INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNICAL

STUDIES
Subject Name:Fluid Mechanics - II (GPME2002)

Student name as per last qualifying mark

sheet Lunawadi Husain Kusai
Enrolment Number IIMTS/IND/PGPCE/LHK1225362/09B22
Professional Graduate Programme In Civil
Course Name Engineering
Semester Applied For Third
Subject Name Fluid Mechanics - II
Subject Code GPCE4101
Examination Start Date 17/06/2023
Answer sheet Submission Date

Guidelines for Students: -

 Please ensure to solve all the questions in series
 Please do not copy paste answers as Plagiarism report will be generated by faculty and marks will be
deducted accordingly
 Please write proper descriptive answers keeping into account the marks weightage
 Please highlight more relevant case studies and practice examples
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will not be allowed
 In case of hand written answer sheet submission, please be assured of sober writing and cleanliness
of answer sheet
 In case of numerical and diagrammatical representation please be up to the mark

Total Marks-100

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 (PART – A)
 Answer the following questions in short (each carries 2 marks) (20 marks)

1. What do you mean by viscous flow?

Ans : Viscous flows occur when the effects of fluid viscosity are balanced by those arising from fluid inertia, body
forces, and/or pressure gradients. In such flows, scaling analyses do not allow a priori neglect of any terms in the
equations of fluid motion.

2. What is loss of head due to friction?

Ans : The head loss is a measure of the reduction in the total head of the fluid as it moves through a pipeline.
Head loss along the pipe wall is called friction loss or head loss due to the friction.

3. Define total energy line.

Ans : It is the line joining the points representing the value of the total head (pressure head + velocity head +
elevation head) at the various cross-section of pipe in a pipe flow. This line always goes down in the direction of
flow until and unless energy supplied externally.

4. What are the various minor losses?

Ans : Minor losses occurred in the flow through pipes consisting of loss due to sudden contraction, loss due to
sudden expansion, entrance loss, exit loss, etc. these losses have less contribution to the total loss occurred in the
flow.

5. Define hydraulic gradient line.

Ans : a line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline
in which water flows under pressure.

6. Define the major energy loss and minor energy loss.

Ans : Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the medium
and roughness of the pipe wall. Minor losses, on the other hand, are due to pipe fittings, changes in the flow
direction, and changes in the flow area.

7. What is water hammer in pipes?

Ans : Water hammering is a pressure surge caused by a rapid change in flow velocity in the pipeline. This
phenomenon is referred to as "water hammering" because the pressure surges are frequently accompanied by a
noise that sounds as if the pipeline were being pounded with a hammer.

8.Write down the examples of laminar flow/viscous flow.

Ans :

Example 1 :An everyday example is the slow, smooth and optically transparent flow of shallow water over a smooth
barrier.

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 Example 2 : When water leaves a tap with little force, it first exhibits laminar flow, but as acceleration by the force of
gravity immediately sets in, the Reynolds number of the flow increases with speed, and the laminar flow can
transition to turbulent flow. Optical transparency is then reduced or lost entirely.

9.Write the Darcy –Weisbach formula.

Ans : It is an empirical equation in fluid mechanics named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. The Darcy
Weisbach Equation relates the loss of pressure or head loss due to friction along the given length of pipe to the
average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid.

hf = f (L/D) x (v 2 /2g)
where: hf = head loss (m) f = friction factor L = length of pipe work (m) d = inner diameter of pipe work (m) v =
velocity of fluid (m/s) g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)

10. Define velocity gradient.

Ans : According to the definition of velocity gradient, the difference in velocity between the layers of the fluid is
known as the velocity gradient. It is represented by v/x, where v stands for velocity and x stands for the distance
between the adjacent layers of the fluid.

(PART – B)
 Answer any five questions of thefollowing inbrief (Each question carries 16marks) (80 marks)

Question No. 11:a.) Define stagnation enthalpy and stagnation temperature, do these quantities define stagnation
state. Argon is stored in a reservoir at 300 K, determine stagnation enthalpy and velocity of sound in it. γ = 1.658
and the molecular weight of argon is 39.94.

Ans : Stagnation enthalpy, or total enthalpy, is the sum of the static enthalpy (associated with the
temperature and static pressure at that point) plus the enthalpy associated with the dynamic pressure,
or velocity. This can be expressed in a formula in various ways.

stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the
speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added
to the local static enthalpy.
We know that, speed of sound is given by formula
• V = √γRT/M
V = √1.65×8.314×300/39.94 m/s
• V = 80.21
Upto two decimals, V = 80.21
So, The speed of sound in it is 80.21
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b.) Compare the final values of the pressure in a duct generated by sudden closure of the exit valve with
i. Hydrogen, γ = 1.4, R = 4125 J/kgK
ii. Air γ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kgK
iii. Freon γ = 1.2, R = 135 J/kgK
The initial flow conditions in each case are pressure 10 bar, temperature 400K and velocity 100 m/s

Question No. 12:a.) A solid cylinder of diameter 5 m and has a height of 10 m. Fine the metacentric
height if the specific gravity of the cylinder is 0.9 and it is floating in water with its axis vertical. State
whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable.

