A&I 20Index
Abstracts and
AAS American Antiquarian Society
AMC American Music Center
AMICO Art Museum Image Consortium
AMS American Musicological Society
APA American Psychological Association
ARBA American Reference Books Annual
ARSC
d u
Association of Recorded Sound Collections
p ro ce.
ASP Alexander Street Press
, d o n ot re
BC
l u s e only
Bach Compendium
BnF
Person
a 0 8 -30
Bibliotèque Nationale de France
2 0 -
BWV 20
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis
CAML Canadian Association of Music Libraries, Archives, and Documentation Centres
CC Creative Commons
CIMCIM International Committee of Musical Instrument Museums and Collections
CINAHL Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature
CIRCME Callaway International Resource Centre for Music and Education
CMM Corpus mensurabilis musicae
CMS College Music Society
p ro d u ce.
CRL Center for Research Libraries
, d o n ot re
CSIC
onl y
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
s e
a l u 8-30
Person
CUNY City University of New York
D 2 0 2 0 -0
Deutsch (Schubert thematic catalog)
DDM Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology
DDT Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst
DEUMM Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti
DKL Das Deutsche Kirchenlied
DMEH Diccionario de la música española e hispanoamericana
DMS Dissertationsmeldestelle
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
e p ro d uce.
not r
DOI Digital Object Identifier
l y, d o
e on
DRAM Database of Recorded American Music
DTB
o n a l u s -30
Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Bayern
8
DTÖ P e r s 20 2 0 - 0
Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich
EEBO Early English Books Online
EMC Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
ERIC Education Resources Information Center
ESL English as a Second Language
ETD Electronic Theses and Dissertations
H Hoboken (Haydn thematic catalog)
HRAF Human Relations Area Files
p ro d u ce.
ot re
HTI Hymn Tune Index
, d o n
only
HWV Händel Werke Verzeichnis
IAML
a l u s e
International Association of Music Libraries, Archives, and Documentation Centres
Person
8 30
 Pe International Association of Sound and-3 0
IASA
2 0 - 0 8 Audiovisual Archives
IBTD 20 of Theatre and Dance
International Bibliography
ICM International Council of Museums
IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
IIPA International Index to the Performing Arts
IIPAFT International Index to the Performing Arts Full Text
ILL Interlibrary Loan
IMS International Musicological Society
ro d u c e.
IMSLP
d o n ot rep
International Music Score Library Project
,
IPM
s e only
Index to Printed Music
l u
IR
Person
a
Institutional Repository
2 0 -0 8 -30
ISAM 20
Institute for Studies of American Music
ISMIR International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval
JAMS Journal of the American Musicological Society
JSTOR Journal Storage Project
K Köchel (Mozart thematic catalog)
KVNM De Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis
LC Library of Congress
LCSH
ro d u
Library of Congress Subject Headings
p ce.
MGG
o n ot re
Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart
, d
MIR
s e onl y
Music Information Retrieval
a l u 8-30
Person 0 - 0
MLA Modern Language Association
2 0 2
Music Library Association
MTO Music Theory Online
MUSA Music of the United States of America
NASM National Association of Schools of Music
NAWM Norton Anthology of Western Music
NDLTD Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
NYPL New York Public Library
OCLC Online Computer Library Center
e p ro d uce.
OER Open Educational Resources
l y, d o not r
OML
n a l e on
Open Music Library
u s - 30
ORCID
P e r so - 0 8
Open Researcher and Contributor ID
2 0
OWL 20
Online Writing Lab
PAO Periodical Archive Online
POMPI Popular Music Periodicals Index
PQDT ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
RAMH Resources of American Music History
RCMI Research Center for Music Iconography
Répertoire international d’iconographie musicale or International Repertory of Musical
RIdIM
Iconography
ro d u c e.
