Ch. 01 - Introduction and Mathematical Concepts

Cutnell & Johnson - 12th edition - Physics
Ch. 01 - Introduction and Mathematical Concepts
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CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO UNITS AND THE S.I. SYSTEM
● Physics = study of natural phenomena, which includes lots of measurements & equations! Physics = Math + Rules
- In nature, we measure physical quantities (mass, length…), which must have ______________ & ___________
(Example: You measure the mass of a box)
__________ ______________
[Number] [Unit]
● For physics equations to work, ALL units in it must be _______________ with each other.
- Groups of compatible units that “work together” form a ____________ of units.
- In Physics, always use S.I. units ( Système International )
Quantity S.I. Imperial Force = Mass × Acceleration

MASS Kilogram [ ] Pound [ lb ] 𝑭 = 𝒎 × 𝒂
LENGTH Meter [ ] Foot [ ft ]
TIME Second [ ] Second [ s ] [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ]
FORCE Newton [ ] Foot-pound [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ]
Page 1
CONCEPT: METRIC PREFIXES

[Base Unit] [Prefixes]
● A metric prefix is a letter or symbol that goes before a base unit: m, g, s → km, ,mg, 𝝁s,
- Each letter / prefix stands for a specific power of 10 multiplied by the base unit.
Example: 5 km = _______________ m = __________ m
4.6 ms = _______________ s = __________ s
Bigger Units
● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●
𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟗
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- [Base Unit] deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico-
(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)
Smaller Units
EXAMPLE: Express the following measurements using the desired prefix.

STEPS
a) 6.5 hm to m 1) Identify starting & target prefixes
2) Move from start → target,
count # of exponents moved
3) Shift decimal place in the same
direction moved in Step 2
b) 3.89 mm to m
c) 7.62 kg to 𝜇g
● When re-writing numbers with metric prefixes,

- Shifting from a bigger to smaller unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ]
- Shifting from a smaller to bigger unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ]
Page 2
PRACTICE: The earth’s circumference is approximately 40.1 Mm (megameters). What is this circumference in kilometers?
A) 0.0401 km
B) 40,100,000 km
C) 40,100 km
D) 0.00401 km
● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)
PRACTICE: Astronomers often detect radio waves with wavelengths of 3,000,000,000 nm. What is this wavelength
expressed in decameters (dam)?
A) 3 dam
B) 0.3 dam
C) 30 dam
D) 0.03 dam
● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)
Page 3
CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
● We use Scientific Notation to ________________ very LONG, inconvenient numbers into SHORTER ones.
General Format for Scientific Notation

Mass of Earth = 5,972,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg
𝐀. 𝐁𝐂 × 𝟏𝟎𝐃
= _________________
[ # ≥ ___ but < ___ ] [ _________ ]
STANDARD FORM → SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Standard Form → Scientific Notation

1) Move decimal to get # ≥ 1 but < 10
a) 304,605.27 kg
2) Round long numbers with many non-zero
numbers to 2 decimal places
3) # of decimal places moved = Exponent
- If original number > 10, exponent is +
b) 0.000102 m - If original number < 1, exponent is –
c) 7 s
Standard Form
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION → STANDARD FORM
→ Scientific Scientific Notation → Standard Form
Notation 1) Exponent = # of decimal places moved
a)1)5.45×10 8 kg
Move decimal to - If exponent is +, number becomes larger
get # ≥ 1 but < 10 - If exponent is –, number becomes smaller
2) Round to 2 places,
if needed
b)3)9.62×10
# of decimals places
-5
moved = Exponent
- If original number
> 10, exponent is +
- If original number
a) 5.45×10
< 1, 2 kg
exponent is –
a) 304,605.27 kg
b) 9.62×10-5 s
b) 0.000102 m
c) 38,900 s Page 4
PRACTICE: Rewrite 0.00016 kg in scientific notation.

