JDMD@DG MLJYHBMD_B IFIMUBF ED@DJ SQDMUIM MIABEDHDH

UIHUDHN

MLH_IS UILQB MLJYHBMD_B HLH VIQAD@ & MLJYHBMD_B VIQAD@

VIQAD@

MLJYHBMD_B BHUIQSQLFI_BLHD@ ED@DJ SI@DRDHDH MIABEDHDH

EL_IH SIHNDJSY

_urydhb , __U, J.Mia

EB_Y_YH L@IG

Sutrb _dnbtd

SL@BUIMMI_ MIJIHMI_ QB JIEDH

KYQY_DH E-BV MIABEDHDH

U.D 1313/1314
 Mdtd Sihndhtdr

Sukb syumur mdjb pdhkdtmdh migdebrdt D``dg _^U ydhn ti`dg ji`bjpdgmdh rdgjdt, tdufbm edh
gbedydg-Hyd sigbhnnd mdjb edpdt jihyi`isdbmdh tunds Jdmd`dg
Jdmd`dg tihtdhn mljuhbmdsb e
ed`dj
d`dj
pi`dydhdh miabedhdh. Dedpuh jdtirb ydhn dmdh mdjb odhtujmdh ded`dg adndbjdhd odrd mbtd
ji`dmumdh mljuhbmdsb siodrd virad` jdupuh hlh virad` edh mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfisblhd`.

Jdmd`dg
Jdmd`dg bhb ebsusu
ebsusuh
h siadnd
siadndbb rifirih
rifirihsb
sb edh adgdh
adgdh ai`d
ai`dkdr
kdr uhtum
uhtum jdgd
jdgdsbsw
sbswdd prlnrd
prlnrdj
j
pihebebmdh E-BV Miabedhdh. Juedg-juedgdh jdmd`dg bhb edpdt ebnuhdmdh siodrd ifimtbf
ed
edh
h ed
edpd
pdtt jihk
jihkde
debb jieb
jiebdd yd
ydhn
hn ed
edpd
pdtt jihb
jihbhn
hnmd
mdtm
tmdh
dh pi
pijd
jdgd
gdjd
jdh
h ed
edh
h mi
mijd
jdjp
jpud
udh
h
jijairbmdh Mitirdjpb`dh edsdr Miabedhdh adnb jdgdsbswd prlnrdj E-BV Miabedhdh.

Jiedh, Dnustus 13

1
 Edftdr Bsb

Mdtd Sihndhtdr.......................................
Sihndhtdr.............................................................
............................................
.......................................................1
.................................1

REdftdr bsb............................................
bsb...................................................................
.............................................
............................................
...................................
.............??

Ada 4 Sihedgu`udh

@dtdr ai`dmdhn....................
ai`dmdhn..........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...............................
.........55
RQujusdh jdsd`dg............................................
jdsd`dg..................................................................
.............................................................
...........................................
....5
5
RUukudh pihu`bsdh........................................
pihu`bsdh..............................................................
............................................
.................................................
...........................55

Ada 1 Sijadgdsdh
4. Sihn
Sihnirt
irtbd
bdh
h mlj
mljuh
uhbm
bmdsb
dsb......................
............................................
............................................
.......................................................
.................................99
1. uhsur mljuhbmdsb...................................
mljuhbmdsb.........................................................
............................................
.............................................
............................
.....9
9
?. mljplhih mljuhbmdsb...................................
mljuhbmdsb.........................................................
................................................................
..........................................>>
5. kihbs mljuhbmdsb......................................
mljuhbmdsb............................................................
............................................
............................................
...........................
.....>>

Ada ? pihutup

RMisbjpu`dh.................
Misbjpu`dh.......................................
............................................
............................................
...................................................
..................................
.....44
44

?
 ADA B

SIHEDGY@YDH

D. @dtd
@dtdrr Ai`
Ai`dm
dmdh
dhn
n

Mljuhbmdsb jijb`bmb pirdh pihthn

pihthn ed`dj euhbd bhb. Mljuhbmdsb adgmdh sdhnnup uhum ji
jihyihug
hyihug
sind`d
sind`d dspim
dspim migbeupdh.
migbeupdh. Jdhusbd siadndb jdmg`um slobd`, gdhyd edpd gbeup airmijad
airmijadhn
hn edh
airpirdh siadndb jdhusbd eihndh airguauhndh edh aimirkd sdjd eihndh jdhusbd `dbh eihndh odrd
mljuhb
mljuhbmds
mdsb.
b. Gdjpbr
Gdjpbr siadnb
siadnbdh
dh ais
aisdr
dr min
minbd
bddh
dh jdhusb
jdhusbd
d si`d`u
si`d`u airmdb
airmdbdh
dh eihndh
eihndh mljuhb
mljuhbmds
mdsb.
b.
_ijudhyd jijauugmdh mljuhbmdsb.

Mljuhbmdsb ded`dg usdgd pihydjpdbdh pisdh dhdr sisdjd jdhusbd. Srlsis mljuhbmdsb jijb`bmb
aiairdpd uhsur, ydbu; pihnbrbj pisdh (mljuhbmdlr)= pihirbjd pisdh (mljuhbmdh)= sd`urdh/jiebd=
pisdh bu sihebrb= tjad` ad`bm irgdedp pisdh ydhn ebirbjd. Gd` bhb sisudb eihndh dpd ydhn ebaud
l`ig
l`ig Edvbe
Edvbe M. Air`l
Air`l ebdgu
ebdguh
h 4263-d
4263-dh
h ydhn
ydhn jijaud
jijaud flrju`
flrju`d
d mljuhb
mljuhbmds
mdsbb ydhn
ydhn ebmih
ebmihd`
d` eihndh
eihndh
‐_JOQ‚
‐_JOQ‚,, ydbu
ydbu _luroi
_luroi (pihnb
(pihnbrbj
rbj),
), Jissdn
Jissdni
i (pisdh
(pisdh),
), Ogdhhi
Ogdhhi`` (sd`ur
(sd`urdh
dh jie
jiebd)
bd) edh Qioibv
Qioibvir
ir
(pihirbjd).