RILM
o t rep
Répertoire international de littérature musicale or International Repertory of Music Literature
d o n
RIPM
l u s e only,
Répertoire international de la presse musicale or Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals
RISM
Person
a 8 -30
Répertoire international des sources musicales or International Inventory of Musical Sources
2 0 -0
RLG
RLIN
20
Research Libraries Group
Research Libraries Information Network
RLUK Research Libraries UK
RME RILM Music Encyclopedias
RQ Reference Quarterly
RSS Real Simple Syndication
SEM Society for Ethnomusicology
SGAE Sociedad General de Autores y Editores
SGS Smithsonian Global Sound
SONIC Sound Online Inventory and Catalog (LC)
TCE The Canadian Encyclopedia
UMI University Microfilms, Inc.
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UTET Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese
WERM World’s Encyclopædia of Recorded Music
WoO Without Opus numbers
WWV Wagner Werk-Verzeichnis
 p ro d u ce.
, d o n ot re
se y
onl PART0ONE
a l u 8-3
Person 2 0 2 0 -0
RESEARCH PROCESS AND RESEARCH TOOLS

p r oduce.
t r e
o n l y, do no
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P e r 20 2 0

p ro d u ce.
, d o n ot re
l u s e only
Person
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2 0 -0 8 -30
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e p ro d uce.
, d o n ot r
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
nourishing food and the avoidance of all debilitating morbid
conditions would indicate the principles of therapeutic management.
 HYPERÆMIA—CONGESTION OF THE
SPLEEN.
Four hours after full meal in splenic diastole. In well fed, high conditioned. From
obstruction of splenic or portal vein or vena cava, heart, liver, or pulmonary
disease, inhibition from encephalon acting through splanchnics or vagi, microbes,
ptomaines, toxins, paresis, albuminoid diet. Spleen may be seven times its normal
weight. Lesions: simple blood engorgement: proliferation of pulp cells: increased
friability; rupture; dark color; hyperplasia of trabeculæ—hypertrophy. Symptoms:
none; or colic; palpation in ruminants; tenderness. Treatment: directed against the
causative disease; quinine, cinchonine, eucalyptus, ergot, cold douche, electricity,
puncture.
Considerable hyperæmia of this organ takes place physiologically
in connection with active digestion in the first four or five hours after
an abundant meal, and especially at intervals of a minute, during
what may be called the diastole of the viscus. The supply of blood is
also much greater in the well fed animal, than in the emaciated and
impoverished one.
Pathological hyperæmias of a passive kind may occur as the result
of obstructions in the veins leading from the spleen, such as the
splenic veins, the posterior vena cava, or that part of the portal vein
comprised between its junction with the splenic and the liver.
Diseases of the right heart or its valves, of the lungs (emphysema), or
of the liver which hinder the onward flow of blood and increase the
blood tension in the vena cava or portal vein have a similar action.
Perhaps we should include inhibition of the nerves (splanchnic, vagi)
and nerve centres (medulla oblongata, cerebral cortex) which preside
over the contraction of the splenic vascular walls, and of the capsular
and trabecular muscles. There is reason to believe that the ptomaines
and toxins of several microbian diseases, operate through these
centres, while other such microbes and toxins operate directly on the
spleen itself.
Active congestions of the spleen are most commonly associated
with microbian diseases and may be attributed partly as above stated
to the action of the toxic products on the contraction nerve centres,
and on the splenic vessels and parenchyma, but also in no small
degree on the active proliferation of the germs themselves in the
splenic pulp, and of the splenic cells. Among the most notable
instances of this kind are, in man, malarious, yellow and typhoid
fevers, and, in animals, anthrax, and Southern cattle fever. In most
febrile diseases, however, there is a tendency in this direction, which
may be fairly attributed to the paresis of the organ and the delay of
the blood in its pulp channels and spaces with the consequent local
increase of microbes and toxins. The microörganisms can usually be
found abundantly in such cases, in the liquid of the pulp, and in the
interior of the leucocytes and other cells that go to make up its solid
constituents.
It has been long recognized by veterinarians that acute congestion
often arises in connection with a sudden transition from a poor or
insufficient diet to an abundant and nutritious one and especially to
one that is rich in albuminoids (beans, peas, vetches, lucerne,
sainfoin, clover, trefoil, in the fresh or preserved condition). If these
are not in themselves the direct causes of acute and fatal
engorgements of the spleen, they at least contribute in no small
degree to the overdistension of the pulp spaces, the paresis of the
organ and its successful invasion by pathogenic microbes.