A) 1.6×10-4 kg
B) 16×10-3 kg
C) 1.6×104 kg
D) 1.6×10-3 kg
PRACTICE: Rewrite 299,800,000 m/s in scientific notation.

A) 2.998×105 m/s
B) 3.00×108 m/s
C) 3.00×105 m/s
D) 2.998×10-8 m/s
EXAMPLE: Express 0.0000529 × 10−6 m in scientific notation.
Page 5
PRACTICE: Rewrite 3.41 × 10−4 in standard form:

A) 0.000341
B) 34,100
C) 0.0000341
D) 3,410
PRACTICE: Rewrite 9.98 × 107 in standard form.
A) 0.000000998
B) 0.0000000998
C) 9,980,000,000
D) 99,800,000
Page 6
CONCEPT: UNIT CONVERSIONS
● You’ll often see non-S.I. units in problems, so you MUST ______________ them to S.I. units before using equations!
EXAMPLE: Convert 22 lbs into kg.

Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios
_____ [ ] MASS
ቁ = _____ [ ] 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
×ቀ ቁ×ቀ
LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

(____________) (_______________________) (__________)
STEPS FOR CONVERTING UNITS

1) Write Given, Target units
2) Write Conversion Factors / Ratios as _____________
- Write fractions to cancel out _____ units with _________ units
3) Multiply all #s on top, all #s on bottom, and solve
EXAMPLE: Convert the following measurements to the desired units.
a) 67.5 mi/hr to m/s
_____ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]
b) 100 ft2 to m2
_____ [ ]
×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]
● When converting units with exponents, multiply conversion factors as many times as the # in the exponent.
Page 7
PRACTICE: Convert 850 ft to km.

A) 259 km MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
B) 0.259 km
C) 2.79 × 106 km
D) 2.79 km VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt
PRACTICE: The speed of light is approximately 3.00×108 m/s. Convert this speed to yards/week (yd/wk).
A) 1.84×1013 yd/wk Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios

B) 1.98×1014 yd/wk
MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
C) 1.78×1015 yd/wk
D) 1.8×107 yd/wk LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
Page 8
PRACTICE: How many gallons are in 1 cubic meter (m3)?

MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
Page 9
PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA 4𝑥 + 6 − 3(𝑥 + 2)
Simplifying Expressions
Simpli>es to
● Write long algebraic expressions in a simpler way by reducing the # of terms.
EXAMPLE: Simplify the algebraic expression.
2𝑥 + 3 + 4(𝑥 + 2) SIMPLIFYING ALG. EXPRESSIONS
1) Distribute constants/variables into parentheses (if any)

2) Group like terms by writing them next to each other
3) Combine like terms by adding/subtracting
Exponents in Expressions
● Exponents represent repeated multiplication. General Form of Exponents
4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 4" 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 = 𝑎!
“4 to the 5th power”
5 times ___ 𝑛 times
▪ Base: Number and/or variable being multiplied

▪ Exponent or Power: How many times the base is multiplied
EXPONENT RULES
Name Example Rule Description
Product
4! × 4" = 4 =4 𝑎# × 𝑎$ = 𝑎#%$ Multiply same bases ⇒ ADD exponents
Rule
Quotient %! &#
=4 =4 = 𝑎#&$ Divide same bases ⇒ SUBTRACT exponents
Rule %" &$
Zero Exp. 4!
= 4" = 1 𝑎" = 1 ANYTHING to zero exp. = 1
Rule 4!
Neg. Exp. 4# %!
1 ' ' Neg exp in top → flip to BOTTOM with pos exp
= 4 = 𝑎%& = OR '$ = 𝑎&
Rule 4$ 4! & $ & Neg exp in bottom → flip to TOP with pos exp
Power Power to another power → MULTIPLY exponents
Rule
(4( )) = 4 =4 (𝑎# )$ = 𝑎#⋅$
Power
of a (3 ⋅ 4)( (𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃)# = 𝒂# ⋅ 𝒃# Distribute exponent to each term in parentheses
Product
Power
12 ( 𝒂 - 𝒂#
of a ( + " # = 𝒃# Distribute exponent to numerator & denominator
Quotient 4 𝒃
Page 10