A. Quju
Qujusd
sdh
h Jds
Jdsd`
d`dg
dg

4. Sihnir
Sihnirtbd
tbdh
h mljuhb
mljuhbmds
mdsbb
1. Dpd sdkd
sdkd uhsur
uhsur uhsur mljuhbmds
mljuhbmdsb<
b<
?. Dpd sdkd mljplhih
mljplhih mljuhbmds
mljuhbmdsb<
b<
5. Kihbs-k
Kihbs-kihb
ihbss mljuhb
mljuhbmdsb
mdsb

O. Uukudh Sihu`bsdh

jihbhn
jihbhnmdt
mdtmdh
mdh mud`bt
mud`btds
ds pi`dyd
pi`dydhdh
hdh eb fdsb`bt
fdsb`btds
ds pi`dyd
pi`dydhdh
hdh misigd
misigdtdh
tdh eihndh
eihndh ji`dmu
ji`dmumdh
mdh
mljuhbmdsb ydhn adbm edh aihdr,adbm dhtdr jdsydrdmdt pdsbih jdupuh pitunds misigdtdh.

5
 ADA BB

SIJADGD_DH

D. Sihnirtbdh mljuhbmdsb

_iai`uj mbtd jijpi`dkdrb `iabg kdug tihtdhn mljuhbmdsb, pded plmlm adgdsdh bhb mbtd
ebwdkbamdh uhtum jihnihd` bstb`dg-bstb`dg mljuhbmdsb. Mljuhbmdsb airdsd` edrb mdtd airbmut
bhb.
4. Oljjuhbodri
Oljjuhbodri (adgdsd
(adgdsd @dtbh)
@dtbh) ydhn
ydhn drtbhyd
drtbhyd jihkdebmd
jihkdebmdh
h sisudtu jb`bm
jb`bm airsdjd.
airsdjd.
1. Olju
Oljuhbhbss yd
ydhn
hn dr
drtb
tb gd
gdrf
rfbd
bdgh
ghyd
yd jb`b
jb`bm
m ai
airsd
rsdjd
jd,, yd
ydbt
btu
u ei
eihn
hndh
dh prprls
lsis
is ml
mlju
juhb
hbmd
mdsb
sb
ndndsdh sisilrdhn ebsdjpdbmdh mipded lrdhn ydhn tir`badt, ebtirbjd, ebjihnirtb, edh
ebsitukub jdmd ndndsdh tirsiaut jihkdeb jb`bm airsdjd (Ogirry, 427?).

Ded adhydm pihedpdt edrb dg`b tihtdhn pihnirtbdh mljuhbmdsb ydhn absd Dhed pdgdjb, ydbtu;

4. Srlsis
Srlsis pirtumdr
pirtumdrdh
dh bhflrjdsb
bhflrjdsb dtdu prlsis ydhn jihbjau
jihbjau`md
`mdh
h edh jihiru
jihirusmd
smdhh jdmhd
jdmhd
dtdu drtb edh pijdgd
pijdgdjdh
jdh edrb
edrb pihnbr
pihnbrbj
bj mipded
mipded pihirb
pihirbjd
jd pisdh
pisdh (Aurni
(Aurniss,
ss, 427
4277,
7,
Udy`lr,422?).

1. Bhtirdm
Bhtirdmsb
sb dhtdr
dhtdr prbade
prbadebb ydhn
ydhn jihnnu
jihnnuhdm
hdmdh
dh sbjal`
sbjal` `bhnubs
`bhnubstbm
tbm,, sipirt
sipirtbb sbstij
sbstij sbjal`
sbjal`
virad`
virad` (mdtd-m
(mdtd-mdtd)
dtd),, hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad` (Mhdpp
(Mhdpp,, 133?)
133?).. Edrb eud pihnir
pihnirtbd
tbdh
h tiriaut
tiriaut edpdt
edpdt
ebsbjpu`mdh
ebsbjp u`mdh adgwd mljuhbmdsb
mljuhbmdsb ded`dg prlsis pirtumdrdh
pirtumdrdh bhflrjdsb
bhflrjdsb dhtdr prbadeb
eihndh jihnnuhdmdh sbjal`, adbm virad` jdupuh hlhvirad`.

Ji`bgdt adhydmhyd pihnirtbdh mljuhbmdsb tirsiaut jdmd absd ebtdrbm misbjpu`dh adgwd
mljuhb
mlj uhbmds
mdsbb jirupd
jirupdmdh
mdh sihb
sihb pihydj
pihydjpdb
pdbdh
dh bhflrj
bhflrjdsb
dsb (pisdh
(pisdh,, bei,
bei, sbmdp/
sbmdp/ndn
ndndsdh
dsdh)) edrb
edrb
mljuhbmdtlr uhtum jihnuadg/jijaihtum pirb`dmu mljuhbmdh (pl`d, sbmdp, pdhedhndh, edh
pijdgdjdh) mi pl`d pijdgdjdh ydhn ebmigihedmb airsdjd. _iedhnmdh mljuhbmdsb
miabedhdh ded`dg aihtum mljuhbmdsb ydhn ebnuhdmdh l`ig abedh ed`dj jijairbmdh dsugdh
miabedhdh mipded m`bih sipirtb jbsd`hyd mitbmd silrdhn abedh jihodrb edtd dtdu jihnmdkb
m`bih,
m`bih, ji`dms
ji`dmsdhd
dhdmdh
mdh dsugdh
dsugdh,, dtdupuh
dtdupuh ji`dmu
ji`dmumdh
mdh ivd`ud
ivd`udsb
sb tirgde
tirgdedp
dp dsugdh
dsugdh ydhn
ydhn suedg
suedg
ebairbmdh.

A. Yhsur-uhsur mljuhbmdsb
4. Mljuhbmdt
Mljuhbmdtlr lr Ded`dg sisilrdh
sisilrdhn
n dtdu mi`ljplm
mi`ljplm ydhn
ydhn jihydjpdb
jihydjpdbmdhmdh pisdh mipded
mipded lrdhn
lrdhn
`dbh (mljuhbmdh). Mljuhbmdtlr ebsiaut kund siadndb pijadwd airbtd, pihnbrbj airbtd,
dtdu sujair airbtd ed`dj gd` bhb absd abedh, m`bih, dtdu ydhn `dbhhyd. Sihydjpdbdh pisdh
edpdt airupd `djadhn, mdtd, nirdm tuaug, e``.
1. Si
Sisd
sdh
h (Jis
(Jissd
sdni
ni))
Sisdh
Sis dh dtdu
dtdu djdhdt
djdhdt ded`dg
ded`dg sisudtu
sisudtu ydhn
ydhn ebsdjp
ebsdjpdbm
dbmdh
dh mljuh
mljuhbmd
bmdtlr
tlr ji`d`u
ji`d`ubb `djadh
`djadhn,
n,
nirdmdh, dtdu ndndsdh mipded lrdhn `dbh (mljuhbmdh). Dndr edpdt ebtirbjd eihndh adbm,

pisdh gihedmhyd ebrujusmdh ed`dj aihtum ydhn tipdt, ebsisudbmdh, edh

ebpirtbjadhnmdh airedsdrmdh mideddh pihirbjd, guauhndh pihnbrbj edh pihirbjd, sirtd