The acute congestion attendant on specific microbian infection
may be estimated by the increase in weight of the spleen. In the
Southern Cattle fever this organ, which is normally 1.45 ℔., is
habitually 2 to 5 ℔s., and may reach 8 or 10 ℔s. and in anthrax an
equal increase may be noted.
Lesions. In such cases the organ may appear as if there were a
simple blood engorgement, and this is largely the case in the early
stages, but with the persistence of the disease there occurs an active
proliferation of the splenic cells and especially those of the pulp.
With the hyperæmia the consistency of the organ is diminished, and
still more so with the cell hyperplasia, so much so that in extreme
cases rupture may ensue. The color is always darker (purple or blue),
but this is only in part due to the abundance of blood and in part to
the thinness of the splenic capsule. If the condition persists a
hyperplasia of the capsule and trabeculæ ensues, and the condition
becomes essentially one of hypertrophy.
 Symptoms. In the slighter congestions there are no appreciable
symptoms. In the more severe there may be more or less violent
colic, but this is usually marked to some extent by the profound
depression attendant on the specific fever which is the cause of the
congestion. Palpation of the spleen is impossible in the horse. In
ruminants it may sometimes be felt along the upper border of the
rumen just behind the last rib on the left side. It is soft and yielding
retaining the indentation of the finger. If manipulation produces
signs of pain it is all the more significant.
Treatment. As a rule this is the treatment of the fever which
determines the hyperæmia. Apart from this, laxatives, quinia other
alkaloids of cinchona bark, eucalyptus, a current of cold water
directed to the region of the spleen, or induction currents of
electricity to the same region are also decided stimulants to
contraction. Ergot has been used with alleged advantage. In cattle
acupuncture of the spleen has been put in practice in anthrax.
 CHRONIC CONGESTION OF THE SPLEEN.
HYPERTROPHY.

Hypertrophy from chronic congestion, over feeding, hepatic cirrhosis. In horse:

from mechanical obstruction in heart, lungs, posterior cava, splenic veins,
angioma, from glanders or tubercle in lungs, chronic splenic congestion, disease of
splenic plexus. Lesions: increase enormous; mainly of pulp, or largely of fibrous
framework. Special neoplasms. Symptoms: excess of leucocytes in blood,
eosinophile cells, weakness, anæmia, emaciation, bleeding from mucosæ,
stretching, right hypochondriac tenderness, stiff gait, ascites, colic, disorder of the
bowels, rectal exploration. Treatment: is that of primary disease; not encouraging;
quiniae, eucalyptus, saline laxatives, open air, sunshine, electricity. In cattle is
habitually enlarged in Texas fever area. In lymphadenoma increase mainly of
fibrous framework and Paccinian bodies, and of adjacent lymph glands.
Symptoms: leukæmia, employ palpation, percussion, rectal exploration. Treatment
as in the horse. In swine: from high feeding, leukæmia, lymphadenoma,
tuberculosis, neoplasms, liver, heart and lung disease. Lesions: great increase of
Paccinian bodies, fibrous capsule and trabeculæ. In dog: from traumas, leukæmia
and lymphadenoma. Enlarged Paccinian bodies and adjacent lymph glands.
Symptoms: leukæmia, many eosinophile cells, abdominal enlargement, palpation,
icterus. Treatment: as for large animals.

A continuation of passive congestion from the causes enumerated

above, leads to permanent increase of the fibrous reticulum and
connective tissue and increase of the splenic pulp. Even the stimulus
of a rich and abundant alimentation increases the size of the whole
organ, the amount of pulp and the number and development of the
Paccinian bodies. Apart from disease the spleens of well fed cattle or
horses are always decidedly heavier than those of the starved or
debilitated. Of mechanical causes the most potent is cirrhosis of the
liver or some other obstacle to the free passage of blood through that
organ. The most common causes are, however, the continuous
operation of those specific poisons which determine the acute
hyperæmias.