ALGEBRA
Solving Equations
● Use different operations (+, −, ×, ÷) to __________ 𝒙.
▪ ALWAYS do operations to _______ sides of the equation.
EXAMPLE: Solve the equation. SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Simplifying 1) Distribute constants
*
2(𝑥 − 3) = 0 +
𝑥 + 5 = −3 Algebraic 2) Combine like terms
Expressions 3) Group terms w/ 𝒙 & constants on opposite sides
4) Isolate / solve for 𝒙
5) Check solution by replacing 𝒙 in original equation
Graphing
● Graphing in this course will usually involve plotting points/equations on the 2D/rectangular coordinate system.
GRAPHING EQ’NS BY PLOTTING POINTS

1) Isolate 𝒚 to left side: 𝒚 = …
2) Calculate 𝑦-values from 3-5 chosen 𝒙-values
3) Plot (𝑥, 𝑦) points from Step 2
4) Connect points with line/curve
𝒚
EXAMPLE: Graph 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 by plotting points. 5
4
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒚 Ordered Pair
3
0 (0)( − 3(0) + 2 2 ( , )
2
1 (1)( − 3(1) + 2 0 ( , )
1
2 (2)( − 3(2) + 2 0 ( , ) 𝒙
(3)(
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
3 − 3(3) + 2 2 ( , ) -1
4 (4)( − 3(4) + 2 6 ( , ) -2
-3
-4
-5
Page 11

ALGEBRA
Systems of Equations – Solving
● When you have multiple equations, Tnd solution(s) that work for both by substituting one into the other.
EXAMPLE: Find (𝑥, 𝑦) solutions that satisfy both equations. SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQ’NS BY SUBSTITUTING
1) Solve one EQ’n (A) for 𝒚 (or var easiest to solve for).
(A) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 6 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 (B)
2) Plug the right side of EQ’n (A) in for 𝒚 in EQ’n (B).
3) Solve the resulting EQ’n from 2) for 𝒙 (or other var.)
This is the ____ – value
4) Plug in 𝒙 – value from 3) into EQ’n (A) & solve for 𝒚.
This is the ____ – value
Page 12

ALGEBRA
Slopes of Lines
● Slope: A number representing how _________ a line is; how much 𝒚 changes divided by how much 𝒙 changes.
𝒚
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 7𝒚𝟏 𝚫𝒚
𝒎= = = Δ = “change in” 5
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 7𝒙𝟏 𝚫𝒙 Δ𝒙 = ___
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) & (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) are 2 points 4

Δ𝒚 = ___ (𝑥( , 𝑦( )
3 (2,4)
EXAMPLE: Find the slopes of Line A and Line B in the graph.
2
Line A Line B (𝑥* , 𝑦* )
(1,2)
𝚫𝒚 = _______ 𝚫𝒚 = _______ 1
𝚫𝒙 = _______ 𝚫𝒙 = _______ 𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
𝒎= = 𝒎= = Line A
-1
Line B
Graphing Linear Equations

● A line equation in Slope-Intercept form tells you everything you need to graph it! 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
(Slope – Intercept Form)
EXAMPLE: For the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝒚
(𝑩) Identify the 𝒚 – intercept & slope 5

4
𝑏 = _____
3
𝑚 = _____ 2
(𝑪) Graph the equation. 1
𝒙
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Graphing Lines From Equations
-2
1) Plot 𝒚 – intercept (0, 𝑏)
-3
2) Plot next point using slope
3) Connect points with a line
-4
-5
Page 13

ALGEBRA
Quadratic Equations – Solving
● Here are the two most common methods to solve quadratic equations in Physics:
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

