Building Cost and Quantity Estimation

Complete Practical Handbook

for Civil Engineers
 PREFACE
We have a great pleasure to present the first edition of building
estimation notes by Civil Engineering. This book acts as a quick
guide for all the civil engineers and quantity surveyors who keep an
interest in building estimation.
Quantity Surveying is the branch of civil engineering in which
the quantity surveyor makes the BOQ (Bill of Quantities) and
analyses the rate, budget, schedule and net profit for an individual or
company for a particular project.
Main functions of quantity surveyors:
1. Before tendering: Making BOQ (Bill of Quantities) with the help of
drawing provided by government/client and schedule rate provided
by government/client.

2. During tendering : During tendering the quantity surveyor of any

private company analyses the net profit by solving the estimation
sheet with the help of BOQ provided by government/client.

3. After tendering: After tendering the quantity surveyor prepares the

bill for the work which has been already executed according to order.

We are greatful to our esteemed students and clients, whose

suggestions have been incorporated in this book. Any suggestions
for further improvement of this book are always welcome.
 1. FOOTINGS OF A BUILDING 1
2. COLUMNS OF A BUILDING 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. BEAMS OF A BUILDING 18
4. SLABS OF A BUILDING 24
5. UNIT CONVERSION 30
(5.1) STANDARD UNITS 32
(5.2) LAND MEASUREMENT 35
6. DETAILED BUILDING ESTIMATIONS 37
(6.1) EXCAVATION QUANTITY OF FOOTING 37
(6.2) PCC QUANTITY OF FOOTING 41
(6.3) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ISOLATED FOOTING 43
(6.4) SHUTTERING AREA OF ISOLATED FOOTING 47
(6.5) CONCRETE QTY. OF COLUMN UPTO PLINTH BEAM 50
(6.6) SHUTTERING OF COLUMN BELOW PLINTH BEAM 53
(6.7) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF PLINTH BEAM 55
(6.8) SHUTTERING AREA OF PLINTH BEAM 57
(6.9) CONCRETE QTY. OF COLUMN ABOVE PLINTH BEAM 60
(6.10) SHUTTERING AREA OF COLUMN ABOVE PLINTH BEAM 64
(6.11) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ROOF BEAM 66
(6.12) SHUTTERING AREA OF ROOF BEAM 69
(6.13) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF SLAB 72
(6.14) SHUTTERING AREA OF SLAB 73
7. BRICKWORK ESTIMATION 75
(7.1) INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK CALCULATION 75
(7.2) BRICKWORK OF BUILDING FOUNDATION 77
(7.3) BRICKWORK ABOVE PLINTH LEVEL 81
 8. PLASTERWORK 84
9. STAIRCASE 87
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10. CEMENT, SAND AND AGGREGATE 90
11. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 93
(11.1) PROCEDURE OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 95
(11.2) RINGS 97
(11.3) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS 98
(11.4) BBS OF FOOTING 102
(11.5) BBS OF FOOTINGS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 105
(11.6) BBS OF COLUMN 107
(11.7) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF COLUMN 109
(11.8) BBS OF COLUMNS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 110
(11.9) BBS OF PLINTH BEAM 113
(11.10) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF PLINTH BEAM 115
(11.11) BBS OF PLINTH BEAMS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 116
(11.12) BBS OF ROOF BEAM 119
(11.13) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF ROOF BEAM 121
(11.14) BBS OF CONTINOUS ROOF BEAM 122
(11.15) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF ROOF BEAM 125
(11.16) BBS OF ROOF BEAMS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 127
(11.17) BBS OF ROOF SLAB 129
(11.18) BBS OF ROOF SLABS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 133
(11.19) BBS OF RAFT FOUNDATION 135
(11.20) BBS OF STAIRCASE 139
 01
1 FOOTINGS OF A BUILDING

Footings are the part of the foundation of a structure. They are the
first RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) members of a structure.
They are constructed to provide support base for the columns.