 SPLENIC HYPERTROPHY IN HORSES.
Causes. It occurs as the result of mechanical obstruction of the
posterior vena cava as noticed by Varnell, from obstruction in the
splenic artery or veins by Ellenberger and Schütz, as the result of an
angioma by Martin, as the result of the morbid hyperplasias in
specific diseases—glanders, tuberculosis—taking place in the spleen
or lungs and thus directly or indirectly causing chronic congestion of
the spleen (Morot, Leisering, Nocard, Varnell) and again as the result
of innervation, in disease of the splenic plexus of nerves (Varnell).
Lesions. The increase in size may be enormous (42 lbs. (Bouret
and Druille), 92 lbs. (Cunningham), and over 100 lbs. (Girard)). The
consistency is varied. There may be such a redundancy of blood and
splenic pulp that the capsule is distended to its utmost or even
ruptured (Peuch). In other cases the splenic veins have given way
and the blood has poured out into the abdomen with fatal result
(Crafts, Cunningham, Reis). In other cases the spleen is enlarged,
unevenly swollen and indurated by the formation of angioma
(Jacob), lymphadenoma, glander or tuberculous nodules. In still
others the capsule and fibrous framework are greatly thickened and
the substance of the organ has assumed the consistency of the
hepatized lung (Rodet).
Symptoms. These are suggestive rather than diagnostic. Most
prominent is the condition of the blood with excess of leucocytes and
especially of the eosinophile cells. Weakness, emaciation, feebleness
of pulse, bloodlessness, bleeding from the nose or other natural
passages, are attendant symptoms. In cases of extreme hypertrophy
distension of the abdomen is marked and even the enlarged spleen
may be made out by palpation, there may be special tenderness and
dullness on percussion. Even partial sweats over the region of the
spleen (Cadeac), and stretching with the fore feet far in advance
(Welsby) have been noted as symptoms. In such conditions the
animal walks stiffly, groans in turning, or when suddenly started and
is with difficulty urged beyond a walk. There may be ascites, signs of
colic, or irregularity of the bowels. Rectal exploration may reveal the
hypertrophy.
Treatment is usually the treatment of the primary disease. In
glanders, tuberculosis, lymphadenoma, or leucocythemia there is
little to hope for. Nor is there much in hepatic cirrhosis, obstruction
of the vena cava or valvular disease of the heart. In simple
hypertrophy we may resort to quinia or other bitters, eucalyptus,
saline laxatives, exercise in the open air and sunshine, and local
currents of electricity.
 SPLENIC HYPERTROPHY IN RUMINANTS.
A moderate hypertrophy is the rule in the case of cattle which have
passed through the Southern cattle fever, but have continued to live
within the area of its prevalence. Gamgee’s observations in 1868
were very conclusive on this point. In over 1,000 western cattle the
average weight of the spleen was 1.45 ℔., in 441 Cherokee (Indian
Territory) cattle the average was 2.34 ℔s., and in 262 Texas cattle
the average was 2.66 ℔s. All these animals were killed for beef, in
what was considered to be perfect health. The difference relative to
the weight of the entire animal is even greater than is indicated
above, for at that date even more than at present, the Texas steer was
a small and thin animal in comparison with the portly western
bullock.
In lymphadenoma the organ may weigh 24 ℔s. (Tannenhauser);
in simple hypertrophy it has been found to weigh 37 ℔s. (Koch).
There was usually a marked increase in the size and number of the
Paccinian bodies, and hyperplasia of the fibrous reticulum, while the
pulp might be deficient and the cut surface rather dry. The adjacent
lymph glands are usually enlarged.
Symptoms. Unless in the case of excessive increase, no symptom is
usually observable, apart from leucocythæmia. With enormous
hypertrophy the enlarged organ may be recognized by palpation,
percussion, and perhaps rectal exploration.
Treatment is unsatisfactory apart from the control and arrest of
the primary diseases. For simple hypertrophy, bitters, laxatives and
electricity may be tried.
 SPLENIC HYPERTROPHY IN SWINE.

Causes. This disease appears to be rather frequent in pigs, in

connection with high feeding, and more particularly with
leucocythæmia and lymphadenoma. It is further a complication of
tuberculosis and of neoplasms located in the spleen, and of hepatic,
cardiac and pulmonary disorder.
Lesions. In leucocythæmia there is general enlargement of the
spleen, and especially of the Paccinian bodies which may attain the
size of a pea (Leisering, Fürstenberg, Bollinger, Siedamgrotzky, Röll,
Ellinger). The total weight of the organ may attain to 5 lbs.
(Mathieu), or 13 lbs. (Goubaux). In a remarkable case recorded by
Zell, the organ measured 30 inches in its longest circumference and
20 inches in its shortest. It had an enormous thickening of the
capsule and trabeculæ which enclosed softened contents in a state of
fatty degeneration.
Symptoms are wanting, as most of the observed cases were only
discovered after the animal had been killed for pork.
 SPLENIC HYPERTROPHY IN THE DOG.
This condition has been less frequently seen in dogs, the
recognizable causes having been traumatism (Notz), and
leucocythæmia (Zahn, Forestier, La Forgue, Nocard).
Lymphadenoma is another complication (Nocard, Leblanc,
Siedamgrotzky, Bruckmüller). The spleen has been found to weigh 2
lbs., (Bollinger, Siedamgrotzky). As in other animals the enlargement
of the Paccinian bodies has been a marked feature. In other cases the
splenic lymph glands are enlarged.
The symptoms are obscure as in other animals. Yet the presence of
white cell blood, with a predominance of eosinophile cells,
enlargement of the abdomen, and the detection of a large solid body
in the left hypochondrium which proves tender to the touch may
prove more satisfactory than in other animals. In certain cases it has
obstructed the biliary duct by pressure and entailed hepatic disorder
and jaundice.
The treatment would not differ from that of the larger animals.
Siedamgrotzky has also observed splenic hypertrophy in the cat in
connection with leucocythæmia.
 SPLENITIS. PERISPLENITIS.
Causes: extension from adjacent inflammations, penetrating bodies, contusions,
lacerations, infections, over exertion, cold, damp, over feeding. Symptoms: those of
primary disease, visible traumas, chill, fever, swelling, flatness of percussion
sound, absence of crepitation, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, diarrhœa.
Prognosis usually good. Treatment: castor oil, enemata, cold douche, electricity,
phlebotomy, in infective cases quinine, salol, salicylates, iodides.
No accurate border line can be drawn between splenic hyperæmia
and hypertrophy on the one hand and inflammation of the spleen on
the other. It is, however, not difficult to assign to inflammatory
action all cases that tend to suppuration and abscess. Also in
perisplenitis with adhesions to adjacent parts like the liver, stomach,
intestine, kidney or abdominal wall inflammation cannot be
doubted.
Causes. Extension from the disease of adjacent parts—
perihepatitis, perinephritis, peritonitis, enteritis—is a distinctly
appreciable cause, as are also penetration of the spleen by foreign
bodies, contusions, lacerations and infections of the organ. Cruzel,
who claims an extensive acquaintance with the disease in working
oxen, attributes many cases to violent exertions, overdriving, cold
and damp weather, and an overstimulating alimentation. As
inflammation may supervene on hyperæmia and hypertrophy we
must accept the various causes of these conditions as factors in
producing inflammation.
Symptoms. Most observations of inflammation of the spleen and
its results have been made only post mortem, so that we must allow
that the simple forms occur and undergo resolution without obvious
symptoms. In the perisplenitis supervening on another disease also
in infective cases there will be the antecedent symptoms of such
primary diseases. In those resulting from traumatic injury, bruises,
swellings or wounds, cutaneous or subcutaneous, there will often be
suggestive features. In the more purely idiopathic cases symptoms
are only shown when the lesions are extensive and acute. In oxen,
Cruzel has noted the initial chill, followed by disturbance of the
respiration, more or less hyperthermia, and a swelling of the left
flank and hypochondrium in the absence of tympany of the rumen.