Ans :

Given
Diameter of cylinder = 5.0 m
Height of cylinder = 10.0 m
Specific gravity of material of cylinder = 0.90
Meta-centric height of the cylinder = ?
Axis of cylinder is vertical

To find:
Meta-centric height of the cylinder and stability of equilibrium

Solution:

The meta-centric height (GM) of the cylinder can be calculated using the formula:

GM = I / V

Where,
I = Moment of inertia of the cylinder
V = Volume of displaced water

The moment of inertia of the cylinder can be calculated using the formula:

I = (π / 4) × r^4
Where,
r = radius of the cylinder = 2.5 m

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 I = (π / 4) × (2.5)^4
I = 30.66 m^4

The volume of displaced water can be calculated using the formula:

V = π/4 × d^2 × h
Where,
d = diameter of the cylinder = 5.0 m
h = height of the cylinder = 10.0 m

V = π/4 × (5.0)^2 × 10
V = 196.25 m^3

GM = I / V
GM = 30.66 / 196.25
GM = -0.15m

Since the meta-centric height (GM) is negative, the equilibrium is unstable.

b.) Derive an expression for specific speed for pump.

Ans : we will find out the specific speed of a centrifugal pump (N S) with the help of this post. First of all we
will see here the meaning of specific speed of a centrifugal pump and further we will derive here the
expression of specific speed of a centrifugal pump.

Specific speed of a centrifugal pump :

The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is basically defined as the speed of a geometrical similar pump
which would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per second against a head of one meter.
Specific speed of a centrifugal pump will be denoted by NS.
Expression for specific speed of a centrifugal pump

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As we know that the discharge for a centrifugal pump will be given by following equation as mentioned
here.

Discharge for a centrifugal pump = Area x velocity of flow

Q = π D B x Vf

Where,
D = Diameter of the impeller of centrifugal pump
B = Width of the impeller of centrifugal pump
Vf = Flow velocity

From above equation of discharge for a centrifugal pump, we can say that discharge will be directionally
proportional to the diameter of the impeller, width of the impeller and velocity of flow.

Q ∝ D x B x Vf

We can also write above equation as mentioned here

Q ∝ D2 x Vf

Because, D ∝ B

Now we will recall here the equation of tangential velocity and we will write here the following equation
as mentioned here.

u = π D N /60
u∝DN

Tangential velocity (u) and velocity of flow (Vf) will be related with the manometric head as written here.

u ∝ Vf ∝ (Hm)1/2
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Therefore, we have two equations here i.e.

u∝DN
&
u ∝ Vf ∝ (Hm)1/2

Considering above two equations we can write here the following equation as mentioned below

(Hm) 1/2 ∝ D N

D ∝ (Hm) 1/2/N

Now we will put the value of D in above equation of discharge and we will have following equation as
mentioned below.

Where, K will be considered as constant of proportionality.

Now let us recall the definition of specific speed of a centrifugal pump. If we consider that discharge Q is 1
m3/s and head

Hm is also 1 m, then we will have specific speed i.e. N will become NS.

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Therefore, by putting the value of discharge Q = 1 m3/s, manometric head Hm = 1 m and speed N =
specific speed NS in above equation of discharge and we will find out the value of constant of
proportionality i.e. K.

K = NS2

Therefore, we have secured here the value of constant of proportionality (K) and we will place this value
of K in equation of discharge to secure the expression for specific speed for a centrifugal pump.

So, we have seen here the basic concept of specific speed of a centrifugal pump and also the expression
of specific speed of centrifugal pump.

Question No.13:A double acting reciprocating pump running at 40 rpm is discharging 1.0 m3 /minute.
The pump has a stroke of 400 mm.The diameter of the piston is 200mm.The delivery and suction heads
are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip of the pump and power required to drive the pump

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Question No.14:A jet of water having a velocity of 40m/sec strikes curved vane which is moving with a
velocity of 20 m/sec. The jet makes an angle of 30 with the direction of motion of vane at inlet and
leaves at an angle of 90 to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet
and outlet and determine the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water enters and leaves the
vane without shock.

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Question No.15:A ship 70 m long and 10 m broad has a displacement of 19620 kN. A weight of 343.35 kN
is moved across the deck through a distance of 6m. The ship is tilted through an angle of 60.The moment
of inertia of the ship at water-line about its fore and aft axis is 75% of M.O.I. of the circumscribing
rectangle. The centre of buoyancy is 2.25 m below the water-line. Find the meta-centric height and
position of center of gravity of ship. Specific weight of sea water is 10.104 KN/m 3.

Question No.16:A rectangular pontoon 10 m long, 6 m broad, 2.5 m deep weighs 687.6 kN. It carries on
its upper deck an empty boiler of 5 m diameter weighing 588.6 kN. The center of gravity of the boiler and
the pontoon are at their respective centers along a vertical line. Find the metacentric height. Weight
density of sea water is 10.104 kN/m3..

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