𝑎𝑥 9 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(Standard Form)
SQ. ROOT PROPERTY QUADRATIC FORMULA
● (𝑥 + #)! = [𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭] OR ● Can’t easily factor
USE IF
● No middle term (𝑏 = 0) ● Unsure what method to use
1) Isolate squared expression 1) Write eq’n in standard form

2) Take + & – square root 2) Plug 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in quad. form
STEPS
3) Solve for 𝒙 −𝑏 ± √𝑏( − 4𝑎𝑐

𝑥=
4) (Optional) Check solutions 2𝑎
3) Compute & simplify solutions
(𝑥 + 1)( = 4 𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
EXAMPLE
Quadratic Equations – Graphing

● In physics, you’ll identify key info from the graphs of quadratic equations.
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)9 + 𝑘
(Vertex Form) 𝒚
𝒚 = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒 5
1) Vertex (ℎ, 𝑘): _______ [ MIN | MAX ] 4
TO GRAPH
2) x-int(s)→ Solve 𝑦 = 0: __________

3
3) y-int → Set 𝑥 = 0: _________
4) Connect with smooth curve 2
Increasing when 𝑥 ______ 1

FROM GRAPH
Decreasing when 𝑥 _______ 𝒙

-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Page 14

ALGEBRA
Proportional Reasoning
● Many questions in physics will ask how a variable changes when another variable in the equation changes.
▪ Proportional Reasoning: Analyzing how one quantity increases or decreases with another
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL JOINTLY PROPORTIONAL
!
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑦= 𝐹 =𝑚⋅𝑎
"
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑚 𝑎 𝐹
2 5 5 2
1 4 4 1
0 3 3 0
−1 2 2 −1
−2 1 1 −2
As 𝑥 ↑, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑥 ↑, 𝑦___ As 𝑚 ↑ & 𝑎 ↑, 𝐹 ___
As 𝑥 ↓, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑥 ↓, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑚 ↓ & 𝑎 ↓, 𝐹 ___
For constant 𝐹, 𝑚 ↑ & 𝑎 ↓

For constant 𝐹, 𝑚 ↓ & 𝑎 ↑
𝑚 𝑎 𝐹
1 20 20
2 10 20
4 5 20
Page 15

TRIGONOMETRY
● The functions Sine, Cosine, and Tangent relate angles & sides of a right triangle.
SINE (S.O.H.) COSINE (C.A.H.) TANGENT (T.O.A.)
5 5 5
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒
o𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3 𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3 𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
h𝑦 h𝑦 h𝑦
𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
4 4 4
sin (𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = tan (𝜃) =
EFF NOP
sin (𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = EFF
GHF GHF tan (𝜃) =
NOP
𝑜𝑝𝑝 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ⋅ sin (𝜃) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ⋅ cos (𝜃)
● Other helpful formulas:
VWX (Y)
𝑎( + 𝑏( = 𝑐 ( sin( (𝜃) + cos ( (𝜃) = 1 tan (𝜃) =
Z[V(Y)
(Pythagorean Theorem)
Page 16

CALCULUS
𝒚𝟐 %𝒚𝟏
Derivatives 𝑚=
𝒙𝟐 %𝒙𝟏
● Derivative of a function = Instantaneous rate of change (Slope)

▪ Graphically represents the slope of a tangent line at a certain point (tangent lines touch the graph only once).
𝒚
5
4
3
2
1
𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Common Derivatives
● To determine the exact derivative from a given equation or function, use the following rules:
FUNCTION 𝒇(𝒙) DERIVATIVE 𝒇′(𝒙) EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 (constant) 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑐
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (
& &%*
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ( + 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑔/ (𝑥) + ℎ′(𝑥)
𝑓’(𝑥) =
Page 17

CALCULUS
Integrals
● Graphically, the integral of a function is the area under the curve.