The nature of this swelling is the most characteristic feature, as it
gives a flat instead of a drumlike sound on percussion, and does not
bulge outward and downward over the whole left side of the
abdomen, pit on pressure, nor crepitate uniformly all over from
fermentation, as in overloading of the stomach.
If abscess should form, chills and high febrile reaction are marked
symptoms. In vomiting animals, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, and even diarrhœa may appear.
Prognosis. Unless in extreme cases and those due to traumatism
or infection, the result of splenitis is usually favorable.
Treatment would consist in depletion from the portal system and
spleen by rectal injections, and laxatives which like castor oil, will
operate without extensive absorption. Cold water or ice applied to
the left flank and induction currents of electricity may also be
resorted to. General blood-letting is strongly advised by Cruzel, and
Friedberger and Fröhner. In infective cases quinia, salicylates, salol,
and the sulphites, or iodides would be indicated.
 HÆMORRHAGIC INFARCTION OF THE
SPLEEN.
In congestive conditions. Absence of free capillary anastomosis and contraction,
absence of valves in splenic veins. Embolism of splenic artery. Clots in pulp spaces.
Wedge shaped infarcts, first black, later yellow, later caseated, or cicatrized.
Abscess. Prognosis good in non-infective forms. Treatment as for hyperæmia, or
infection, or both.
This condition appears in hyperæmia, hypertrophy, splenitis, and
splenic infection and largely because the structure and circulation in
the organ conduce to such trouble. The splenic arteries terminate in
open vascular spaces filled with splenic pulp and where all trace of a
freely anastomosing capillary network is lost. The splenic veins in the
same manner originate from these open vascular spaces. There is,
therefore, an absence of the free communication of capillary
network, which virtually acts as a safety valve in other vascular
tissues, and the vascular cavities connected with each terminal artery
are independent of those belonging to another, and find no way of
ready relief when they become over distended, or when there occurs
obstruction (thrombosis) of their afferent or efferent vessels. From
blocking of arteries or veins there is at once produced a wedge
shaped area of stagnation which cannot be relieved through any
collateral circulation. Again the splenic veins, being destitute of
valves, offer no obstacle to the reflux of blood into such vascular
spaces whenever the further access of blood has been arrested by the
blocking of the artery. The blocking may occur in the afferent artery
through embolism by clots carried from the lungs or left heart, or
formed within the vessel by the colonization of microbes on its walls.
Even more likely is the formation of coagula in the vascular spaces
themselves as the result of the introduction of pus, or septicæmic
microbes, which are long detained and have ample time for
multiplication in these cavities. In either case the result is
obstruction to the sanguineous current, the filtering of blood
backward from the veins and the engorgement of the cavity with
blood. The plugs consist of fibrinous matter enclosing colonies of
micrococci, and the result is not only black infarction of the spleen,
but a subsequent general infection of the system at large.
The wedgeshaped infarcts are usually situated at the surface of the
organ, the base turned outward and forming a dark projection on the
surface, and the apex turned inward. The aggregation of two or three
in one group may considerably alter the outline. If recent they are of
a dark red color. Later from absorption of the coloring matter and
fatty degeneration of the mass they assume a pale yellow hue and the
swelling flattens or disappears. Later still through complete fatty
degeneration they may be transformed into caseated masses, or
through organization into fibrous tissue they may form thick white
cicatrices. If pus cocci are present suppuration and abscess may be
the outcome.
The simpler forms recover like cases of simple hyperæmia while
the severe infecting forms may become the point of departure for the
formation of multiple abscesses in other organs, and of more or less
fatal general infections.
These conditions can only be discovered post mortem, and any
symptoms directing attention to the spleen could only suggest such
treatment as would be indicated in hyperæmia. Any purulent or
septic disease which might coexist would of course serve to indicate a
germicide line of treatment.
 ABSCESS OF THE SPLEEN.