9
 wdmtu mljuhb
wdmtu mljuhbmds
mdsbb eb`dmu
eb`dmumdh
mdh.. Sisdh
Sisdh ydhn
ydhn ebsdjp
ebsdjpdbm
dbmdh
dh mipded
mipded m`bih
m`bih edpdt
edpdt airupd
airupd
hdsigdt, eumuhndh, pituhkum edh ydhn `dbhhyd.

Fdmtlr-fdmtlr ydhn jijaudt sudtu pisdh jihkdeb dmurdt dhtdrd `dbh;

d) Sihydj
Sihydjpdbpdbdh
dh pisdh,
pisdh, ydhn absd ebsdjpdb
ebsdjpdbmdh
mdh siodrd `bsdh,
`bsdh, tdt
tdtdp
dp jumd, `dhnsuh
`dhnsuhn,
n,
dtdu tbedm `dhnsuhn.
a) Aihtum pisdh, ydhn ebaiedmdh
ebaiedmdh jihkdeb tbnd ydbtu;
 bhflrjdtb
bhflrjdtbf,
f, ydbtu
ydbtu pijair
pijairbdh
bdh sikuj`d
sikuj`dg
g mitird
mitirdhnd
hndh
h edrb
edrb mljuhb
mljuhbmdt
mdtlr
lr mipded
mipded
mljuhbmdh, mijuebdh mljuhbmdh jihndjab` misbjpu`dh edh miputusdh sihebrb,
 pirsudsbf, ded`dg aihtum pisdh ydhn airupd aukumdh uhtum jijadhnmbtmdh dtdu
dtd u
jijl
ji jltb
tbvds
vdsbb sijdh
sijdhnd
ndtt bheb
bhebvb
vbeu
eu,, pi
piru
ruad
adgd
gdh
h pi
pirb
rb`d
`dmu
mu yd
ydhn
hn eb
ebgd
gdrd
rdpm
pmdh
dh dt
dtds
ds
misdedrdh sihebrb tdhpd pdmsddh,
ml
mlir
irsbf
sbf,, yd
ydbt
btu
u ai
aiht
htum
um pi
pisdh
sdh yd
ydhn
hn ai
airs
rsbfd
bfdtt jijd
jijdmsmsdd ei
eihn
hndh
dh jihn
jihnnu
nuhd
hdmd
mdh
h
sdhmsbsdhmsb ydhn absd airaihtum bhstrumsb, pirbhtdg, edh `dbh-`dbh.
?. Mljuhbmdh
Mljuhbmdh ded`dg pbgdm `dbh ydhn ebdkdm airmljuhbmdsb ydhn jirupdmdh sdsdrdh ed`dj
mljuhbmdsb, dtdu lrdhn ydhn jihirbjd pisdh, airbtd, dtdu `djadhn. Mljuhbmdh absd

pirlrdhndh, mi`ljplm, dtdu lrndhbsdsb.

5. Jieb
Jiebdd (O
(Ogd
gdhh
hhi`
i`))
Jiebd dtdu ogdhhi` ded`dg sdrdhd dtdu d`dt ed`dj pihydjpdbdh pisdh. Jiebd edpdt
airupd aumu, arlsur, pdjf`it, rdebl, ti`ivbsb, LGS, `dptlp, `ijadr odtdtdh m`bih, rimdj
jiebm edh `dbh-`dbh.
9. Yjpd
Yjpdh h Ad`b
Ad`bm
m (Fi
(Fiieie A
Adom
dom))
Yjpdh
Yjp dh ad`bm
ad`bm ded`dg
ded`dg risplh
risplh ydhn
ydhn ebairb
ebairbmdh
mdh l`ig
l`ig mljuhb
mljuhbmdh
mdh tirgded
tirgdedp
p pisdh
pisdh ydhn
ydhn
ebtirbjd. Mitbmd Dhed jijpi`dkdrb fiie adom (ujpdh ad`bm), jdmd Dhed dmdh jihnihd`
ijpdt aihtum ujpdh ad`bm ed`dj mljuhbmdsb, ydbtu;
d) [irl ujpdh
ujpdh ad`bm,
ad`bm, ydbtu
ydbtu tbedm ded
ded miki`dsdh
miki`dsdh ujpdh
ujpdh ad`bm edrb
edrb mljuhbm
mljuhbmdh
dh mdrihd
mdrihd
pisdh murdhn ki`ds sigbhnnd mljuhbmdsb tbedm airjdmhd. Kdeb mljuhbmdh tbedm
jijairbmdh fiie adom ydhn absd ebtdfsbrmdh dtdu ebdrtbmdh l`ig mljuhbmdtlr.
a) Yjpdh ad`bm plsbtbf ydbtu ujpdh ad`bm edrb mljuhbmdh edpdt ebtirbjd/ebjihnirtb
l`ig mljuhbmdtlr sigbhnnd mljuhbmdsb jihkdeb airjdmhd.
o) Yjpd
Yjpdh h ad
ad`b
`bm
m hi
hitrd
trd`` yd
ydbt
btu
u tdhn
tdhnnd
ndpd
pdhh yd
ydhn
hn eb
ebai
airb
rbmd
mdh
h l`
l`ig
ig ml
mlju
juhb
hbmd
mdh
h tbed
tbedm
m
jijpuhydb ri`ivdhsb eihndh pisdh ydhn ebsdjpdbmdh.
e) Yjpdh
Yjpdh ad`bm
ad`bm hindtb
hindtbvi
vi ydbtu
ydbtu risplh
risplh mijuhbmd
mijuhbmdh
h tbedm
tbedm jiheum
jiheumuhn
uhn mljuhbm
mljuhbmdtl
dtlr,
r,
tbedm situku, dtdu jihnmrbtbm.

6
 O. Mljplhih mljuhbmdsb

Jihurut @dswi``, mljplhih-mljplhih mljuhbmdsb ded`dg siadndb airbmut.

d) Sihn
Sihnbr
brbj
bj dtdu
dtdu ml
mlju
juhb
hbmd
mdtl
tlrr (sihe
(siheir
ir)) de
ded`
d`dg
dg pb
pbgd
gdm
m yd
ydhn
hn jihn
jihnbr
brbj
bjmd
mdh
h pi
pisdh
sdh
mipded pbgdm `dbh.
a) Sisdh (jissdni) ded`dg bsb dtdu jdmsue ydhn dmdh ebsdjpdbmdh l`ig sdtu pbgdm
mipded pbgdm `dbh.
o) _d`urd
_d`urdh
h (ogdhh
(ogdhhi`)
i`) ded`dg jiebd
jiebd ebj
ebjdhd
dhd pisdh ebsdjpdb
ebsdjpdbmdh
mdh mipded
mipded mljuhb
mljuhbmdh
mdh..
Ed`dj mljuhbmdsb dhtdr-prbadeb (tdtdp jumd) sd`urdh edpdt airupd uedrd ydhn
jihnd`brmdh nitdrdh hded/sudrd.
e) Sihirbj
Sihirbjdd dtdu mljuhb
mljuhbmdt
mdtii (rioibv
(rioibvir)
ir) ded`dg
ded`dg pbgdm
pbgdm ydhn jihirbjd
jihirbjd pisdh edrb
pbgdm `dbh.
i) Yjpdh
Yjpdh ad`bm
ad`bm (fiieadom
(fiieadom)) ded`dg
ded`dg tdhnndp
tdhnndpdh
dh edrb pihirbj
pihirbjddh
ddh pisdh
pisdh dtds bsb pisdh
pisdh
ydhn ebsdjpdbmdhhyd.

E. Kihbs‟
Kihbs‟ki
kihbs
hbs mljuh
mljuhbmd bmdsb
sb
4. Mlju
Mljuhbhbmd
mdsb
sb vir
virad
ad``

jihnnuhdmdh mdtd-mdtd ydhn ebsiaut kund siadndb mljuhbmdsb adgdsd `bsdh. Mdtd-mdtd
ydhn
ydh n ebnuhd
ebnuhdmdh
mdh ebpihn
ebpihndru
drugb
gb l`ig
l`ig `dtdr
`dtdr ai`dmd
ai`dmdhn
hn slsbd`,
slsbd`, auedyd
auedyd,, imlhlj
imlhljb,b, ujur,
ujur, edh
pihebebmdh. Ed`dj jihnnuhdmdh sudrd, ded > plmlm ydhn airmdbtdh eihndh sudrd ydhn pir`u
ebpirgdtbmdh ydbtu; nijd, brdjd, mioipdtdh, mitbhnnbdh, aisdr/vl`uji, hdbm turuhhyd, edh
miki`dsdh sudrd. _udrd edpdt jihnndjadrmdh sijdhndt, dhtusbds, misiebgdh, mikihnmi`dh,
dtdu minbrdhndh. Yhsur pihtbhn ed`dj mljuhbmdsb virad`, edpdt airupd mdtd edh adgdsd.

Kihbs mljuhbmdsb virad` ded aiairdpd jdodj, ydbtu;

 Airabodrd edh jihu`bs Airabodrd ded`dg mljuhbmdsb virad` vlod`, siedhnmdh jihu`bs
ded`dg
ded`dg mljuh
mljuhbmd
bmdsb
sb virad`
virad` hlh vlod`.
vlod`. Srisih
Srisihtdsb
tdsb ed`dj
ed`dj rdpdt
rdpdt ded`dg
ded`dg olhtlg
olhtlg edrb
edrb
mljuhbmdsb
mlju hbmdsb virad` vlod`.
vlod`. _urdt jihyurdt
jihyurdt ded`dg olhtlg edrb mljuhbmdsb
mljuhbmdsb virad` hlh
vlod`.
 Jiheihndrmdh edh jijadod Jiheihndr edh jiheihndrmdh ded`dg eud gd` ydhn
airaied. Jiheihndr jihndheuhn drtb gdhyd jihndjab` nitdrdh auhyb, siedhnmdh
jiheih
jih eihndr
ndrmdh
mdh ded`dg
ded`dg jihndj
jihndjab`
ab` jdmhd
jdmhd edrb
edrb dpd ydhn
ydhn ebeihn
ebeihndr.
dr. Jiheih
Jiheihndr
ndrmdh
mdh
ji`badtmdh uhsur jiheihndr, jijpirgdtbmdh, jijdgdjb edh jihnbhndt. Jijadod
ded`dg sdtu odrd uhtum jihedpdtmdh bhflrjdsb edrb sisudtu ydhn ebtu`bs.

Mljuhbmdsb virad` jijb`bmb mdrdmtirbstbm siadndb airbmut;

4) Ki`ds edh Qbhnmds
Qbhnmds Air`dhnsuhn
Air`dhnsuhn sieirgdhd
sieirgdhd,, piheim edh `dhnsuh
`dhnsuhn.
n. Ab`d mdtd-mdtd
mdtd-mdtd ydhn
ebnuhdmdh siebmbt, jdmd tirkdebhyd mirdhoudh kund jdsbh siebmbt. Airabodrd siodrd
`djad
`dj adtt ed
edh
h pi
pihn
hnuo
uodp
dpdh
dh yd
ydhn
hn ki`d
ki`dss dm
dmdh
dh jija
jijaududtt md
mdtd
td ti
tirsi
rsiau
autt jdmb
jdmbh
h jued
juedgg
ebpdgdjb.
1) Siraihe
Siraihedgd
dgdrddh
rddh mdtd Sihnnu
Sihnnuhdd
hddhh mdtd-m
mdtd-mdtd
dtd ydhn
ydhn juedg
juedg ebjihn
ebjihnirtb
irtb l`ig sisilr
sisilrdhn
dhn
dmdh jihbhnmdtmdh miairgdsb`dh mljuhbmdsb. Mljuhbmdsb tbedm dmdh airgdsb` kbmd
pihnbrbj pisdh tbedm jdjpu jihtirkijdgmdh mdtd edh udodpdh.
udodpdh.

>
 ?) Drtb mlhltdtb
mlhltdtbff edh eihltdtbvi
eihltdtbvi Jdmhd
Jdmhd mlhltdtbf
mlhltdtbf ded`dg
ded`dg pbmbrdh,
pbmbrdh, pirdsddh
pirdsddh dtdu bei
bei ydhn
tiredpdt ed`dj sudtu mdtd, siedhnmdh drtb eihltdtbvi ded`dg jijairbmdh pihnirtbdh
ydhn sdjd tirgdedp mdtd ydhn ebnuhdmdh.
5) Bhtlhd
Bhtlhdsb
sb _ilrdh
_ilrdhn n mljuhb
mljuhbmdt
mdtlr
lr jdjpu
jdjpu jijpih
jijpihndrndrugb
ugb drtb pisdh
pisdh ji`d`ub
ji`d`ub hded
hded sudrd
sudrd
ydhn ebmbrbjmdh. Ijlsb sdhndt airpirdh ed`dj hded sudrd bhb.
9) Mioipdtdh
Mioipdtdh airabodrd
airabodrd Miairgdsb`dh
Miairgdsb`dh mljuhb
mljuhbmdsb
mdsb ebpihndru
ebpihndrugb
gb kund l`ig
l`ig mioipdtdh
mioipdtdh edh
tijpl abodrd ydhn tipdt. Misdh jihyijauhybmdh sisudtu edpdt tbjau` ab`d ed`dj
pjabodrddh ded pihnd`bgdh ydhn oipdt pded plmlm pijabodrddh.
6) Gujlr
Gujlr Gujlr
Gujlr edpdt
edpdt jijhbh
jijhbhnmd
nmdtmd
tmdh
h miairg
miairgdsb`
dsb`dh
dh ed`dj
ed`dj jijair
jijairbmd
bmdh
h eumuhn
eumuhndh
dh
ijlsb tirgdedp `dwdh abodrd. Uirtdwd jijadhtu jihnurdhnb mitindhndh piheihndr
sigbhnnd jihbhnmdtmdh miairgdsb`dh uhtum jihedpdt eumuhndh

1. Mlju
Mljuhb
hbmd
mdsb
sb hl
hlh
h vira
virad`
d`

Jdhusbdd airmlj
Jdhusb airmljuhb
uhbmds
mdsbb jihnnu
jihnnuhdm
hdmdh
dh mlei
mlei virad`
virad` edh hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad`.. Mlei
Mlei hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad`
ebsiaut bsydrdt dtdu adgdsd ebdj (sb`iht `dhnudni). Ji`d`ub mljuhbmdsb hlhvirad` mbtd absd
jihnitdgub sudsdhd ijlsblhd` sisilrdhn, dpdmdg bd siedhn adgdnbd, jdrdg, abhnuhn, dtdu
siebg. Misdh dwd` mbtd jihnihd` sisilrdhn sirbhn ebedsdrmdh pded pirb`dmu hlhvirad`hyd,
ydhn jihelrlhn mbtd uhtum jihnihd` `iabg kdug.

Mljuhb
Mlj uhbmds
mdsbb hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad` ded`dg
ded`dg sijud
sijud bsydrd
bsydrdtt ydhn
ydhn aumdh
aumdh mdtd-md
mdtd-mdtd.
td. Sisdh-p
Sisdh-pisdh
isdh
hlhvirad` sdhndt airpihndrug tirgdedp mljuhbmdsb. Sisdh dtdu sbjal`-sbjal` hlhvirad`
sdhndt su`bt uhtum ebtdfsbrmdh edrb pded sbjal` virad`. Adgdsd virad` sid`ur eihndh adgdsd
hlhvirad`, olhtlg mitbmd mbtd jihndtdmdh ‐yd‚ pdstb mipd`d mbtd jihndhnnum. Mljuhbmdsb
hlhvirad` `iabg kukur jihnuhnmdpmdh gd` ydhn jdu ebuhnmdpmdh mdrihd splhtdh

_iaudg sueb ydhn eb`dmumdh D`air Jdgrdabdh (42>4) ydhn jihybjpu`mdh adgwd thnmd
mipirodyddh edrb pijabodrddh lrdhn gdhyd >% airdsd` edrb adgdsd virad`, ?7% edrb vlod` sudrd, edh
99% edrb imsprisb jumd. Bd kund jihdjadgmdh adgwd kbmd irkdeb pirihdhndh dhdrd dpd ydhn
ebuodpmdh sisilrdhn eihndh pirauddhhyd, lrdhn `dbh oiheiruhn jijpirodydb gd`-gd` ydhn airsbfd
hlhvirad`

Mljuhbmdsb hlhvirad` jijb`bmb aiairdpd kihbs ydbu;

4. _ihugdh (gdpto) _ihugdh ddu dot`i jissdni, jirupdmdh pisdh hlhvirad` hlhvbsud`
ed
edh
h hl
hlhv
hvlm
lmd`
d`.. D`d
D`d pi
pihi
hirb
rbjd
jd si
sih
hug
ugdh
dh de
ded`
d`dg
dg mu
mu`b
`b,
, yd
ydhn
hn jdjp
jdjpu u jihi
jihirb
rbjd
jd ed
edh
h
jijaiedmd
jija iedmdhh airadndb
airadndb ijlsb ydhn ebsdjpdbmdh
ebsdjpdbmdh lrdhn ji`d`ub sihugdh.
sihugdh. D`jd B _jbg,
silrdhn pihi`bt edrb Oudhilus Oljjuhbodtlh @dalrdlry jihnijumdmdh adgwd airadndb
pirdsddh
pirdsddh ydhn edpd ebsdjpdbmd
ebsdjpdbmdh
h ji`d`ub
ji`d`ub sihugdh,
sihugdh, sd`dg sduhyd
sduhyd ded`dg mdsbg sdydhn
sdydhn
(jlgirbhn) edh sihugdh bu jijb`bmb mgdsbd misigddh.
1. Mljuhbmdsb Lakim Sihnnuhddh
Mljuhbmdsb Sihnnuhddh mljuhbmdsb
mljuhbmdsb lakim
lakim ydhn pd`bhn sirbhn
sirbhn ded`d
ded`dg
g pihnnuhddh
pihnnuhddh
pdmdbdh. Lrdhn sirbhn ebhb`db edrb kihbs pdmdbdh ydhn ebnuhdmdhhyd, wd`dupuh bhb irjdsum
aihum pihb`dbdh irgdedp sisilrdhn gdhyd airedsdrmdh pirsipsb. Olhlghyd edpd eb`bgd
pded pihnnuhddh sirdndj l`ig pindwdb siaudg pirusdgddh, ydhn jihyddmdh beihtds
pirusdgddh irsiau.
?. Mrlhijbm Ogrlhljbos rifirs l glw wi piroibvi dhe usi tji l eihi beihttis dhe
bhirdotlh
bhirdotlhs.(^ll
s.(^lle.133>)
e.133>).Mrlhi
.Mrlhijbm
jbm jirupdmdh
jirupdmdh adndbjdhd
adndbjdhd mljuhbmdsb
mljuhbmdsb hlhvirad`
hlhvirad` ydhn
eb`dmu
eb`dmumdh
mdh mitmd
mitmd jihnnu
jihnnuhdm
hdmdh
dh wdm
wdmu,
u, ydh
ydhn
n airmdb
airmdbdh
dh eihndh
eihndh pi
pirdh
rdhdh
dh auedyd
auedyd ed`
ed`dj
dj
mlhim
mlh imss irih
irihu.
u. Olhlg
Olhlghyd
hyd Jdg
Jdgdsb
dsbswd
swd jihng
jihngdrn
drndb
db wdm
wdmu.
u. Ded md`dhy
md`dhyd
d mb
mbd
d jdjpu
jdjpu

7
 jihb`dbb adndbj
jihb`d adndbjdhd
dhd jdgdsb
jdgdsbswb
swb/jd
/jdgds
gdsbsw
bswd
d ydhn
ydhn jijdh
jijdhfdd
fddmdh
mdh edh jihndp
jihndp`bm
`bmdsb
dsbmdh
mdh
wdmuhyd siodrd ipd edh ifimtf.
5. Nirdmdh Uuaug (Mbhisitm) Nirdmdh uaug abdsdhyd ebnuhdmdh uhum jihnndhtmdh sudu
mdd ddu frdsd. Aiairdpd aihum edrb mbhisitm ydbu;
d) Ija`ij, ydbu nirdmdh uaug ydhn siodrd `dhnsuhn edpd ebirkijdgmdh mied`dj pisdh
vi
vira
rad`
d` ir
irih
ihu
u.. Ab
Abds
dsdh
dhyd
yd airfu
airfuhn
hnsb
sb uh
uhu
umm jihn
jihnnd
ndht
htmd
mdh
h sisu
sisud
du.
u. Jb
Jbsdsd`h
`hyd
yd ,
jihnndhnnum siadndb dhed siuku= i`uhkum eb eipdh ju`u dhed kdhndh airbsbm.
a) B`usrdlr, ydbu nirdmdh uaug ydhn jihyirdb pisdh virad` uhum jihnndjadrmdh
pisdh
pis dh simd`b
simd`bnus
nus ji`ih
ji`ihnmd
nmdpb
pb sir
sird
d jijpir
jijpirmud
mud pisdh.
pisdh. Abdsdh
Abdsdhyd
yd eb`dmu
eb`dmumdh
mdh siodr
siodrd
d
sihndk
sih ndkd.
d. Jbsd`h
Jbsd`hyd,
yd, jijair
jijairbb dhed
dhed eihndh
eihndh dhndh
dhndh mitmd
mitmd jihnd
jihnddmd
dmdhh sisilr
sisilrdhn
dhn
nijum/murus.
o) Dio ebsp`dys, ydbu nirdmdh uaug mgusushyd wdkdg ydhn jijpir`bgdmdh pirdsddh
edh ijlsb.
ijlsb. _ipirt
_ipirt jbsd`h
jbsd`hyd
yd siebg
siebg edh nij
nijabr
abrd,
d, `ijdg
`ijdg edh mud,
mud, sijdh
sijdhnd
nd edh
mi`i`dgdh, jdrdg edh dmu. Uirmdedhn ebuhnmdpmdh eihndh sdedr ddu dhpd sdedr.
Edpd jiheumuhn ddu air`dwdhdh eihndh pisdh virad`.
e) Qinu`d
Qinu`dlr
lr,, ydbu
ydbu nirdmd
nirdmdh
h hlh
hlhvi
virad
rad`` ydhn
ydhn ebnuhd
ebnuhdmdh
mdh uhum
uhum jihnd
jihndur
ur , jijdh
jijdhdu
du,,
jiji`bgdrd
jiji`bgdr d ddu jihnihed`
jihnihed`bmdh
bmdh pijabodrdd
pijabodrddh h lrdhn `dbh. Qinu`dlr irbmd
irbmd eihndh
eihndh
mu`ur edh tedm airsbfd uhbvirsd`. Jbsd`hyd, mitmd mbd jiheihndr lrdhn airabodrd,mbd
jihndhnnummdh mipd`d, jihnmirumdh ababr, edh flmus jdd.

i) Dedplr, ydbu nirdmdh uaug ydhn ebnuhdmdh uhum jijudsmdh miauugdh sbm edh
jihnihed`bmdh ijlsb. Eb`dmumdh ab`d sisilrdhn siedhn sihebrbdh edh dhpd ebsihndkd.
Jbsd`hyd, jihnnbnb ababr, jijdbhmdh pihsb` ebdhndh, ndrum ndrum mipd`d sdd siedhn
oijds edh abhnuhn.

_i`dbh nirdmdh uaug, ded kund nirdmdh jdd (ndzi) ed`dj mljuhbmdsb hlhvirad`. Ndzi ded`dg
pihnnuh
pih nnuhddh
ddh jdd
jdd ed`dj
ed`dj prl
prlsis
sis mlj
mljuhb
uhbmds
mdsbb uhum
uhum jijair
jijairbb bhf
bhflrj
lrjdsb
dsb mip
mipded
ded pbgdm
pbgdm `dbh
`dbh edh
jihirbjd bhflrjdsb pbgdm `dbh. Fuhnsb ndzi ebdhdrdhyd jihodrb uhpdh ad`bm dhdrd pijabodrd edh
piheih
pih eihndr
ndr,, jihnb
jihnbhfl
hflrjd
rjdsbm
sbmdh
dh pbgdm
pbgdm `dbh
`dbh uhum
uhum airabo
airabodrd
drd,, jihnbs
jihnbsydr
ydrdmd
dmdmd
mdh
h sbfd
sbfd guauhn
guauhndh
dh
(guauhndh
(guau hndh plsbtf ab`d pdhedhndh irflmus edh pihupihug
g pirgdtdh.
pirgdtdh. Guauhndh hindtf ab`d irkdeb
pihngbhedrdh mlhdm jdd), edh airfuhnsb pihnbherddh. Jbsd`hyd sdd airiju pdsdhndh ydhn
airihnmdr, pdhedhndh jdd mbd d`bgmdh uhum jihkdnd prbvdsb jirimd.

9. Srlxijbm
Srlxijbm ded`dg adgdsd rudhn, ydbu kdrdm ydhn nuhdmdh mitmd airmljuhbmdsb eihndh lrdhn
`dbh,
`dbh, irjds
irjdsumum kund
kund ijpd
ijpd ddu
ddu `lm
`lmdsb
dsb pls
plsbsb
bsb airded
airded.. Sihndu
Sihndurdh
rdh kdr
kdrdm
dm jihih
jihihumd
umdhh
siairdpd eimd thnmd midmrdadh sisilrdhn eihndh lrdhn `dbh. kdrdm jdjpu jihndrtmdh
sudu guauhndh.
Qbogdre ^is edh @yhh G. Uurhir pded Bhrleuobhn Oljjuhbodtlh gilry (133>) jijadnb
zlhd prlmsijbm pded airadndb jdodj pijadnbdh, ydbu ;
 Kdrdm bhtj, kdrdmhyd edrb 3 ‟ 59 oj. (Fdsi eimd 3-49 oj, Fdsi Kdug 49-59 oj), kdrdm
bhb ebdhnndp ir`d`u eimd sigbhnnd tedm eb`dmumdh eb eipdh ujuj
 Kdrdm pirslhd`, kdrdmhyd 59-413 oj . (Fdsi eimd 59 ->9 oj ydhn absd ebsihug
eihndh u`urdh dhndh= Fdsi kdug >9 - 413 oj ydhn absd ebsihug eihndh eud u`urdh
dhndh. Kdrdm bhb jihihumdh adds mihed`b sbm dds lrdhn `dbh, yn absd eb`bgd
rdjau, pdmdbdh, nbnb, jumd. Ab`d rudhn prbadeb bhb ebndhnnu, mbd sirbhn jirdsd tedm

hydjdh.
 Kdrdm slsbd`, kdrdmhyd 413 ‟ ?63 oj e. Kdrdm pua`bm, `iabg edrb ?63->93 oj

2
 6. @bhnmuhndh
@bhnmuhndh kund edpd ebnuhdmdh uhum jihydjpdbmdh pisdh-pisdh irihu. Ebdhdrdhyd
ded`dg pihnnuhddh rudhn, kdrdm, ijpirdur, pihirdhndh, edh wdrhd.

>. Vlmd`bm
Vlmd`bm
Vlmd`bm ddu
ddu pdrd`d
pdrd`dhnu
hnudni
dni ded`dg
ded`dg uhsur
uhsur hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad` ed`dj
ed`dj siaudg
siaudg uodpdh
uodpdh,, ydbu
ydbu odrd
odrd
airabodrd. Jbsd`hyd ded`dg hded abodrd, hded sudrd, mirds ddu `ijdghyd sudrd, mioipddh
airabodrd, mud`bds sudrd, bhlhdsb, edh `dbh-`dbh.

?. Mljuhb
Mljuhbmds
mdsbb bhtirp
bhtirprlf
rlfisbl
isblhd`
hd`

Mljuhbmdsb Bhtirprlfissblhd` jihkdeb sdhndt pihtbhn ed`dj pi`dydhdh misigdtdh sddt bhb,
eb jdhd edpdt jijpir`uds
jijpir`uds plpu`dsb pi`dydhdh misigdtdh mgusushyd
mgusushyd ed`dj jijairbmd
jijairbmdh h
pirdwdtdh ed`dj `dydhdh misigdtdh. Mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfissblhd` ifimtbf ded`dg
mitirdjpb`dh pihtbhn ydhn edpdt jihbhnmdtmdh fuhnsb tbj ydhn airmud`btds tbhnnb, ed`dj
pirdwdtdh pdsbih eihndh ji`badtmdh aiairdpd ebsbp`bh b`ju sipirtb elmtir, pirdwdt edh tbj
misigdtdh
misigdtdh `dbhhyd
`dbhhyd (ml`dalrdsb
(ml`dalrdsb bhtirprlfisb).
bhtirprlfisb). Uukudh
Uukudh sbstijdtbm
sbstijdtbm rivbiw uhtum jihnitdgub
jihnitdgub

dpdmdg mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfisblhd` edpdt jihnijadhnmdh updyd ml`dalrdsb bhtirprlfisb eb

Qujdg _dmbt.

Mljuhb
Mlju hbmd
mdsb
sb bhti
bhtirp
rprl
rlfi
fisbl
sblhd
hd`` yd
ydhn
hn adadbm
bm dm
dmdh
dh jihb
jihbhn
hnmd
mdtm
tmdh
dh mu
mud`
d`bt
btds
ds pi
pi`d
`dyd
ydhd
hdh,
h,
jihnurdhn
jihn urdhnbb tirkdebhyd
tirkdebhyd jiebod`
jiebod` irrlrs, edh edpdt jihobptdmdh
jihobptdmdh ml`dalrdsb bhtirprlfisbl
bhtirprlfisblhd`
hd`
(D`vdriz & Olbird, 1336= Nrbffbi, Hi`slh-Jdrtih, & Juogmd, 1335).

Mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfisblhd` ydhn ifimtbf tirebrb edrb; Miki`dsdh edh mitipdtdh pisdh ydhn
edpdt ebvirbfbmdsb, ml`dalrdsb ed`dj jijiodgmdh jdsd`dg, _bmdp tihdhn edh jiheumuhn
ebadwdg timdhdh, jiji`bgdrd rdsd sd`bhn jihnglrjdtb, edh jijdgdjb tihtdhn pirdh uhbm
jdsbhn-jdsbhn. _iedhnmdh mljuhbmdsb tbedm ifimtbf kbmd sisdjd tihdnd misigdtdh sd`bhn
jirihe
jir ihedgm
dgmdh,
dh, airndh
airndhtuh
tuhn
n pded
pded sbstij
sbstij i`imtr
i`imtrlhb
lhbm,
m, edh gdjadt
gdjadtdhdh auedyd
auedyd edh `bhnub
`bhnubstb
stbm
m
(adgds
(adgdsd)
d) (Qlabh
(Qlabhslh
slh,, Nlrjd
Nlrjdh,
h, _`bjji
_`bjjir,
r, & Ruemlw
Ruemlwsmysmy,, 1343=
1343= _giigd
_giigdh,
h, Qlairt
Qlairtslh
slh,, &
Lrjlhe, 133>).

^lr`e Gid`tg Lrndhbzdtblh (^GL) Frdjiwlrm flr Dotblh lh Bhtirprlfissblhd` Ieuodtblh

dhe Ol``da
Ol``dalrd
lrdtbv
tbvii Srdotb
Srdotboi
oi jihyia
jihyiautm
utmdh
dh jdhfdd
jdhfddtt pihirdp
pihirdpdh
dh prlnrd
prlnrdj
j bhb,
bhb, ebdhtd
ebdhtdrdh
rdhyd
yd
pihbhnmdtdh pihnnuhddh sujair edyd spisbd`bs, pirdwdtdh pdsbih ydhn `iabg adbm edh
midjdhdh, edh lutolji ydhn `iabg adbm uhtum pdsbih eihndh pihydmbt mrlhbs. _i`dbh btu BSI
kund edpdt jihnurdhnb mljp`bmdsb, `djd rdwdt eb rujdg sdmbt, edh jihnurdhnb tbhnmdt
misd`dgdh m`bhbs edh tbhnmdt mijdtbdh (Nb`airt it d`., 1343= Jbhdjbzlhl it d`., 134?).

Ded ? pihyiada ydhn edpdt airedjpdm tirgdedp guauhndh dhtdr pitunds misigdtdh ydbtu;


rl`ii striss
rl` striss ded`dg
ded`dg sudsdh
sudsdhdd gdtb
gdtb pi`dyd
pi`dydh
h misigdt
misigdtdh
dh ydhn
ydhn edpdt
edpdt jijpih
jijpihndr
ndrugb
ugb
mljuhbmds
mljuhb mdsbb virad`
virad` edh hlh virad`
virad` eihndh
eihndh sisdjd
sisdjd pitund
pitundss olhtlg
olhtlghyd
hyd pitund
pitundss

43
 misigdtdh gdjpbr sitbdp gdrb gdrus jihki`dsmdh gd`-gd` ydhn airmdbtdh eihndh
hydwd sisilrdhn.
 `dom lf bhtirprlfissblhd` uheirstdhebhn ded`dg dedhyd pitunds misigdtdh ydhn
tbedm jijdgdjb pirdhhyd eihndh adbm sigbhnnd
s igbhnnd tirkdeb miabhnuhndh.
 dutlhljy strunn`is ded`dg mdpdsbtds uhtum ji`dmumdh ltlhljb sdhndt pihtbhn
dndr pitunds edpdt jijihugb pirdh prlfisbhyd.

Ada ?
Sihutup
mljuhbmdsb jirupdmdh sihb pihydjpdbd
mljuhbmdsb pihydjpdbdhh bhflrjdsb
bhflrjdsb (pisdh,
(pisdh, bei, sbmdp/ndndsd
sbmdp/ndndsdh)
h) edrb
mljuhbmdtlr uhtum jihnuadg/jijaihtum pirb`dmu mljuhbmdh (pl`d, sbmdp, pdhedhndh, edh
pijdgdjdh) mi pl`d pijdgdjdh ydhn ebmigihedmb airsdjd. _iedhnmdh mljuhbmdsb
miabedhdh ded`dg aihtum mljuhbmdsb ydhn ebnuhdmdh l`ig abedh ed`dj jijairbmdh dsugdh
miabedhdh mipded m`bih sipirtb jbsd`hyd mitbmd silrdhn abedh jihodrb edtd dtdu jihnmdkb
m`bih,
m`bih, ji`dms
ji`dmsdhd
dhdmdh
mdh dsugdh
dsugdh,, dtdupuh
dtdupuh ji`dmu
ji`dmumdh
mdh ivd`ud
ivd`udsb
sb tirgde
tirgdedp
dp dsugdh
dsugdh ydhn
ydhn suedg
suedg
ebairbmdh.

Yhsur-uhsur mljuhbmdsb;

 mljuhbmdlr
 pisdh
 mljuhbmdh
 jiebd
 ujpdh ad`bm

aiairdpd jdodj kihbs mljuhbmdsb;

 mljuhbmdsb virad` ded`dg mljuhbmdsb ydhn jihnnuhdmdh mdd-mdd, adbm bu siodrd `bsdh
jdupuh u`bsdh
 Mljuhb
Mljuhbmds
mdsbb hlhvir
hlhvirad`
ad` ded`dg
ded`dg sijud
sijud bsydrd
bsydrdtt ydhn
ydhn aumdh
aumdh mdtd-md
mdtd-mdtd.
td. Sisdh-p
Sisdh-pisdh
isdh
hlhvirad` sdhndt airpihndrug tirgdedp mljuhbmdsb
 Mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfisbldh` ded`dg mljuhbmdsb eihndh prlfisb misigdtdh `dbh ed`dj
ji`dmu
ji` dmumdh
mdh ml`dal
ml`dalrdsb
rdsb,ml
,mljuh
juhbmd
bmdsb,
sb, ydhn
ydhn jijdstb
jijdstbmdh
mdh adgwd
adgwd pirdwd
pirdwdtdh
tdh ydhn
ydhn eb
airbmdh ri`bda`i edh airmi`dhkutdh (BLJ,133?)

44
Edftdr pustdmd

a`lnnir. (1346, fiarudry 15). hlti hursi.

hursi. Qitrbivie frlj gttp;//hlti-
hursi.a`lnsplt.olj/1346/31/mljuhbmdsb-bhtirprlfissblhd`-jbtrd.gtj`

Murhbdtb, E. S. (1346). jleu` mljuhbmdsb virad` edh hlh virad`. ad`b.

_bg Qbhb Gdhedkdhb, J. (1346). mljuhbmdsb ed`dj prdmtbm miabedhdh. kdmdrtd; pusebm
_EJ Misigdtdh.

virlhbmd, y., & dhnnlrlwdtb. (134>). mljuhbmdsb bhtirprlfisbldhd` siadndb updyd

pihnijadhndh ml`dalrdsb bhtirprlfisb eb Qujdg sdmbt. kurhd` mipijbjpbhdh
edh mipirdwdtdh.
mipirdwdtdh.

41