▪ You can approximate integrals by adding the areas of many rectangles under the curve.
𝒚
5
4
3
2
1
𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Rules for Integrals 2

∫3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
● Mathematically, integrals are the reverse of derivatives.
(De2nite Integral)
▪ To determine exact integrals equations/functions, use the following rules:
FUNCTION 𝒇(𝒙) INTEGRAL 𝑭(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) EXAMPLE
)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 (constant) 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫* 3 =
)
∫* 𝑥 ( =
_ !"#
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 & 𝐹(𝑥) = +𝐶
`ab
)
∫* −2𝑥 =
_ !"#
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 & 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⋅ +𝐶
`ab
)
∫* 𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐻(𝑥) + 𝐶
Page 18
CONCEPT: REVIEW OF VECTORS AND SCALARS

● Remember: When you take measurements, you always get the size (Magnitude, how much).
- Measurements with direction → [ Vectors | Scalars ]; without direction → [ Vectors | Scalars ]
Measurement Quantity Magnitude? Direction? Vector/Scalar

“It’s 60°F outside” Temperature [ Vector | Scalar ]
“I pushed with 100N north” Force [ Vector | Scalar ]
“I walked for 10 m” Distance [ Vector | Scalar ]
“I walked 10 m east” Displacement [ Vector | Scalar ]
“I drove at 80 mph” Speed [ Vector | Scalar ]
“I drove 80mph west” Velocity [ Vector | Scalar ]
Page 19
CONCEPT: ADDING VECTORS GRAPHICALLY

● Vectors are drawn as arrows and are added by ______________ the arrows (tip-to-tail).
ADDING PERPENDICULAR ADDING ANY

VECTORS VECTORS
⃗ +𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ + 𝑨
𝑩 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑩
⃗
4m ⇔
3m ⃗
𝑨
Resultant Vector: Resultant Vector: Resultant Vector:

(Total Displacement) (Total Displacement) (Total Displacement)
____________ ____________ ____________
⃗ or 𝑹
● The RESULTANT vector (𝑪 ⃗⃗ ) is always the SHORTEST PATH from the start of the first vector → end of the last.
- Adding vectors does NOT depend on the order (commutative), so ⃗𝑨 + ⃗𝑩

⃗ = ⃗𝑩
⃗ + ⃗𝑨.
EXAMPLE: Find the magnitude of the Resultant Vector ⃗𝑪 = ⃗𝑨 + ⃗𝑩

⃗.
𝒚
⃗𝑨
⃗
⃗⃗
𝑩
Page 20
PRACTICE: A delivery truck travels 8 miles in the +x-direction, 5 miles in the +y-direction, and 4 miles again in the
+x-direction. What is the magnitude (in miles) of its final displacement from the origin?
Page 21
EXAMPLE: Find the magnitude of the Resultant Vector ⃗𝑫

⃗ = ⃗𝑨 + ⃗𝑩
⃗ + ⃗𝑪.
𝒚
⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗𝑨
⃗
−𝒙 𝒙
⃗
𝑪
−𝒚
Page 22
CONCEPT: SUBTRACTING VECTORS GRAPHICALLY

● Subtracting vectors is exactly like adding vectors tip-to-tail, but one (or more) of the vectors gets _______________.
ADDING VECTORS SUBTRACTING VECTORS

⃗𝑨 − ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗𝑩
⃗ − ⃗𝑨
⃗ +𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ + 𝑨
𝑩 ⃗
𝒚 𝒚
𝒚 𝒚
⃗
𝑨
⃗𝑩
⃗ ⇔ ⃗𝑩
⃗
𝒙 𝒙
⃗𝑨
⃗
𝒙 𝒙
Resultant → shortest path: Resultant → shortest path: Resultant → shortest path:
(Total Displacement) (Total Displacement) (Total Displacement)
_______________ _______________ _______________
● “Negative” vector: SAME magnitude, ____________ direction