In Solipeds: in infectious diseases, pyæmia, embolism. Symptoms: of primary
disease or ill health. Involving other organs. In cattle: foreign bodies from
reticulum, distomata, embolism, microbes. Enlargement: involving other organs:
seen in left hypochondrium, fever, albuminuria. Treatment: aspiration, antiseptic
injections, internal antiseptics.
Soliped. Abscess of the spleen in this animal is unusual and has
only been discovered post mortem. It has been found as the result of
the local colonization of pyogenic microbes, in connection with
strangles, contagious pneumonia and other infectious diseases and
can then often be traced to an infected embolus in the splenic blood
vessels. The peculiar vascular structure of the spleen is very
conducive to abscess as it is to infarction, as has been already noticed
and hence this complication of a pre-existing infection in another
part is a natural pathological sequence. Symptoms are rather the
general ones of a rigor followed by hyperthermia than any diagnostic
ones of splenic disease. Bourges found a splenic abscess in a
cachectic, melanic mule but no definite splenic symptom was
observed even on rectal examination. Nottel found an abscess as
large as an infant’s head, in the base of the spleen, closely adherent
by its sac to the left kidney and containing a floating mass of splenic
tissue as large as the closed fist. Rutherford found a neoplasm
connecting the great curvature of the stomach, to the diaphragm, and
hollowed out into a series of pus cavities. Fetzner and Cadeac report
cases of extensive abscesses in the head of the spleen and intimately
connected to both stomach and diaphragm. Hahn found abscesses in
connection with the penetration of the spleen by foreign bodies. In
other cases the substance of the spleen was studded with abscesses
varying in size from a pea upward and containing necrotic tissue or
adjoining such dead tissue.
Ruminants. In cattle the penetration of the spleen by sharp
pointed bodies coming from the reticulum appears to be the most
common cause of abscess. Other cases depend on the penetration of
distomata carrying the pyogenic microbes, and still others are due, as
in the horse, to local infection with embolism. External traumatisms
are unusual causes. There is usually considerable enlargement of the
spleen as a whole, rounded swellings indicating the seat of the
abscess, and adhesions to surrounding parts, such as the rumen, the
left kidney or the diaphragm. When the abscess is chronic, there is
emaciation, unusual flatness on percussion of the left
hypochondrium, and, at times, of the flank, swelling and tenderness
of the flank, above all, according to Imminger, a persistent elevation
of temperature (104° to 106° F.), which is not lowered by
antithermics, and albuminuria. In cattle it is sometimes possible to
diagnose the disease, and if the abscess can be definitely located,
aspiration and antiseptic injections into the sac would be indicated,
conjoined with calcium sulphide, or sodium sulphite internally.
 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE SPLEEN.
In horse: body from intestine. In ruminants bodies from reticulum. Laparotomy.
One such case in the Horse is reported by Hahn. A mare had loss
of appetite, slight colics, frequent efforts to urinate, dullness,
prostration, profuse perspirations, and tremors of the muscular walls
of the abdomen. Rectal examination detected a staff-shaped body
extended from behind forward in the direction of the stomach. The
mare survived twenty days, when it was carried off by a more violent
access of colic. At the necropsy, the spleen was found to measure 28
inches by 8; its base was adherent to a loop of intestine, and
presented a large cavity filled with a grayish brown fœtid liquid, and
a piece of oak measuring 17 inches by ½ inch.
Ruminants. In cattle and especially in those that are stabled,
needles, pins, nails, wires and other sharp pointed bodies, that have
been swallowed with the food, and have become entangled in the
reticulated walls of the second stomach, have been found to
penetrate the spleen and determine local abscess and fistulæ. The
offending body in such cases is found in the interior of the abscess or
in its walls. If such cases can be diagnosed the superficial position of
the spleen would seem to warrant surgical interference for the
removal of the foreign body.
 RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN.
Solipeds: Causes: Blows, kicks, goring, leukæmia, compression of splenic or
gastric veins, anthrax infection. Lesions: Blood may escape into peritoneum or
remain confined under serosa. Splenic degeneration or pulpy condition. Fractured
ribs, ecchymosis, surface swellings. Spontaneous arrest. Symptoms: Of internal
hemorrhage. Vomiting. Trembling. Vertigo. Coma. Treatment: Rest, quiet, locally
ice, snow, cold, internally iron chloride, matico, astringents, anodynes. Cattle:
Blows, crowding, leukæmia, youth, anthrax, Texas fever, microbes. Symptoms:
Persistent lying down, advancing bloodlessness, surface coldness, stiffness, local
tenderness, fluctuation. Treatment as in horse.
Horse. This is not a frequent lesion in solipeds, yet the number of
cicatrices of the spleen which are found post mortem in old horses
would indicate a considerable number of slight and non-fatal cases.
The most common cause appears to be external violence and
especially kicks or blows with horns on the left hypochondriac
region. Horses running at large in pastures, or in yards, or standing
side by side in short stalls or tied with too long halters are the usual
victims. Cadeac refers to cases reported by Tausch, Millot, Berndt,
Humbert and Pont, and one case occurring in a three year old colt
came under the notice of the author. The subject stood in a stall to
the right of an irritable mare, and though the kick left no noticeable
skin lesion the colt died in three hours with symptoms of internal
hemorrhage. At the necropsy a laceration of the spleen of about five
inches long was disclosed, and a large quantity of blood had
accumulated in the peritoneum.
Brandis mentions a case consequent on a violent fall on the left
hypochondrium.
In other cases pre-existing disease of the spleen or its blood-
vessels have proved active factors. In the friable degenerated spleen
of leucocythæmia multiple small lacerations have been found (Peuch,
Laulanie); in engorgement of the spleen consequent on thrombosis
of the splenic vein (Wiart); in chronic indigestion with habitually
loaded stomach compressing the gastric and hepatic arteries and
determining a reflux of blood through the cæliac axis into the spleen
(Mongin).
 Finally, though less frequently than in the ox, the engorgement of
the spleen with blood in cases of anthrax may be a cause of rupture.
Lesions. The rupture may be on any part of the spleen and it may
be complete or incomplete; in the latter event the capsule may have
ruptured while the more elastic peritoneal covering has remained
intact enclosing a coagulum of variable size bulging above the level of
the spleen. When the peritoneal coat has given way, its laceration is
usually smaller than that in the spleen and its proper envelope. Any
degeneration of the spleen will affect the appearance of the lesion. In
one case caused by external violence the adjacent portions of the
spleen were reduced to a soft pulp. In such a case there is a slow but
continuous flow of blood in a small stream which may, however,
prove fatal (Humbert and Pont).
Again in cases caused by external violence there may be fractures
of the ribs, ecchymosis, local swellings or even wounds of the skin,
but all these may be absent. The blood effused into the peritoneum is
usually clotted. If the effusion has taken place slowly it is more or
less coagulated around the edges of the wound or even in its depth
and in this way the hemorrhage may be arrested. When the
peritoneum is still intact the pressure of the clot beneath it has
served to arrest the flow. In such cases the clot may be in part
liquefied and absorbed and in part organized into fibrous tissue,
constituting the cicatrices of the spleen found in old horses.
Symptoms appear to have been varied. Colicy pains are generally
noted. Tausch has observed vomiting, Millot vertigo, and Wiart coma
and trembling. In the author’s case the animal was found down,
unable to rise, almost unconscious, pulseless, with great pallor of the
visible mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and cold extremities. A
diagnosis was made of internal hemorrhage, but its actual seat was
only revealed post mortem.
Treatment. The early mortality usually forbids treatment. When
opportunity is furnished keep the animal absolutely still and quiet,
apply snow, ice or other refrigerant to the left hypochondrium, give
internally tincture of muriate of iron, matico, or other astringent,
and relieve any severe suffering by anodynes (hyoscyamus,
belladonna, opium). External wounds may be treated antiseptically.
Cattle. The causes of laceration and hemorrhage of the spleen are
similar to those acting in the horse. Blows with the horns on the left