Fig.(1.1) Side view of a footing

Steps involved in the execution of foundation of any building
There are about 11 steps involved in the execution of foundation:
1. Land Survey of Site preparation includes Soil testing.
2. Marking and layout.
3. Excavation according to drawing.
4. Dewatering through hydraulic pump.
5. Termite Control (anti termite solution is sprayed below the PCC).
6. Polythene Sheet.
7. P.C.C (Plain Cement Concrete) –Ratio (1:4:8), Thickness 10-15cm.
8. Footing reinforcement/neck column reinforcement.
9. Shuttering, Concreting, De-shuttering.
10. Bitumen paint to all the surface of footing and neck column.
11. Back filling.
The PCC work done at the bottom of the footing for providing the
base is known as lean concrete.
 02

Anti termite control is done to avoid the presence of termite in

building. First we have to secure the PCC of footing and foundation.
The treatment is done on plinth level which involves inserting anti
termite solution in the soil. After this the soil area is covered with a
layer of sand of thickness 75mm. This layer of sand restricts the entry
of termites.
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) members on the basis of
bearing Capacity:
Footing
Neck Column
Column
Beam
Slab
Staircase
TYPES OF FOOTING
1. Plain footing
2. Step footing
3. Plain Combined footing
4. Isolated /Tapered footing
5. Isolated Combined footing
6. Strap /shoe/neighboring footing
7. Raft footing
Details Of Footing
1. Plain Footing
Plain footing is the footing with a single neck column. These footings
are used in residential buildings. The bearing capacity of soil is usually
normal for plain footing.
 03

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Plain footing:

Fig.(1.2) Top view of plain footing Fig.(1.3) Front view of plain footing

Given:
Footing length (L) = 1.4m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.2m
Footing depth (D) = 0.3m
Column size = (0.3m x 0.3)m
Solution:
Area of Footing = length x breadth = 1.4 x 1.2 = 1.68sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth = 1.68 x 0.3 = 0.504cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(1.4+1.2) x 0.3 = 1.56sq-m
2. Step Footing
It is the footing with a single neck column and more than two steps of
footing. The thickness of all the footings is same in step footing. Step
footings are generally used in commercial buildings or high rise
buildings where the soil bearing capacity is low. Step footings have
more strength than plain and isolated footings. This is why these
footings are used in high rise buildings. They can be used for deep to
shallow foundations.
 04

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Step footing:

Fig.(1..5) Top view of Step footing

Given:
In step footing all the steps are
square shaped, therefore its length
and breadth are same.
Length 1st step (L1)= 1.6m
Length 2nd step (L2)= 1.4m
Length 3rd step (L3)= 1.2m
Depth of all steps (D)= 0.15m

Solution:
Step-1 Fig.(1.4) Side view of Step footing

Area of footing = length (L1) x length (L1) = 1.6 x 1.6 = 2.56sq-m

Volume of concrete = area x depth (D1) = 2.56 x 0.15 = 0.384cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.6) x 0.15
= 0.96sq-m
 05

Step-2
Area of footing = length (L2) x length (L2) = 1.4 x 1.4 = 1.96sq-m
Volume of concrete = area X depth (D2) = 1.96 x 0.15 = 0.294cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.4) x 0.15 = 0.84sq-m
Step-3
Area of footing = length (L3) x length (L3) = 1.2 x 1.2 = 1.44sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth (D3) = 1.44 x 0.15 = 0.216cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.2) x 0.15 = 0.72sq-m
Total volume of concrete (V) = Vol. step-1+Vol. step-2+Vol. step-3
= 0.384+0.294+0.216 = 0.894cu-m
Total shuttering = shuttering ar.1+shuttering ar.2+shuttering ar.3
= 0.96+0.84+0.72 = 2.52 sq-m
3. Plain Combined Footing
It is a single footing with more than two neck columns. It is generally
used in malls, Parking areas, halls etc. Its soil bearing capacity is same
as plain footing.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering of Plain Combined
footing:

Fig.(1.6) Top view of Plain Combined footing

 06

Given:
From the top view and side
view we can find the given:
Footing length (L) = 2.0m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.8m
Footing depth (D) = 0.4m

Solution: Fig.(1.7) Side view of Plain Combined footing

Area of Footing = length x breadth = 2.0 x 1.8 = 3.6sq-m

Volume of concrete = area x depth = 3.6 x 0.4 =1.44cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(2.0+1.8) x 0.4 = 3.04sq-m
4. Isolated Tapered Footing
It is the footing with single neck column, tapered from top in a slope
form from all sides. Its strength is more than plain footing because of
its shape and extra volume. This shape gives it extra strength from all
sides. This footing is used in commercial buildings such as school,
colleges, malls, etc.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Isolated
Tapered footing:

Fig.(1.8) Top view of Isolated Tapered footing

 07

Given:
Footing Length (L) = 1.6m
Footing Breadth (B) = 1.4m
Footing Top Length (L1) = 0.8m
Footing Top Breadth (B1) = 0.7m
Height (H1) = 0.15m
Height (H2) = 0.35m
H = H2-H1
H = 0.35-0.15 = 0.2m

Solution: Fig.(1.9) Side view of Isolated Tapered footing

Isolated footing is solved in two parts, first part is the rectangular

portion and second part is the tapered portion.
Let us denote:
A1 = Area of Rectangular portion
V1 = Volume of Rectangular portion
A2 = Area of tapered portion
V2 = Volume of tapered portion
Total volume (V) = V1+V2
Now we calculate:
A1 = length (L) x breadth (B) = 1.6 x 1.4 = 2.24sq-m
A2 = length (L1) x breadth (B1) = 0.8 x 0.7 = 0.56sq-m
V1 = area (A1) x height (H1) = 2.24 x 0.15 = 0.336cu-m
V2 = H/3(A1+A2+√(A1 x A2 ))
= 0.2/3(2.24+0.56+√(2.24 x 0.56 ) ) = 0.264cu-m
Total volume of isolated footing = V1+V2 = 0.336+0.264 = 0.6cu-m
Shuttering area of isolated footing = 2(L+B) x H1
= 2(1.6+1.4) x 0.15 = 0.9sq-m
 08

5. Isolated Combined Footing

It is the footing having more than two neck columns and a single
footing which is tapered. It is generally used in commercial complex
or shopping malls.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Isolated
Combined footing:

Fig.(1.10) Top view of Isolated Combined footing

Given: Fig.(1.11) Side view of Isolated Combined footing

Footing length (L) = 2.0m Height (H1) = 0.15m

Footing breadth (B) = 1.8m Height (H2) = 0.45m
Footing top length (L1) = 1.6m H = H2-H1 = 0.45-0.15
Footing top breadth (B1) = 1.4m = 0.3m
 09

Let us denote:
A1 = Area of rectangular portion Note: Isolated footing is
V1 = Volume of rectangular portion solved in two parts, first the
A2 = Area of tapered portion rectangular portion and
V2 = Volume of tapered portion second is the tapered portion.
Total volume (V) = V1+V2
Solution:
Now we calculate:
A1 = length (L) x breadth (B) = 2.0 x 1.8 = 3.6sq-m
A2 = length (L1) x breadth (B1) = 1.6 x 1.4 = 2.24sq-m
V1 = area (A1) x height (H1) = 3.6 x 0.15 = 0.54cu-m
V2 = H/3(A1+A2+√(A1 x A2)) = 0.3/3(3.6+2.24+√(3.6 x 2.24))
= 0.867 cu-m
Total Volume of isolated footing = V1+V2 = 0.54+0.867
= 1.407cu-m
Shuttering area = 2(L+B) x H1 = 2(2.0 + 1.8) x 0.15 = 1.14sq-m
6. Strap/Shoe Footing
Strap footing is generally
used for the plot where we
have to construct a column
attached to a neighboring
wall. In this case the
column cannot be
constructed in the center
of the footing, therefore we
make use of strap footings
in this scenario. Fig.(1.12) Top view of Strap Footing
 10

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Strap Footing:

Given:
Footing length (L) = 1.2m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.0m
Footing depth (D) = 0.25m
Solution:
Area of footing = length x breadth
= 1.2 x 1.0
= 1.2sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth
= 1.2 x 0.25
= 0.3cu-m Fig.(1.13) Front view of Strap footing

Shuttering area of footing = (2(length)+ breadth) x depth

= (2(1.2 )+1.0) x 0.25 = 0.85sq-m
7. Raft/Mat Footing
It is provided where the bearing capacity of the soil is very low. This
footing contains double mesh at full depth of raft. Generally it does
not have neck column provided because the depth of the footing is
till ground level. It is mostly used near sea or river where the soil
bearing capacity is very low.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Raft Footing:

Fig.(1.14) Top View of Raft

footing
 11

Fig.(1.15) Front view of Raft footing

Given:
Footing length (L) = 3.5m
Footing breadth (B) = 3m
Footing depth (D) = 0.5m
Solution:
Area of footing = Length x Breadth = 3.5 x 3 = 10.5sq-m
Volume of concrete = Area x Depth = 10.5 x 0.5 = 5.25cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(3.5+3) x 0.5 = 6.5sq-m

Did You Know?

Why PCC (plain cement concrete) work is done below footing?
Concrete is the mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water. When
the concrete of footing is poured directly on soil ,the soil soaks the
slurry of concrete and then the concrete looses its strength.
Therefore, PCC work creates a barrier between the concrete and the
soil, thus avoiding their direct contact.
 Building Cost and Quantity Estimation:
Complete Practical Handbook for Civil Engineers

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