● When adding, order [ DOES | DOES NOT ] matter ● When subtracting, order [ DOES | DOES NOT ] matter
⃗ =𝑨
EXAMPLE: Find the magnitude of the Resultant Vector 𝑪 ⃗ −𝑩
⃗⃗ .
𝒚
⃗𝑩
⃗
⃗𝑨
Page 23
PRACTICE: Find the magnitude of the Resultant Vector ⃗𝑫

⃗ = ⃗𝑪 − ⃗𝑩
⃗ − ⃗𝑨.
𝒚
⃗
𝑪
⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗𝑨
⃗
−𝒙 𝒙
−𝒚
Page 24
CONCEPT: ADDING MULTIPLES OF VECTORS

● When you multiply a vector by a number (𝐴 → 2𝐴), the magnitude (length) changes but NOT the direction.
ADDING VECTORS ADDING MULTIPLES OF VECTORS
𝒚 ⃗ +𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ 𝒚 ⃗ + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑩
𝟐𝑨 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑩
⃗
⃗𝑨
⃗
𝒙 𝒙
Resultant Vector → Shortest Path: Resultant Vector → Shortest Path:

(Total Displacement) (Total Displacement)
_______________ _______________
● Multiplying by > 1 [ increases | decreases ] magnitude/length

● Multiplying by < 1 [ increases | decreases ] magnitude/length
⃗ = 𝟑𝑨
EXAMPLE: Find the magnitude of the Resultant Vector 𝑪 ⃗ − 𝟐𝑩
⃗⃗ .
𝒚
⃗𝑨
⃗ ⃗𝑩
⃗
Page 25
CONCEPT: VECTOR COMPOSITION AND DECOMPOSITION

● You’ll need to do vector math without using grids/ squares.
- Vectors have magnitude (length), direction (angle 𝜽𝒙 ), and components (legs).
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 𝒙
VECTOR COMPOSITION VECTOR DECOMPOSITION

1D Components → 2D Vector (Magnitude & Direction) 2D Vector (Magnitude & Direction) → 1D Components
+𝒚 +𝒚
4
θx=53°
+𝒙 +𝒙
3
⃗⃗
● Components 𝑨𝒙 & 𝑨𝒚 combine → magnitude 𝑨 ⃗ →components 𝐴𝑥 & 𝐴𝑦 .
● Use SOH-CAH-TOA to decompose 𝑨
- Points in direction 𝜽𝒙 - Angle 𝜽𝒙 must be drawn to nearest ________
VECTOR COMPOSITION VECTOR DECOMPOSITION
𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = __________
𝑨𝒚 = __________
𝜽𝒙 = ____________
EXAMPLE: For each of the following, draw the vector and solve for the missing variable(s).
a) Ax = 8m, Ay = 6m, 𝑨 = ? θx = ? b) B = 13m, θx = 67.4°, Bx = ? By = ?
Page 26
EXAMPLE: A vector A has y-component of 12 m makes an angle of 67.4° with the positive x-axis. (a) Find the magnitude of
A. (b) Find the x-component of the vector.
Vector Vector
Composition Decomposition
(Components→Vector) (Vector→Components)
𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝑿 )

𝒚 𝑨 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝑿 )
𝜽𝑿 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝑨𝒙
Page 27
CONCEPT: VECTOR ADDITION BY COMPONENTS

● You’ll need to add vectors together and calculate the magnitude & direction of the resultant without counting squares.
EXAMPLE: You walk 5m at 53° above the +x-axis, then 8m at 30° above the +x-axis. Calculate the magnitude & direction
of your total displacement.
ADDING VECTORS GRAPHICALLY ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS

(WITH SQUARES) (WITHOUT SQUARES)
+𝒚 +𝒚 VECTOR ADDITION
1) Draw & connect vectors tip-to-tail
2) Draw Resultant & components
3) Calculate ALL X&Y components
⃗𝑩
⃗ 4) Combine X & Y components
according to R equation
5) Calculate R and 𝜃𝑅
⃗⃗
𝑨
Vector Vector
+𝒙 +𝒙 Composition Decomposition
𝑹 = √𝑹𝒙𝟐 + 𝑹𝒚𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝑿 )

x y 𝑹 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝑿 )
𝒚
𝜽𝑿 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝑹𝒙
⃗𝑨
⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗⃗ = ______
𝑹
Page 28
EXAMPLE: Vector ⃗𝑨 ⃗ has a magnitude of 10m at a direction 40° above the +x-axis. ⃗𝑩
⃗ has magnitude 3 at a direction 20°
above the x-axis. Calculate the magnitude and direction of ⃗𝑹
⃗ = ⃗𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩
⃗⃗ .
𝒚 VECTOR ADDITION
1) Draw & connect vectors tip-to-tail
2) Draw Resultant & components
3) Calculate ALL X&Y components
4) Combine X & Y components
according to R equation
5) Calculate R and 𝜃𝑅
Vector Vector
𝒙 Composition Decomposition
𝑹 = √𝑹𝒙𝟐 + 𝑹𝒚𝟐 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝑿 )

𝒚 𝑹 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝑿 )
𝜽𝑿 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝑹𝒙
Page 29

Ch. 01 - Introduction and Mathematical Concepts

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Ch. 01 - Introduction and Mathematical Concepts

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Cutnell & Johnson - 12th edition - Physics

Ch. 01 - Introduction and Mathematical Concepts

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO UNITS AND THE S.I. SYSTEM

Quantity S.I. Imperial Force = Mass × Acceleration

CONCEPT: METRIC PREFIXES

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

EXAMPLE: Express the following measurements using the desired prefix.

● When re-writing numbers with metric prefixes,

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

General Format for Scientific Notation

STANDARD FORM → SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Standard Form → Scientific Notation

PRACTICE: Rewrite 0.00016 kg in scientific notation.

PRACTICE: Rewrite 299,800,000 m/s in scientific notation.

EXAMPLE: Express 0.0000529 × 10−6 m in scientific notation.

PRACTICE: Rewrite 3.41 × 10−4 in standard form:

PRACTICE: Rewrite 9.98 × 107 in standard form.

CONCEPT: UNIT CONVERSIONS

EXAMPLE: Convert 22 lbs into kg.

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

STEPS FOR CONVERTING UNITS

EXAMPLE: Convert the following measurements to the desired units.

a) 67.5 mi/hr to m/s

_____ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]

PRACTICE: Convert 850 ft to km.

A) 1.84×1013 yd/wk Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

PRACTICE: How many gallons are in 1 cubic meter (m3)?

Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios

LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

EXAMPLE: Simplify the algebraic expression.

2𝑥 + 3 + 4(𝑥 + 2) SIMPLIFYING ALG. EXPRESSIONS

1) Distribute constants/variables into parentheses (if any)

▪ Base: Number and/or variable being multiplied

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

EXAMPLE: Solve the equation. SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

GRAPHING EQ’NS BY PLOTTING POINTS

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) & (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) are 2 points 4

Graphing Linear Equations

EXAMPLE: For the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝒚

(𝑩) Identify the 𝒚 – intercept & slope 5

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

● No middle term (𝑏 = 0) ● Unsure what method to use

1) Isolate squared expression 1) Write eq’n in standard form

3) Solve for 𝒙 −𝑏 ± √𝑏( − 4𝑎𝑐

Quadratic Equations – Graphing

2) x-int(s)→ Solve 𝑦 = 0: __________

Increasing when 𝑥 ______ 1

Decreasing when 𝑥 _______ 𝒙

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL JOINTLY PROPORTIONAL

For constant 𝐹, 𝑚 ↑ & 𝑎 ↓

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

SINE (S.O.H.) COSINE (C.A.H.) TANGENT (T.O.A.)

sin (𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = tan (𝜃) =

● Other helpful formulas:

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

_ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _ [ ]