 Change in the quantity of reactants or product per unit of time.

Perubahan kuantit bagi bahan tindakbalas atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa

 The shorter the time taken, the higher the rate of reaction
Semakin pendek masa yang diambil, semakin tinggi kadar tindakbalas.

Factors effects ROR / Faktor mempengaruhi kadar tindakbalas.

 Size of reactants. ( )
Saiz bahan tindakbalas ( )

 Concentration of the solution. ( )

Kepekatan larutan ( )

 Temperature of the reactants. ( )

Suhu bahan tindakbalas ( )

 Pressure of reactants. ( )
Tekanan bahan tindakbalas ( )

 Presents of catalyst
Kehadiran pemangkin

1
This effects occurs for all types of reactants.
Kesan ini berlaku untuk semua jenis bahan tindak balas
 The increase in temperature in chemical reaction
Semakin tinggi suhu tindak balas
 The reactant particles move vigorously
Zarah-zarah bahan tindakbalas bergerak dengan lebih laju
 The kinetic energy of reactant particles increases
Semakin tinggi tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas.
 The higher rate of reaction
Lebih tinggi kadar tindak balas

EXPERIMENT 1
Eksperimen 1

Experiment Mass of zinc Volume of Concentration of Temperature of Time taken/s

Eksperimen Jisim zinc sulphuric acid sulphuric acid reaction mixture Masa yang
Isi padu asid Kepekatan asid Suhu Campuran diambil /s
sulfurik sulfurik Tindak Balas
I 1.0g of zinc 20cm3 0.1mol dm-3 28oC Longer
powder Lama
II 1.0g of zinc 20cm3 0.1mol dm-3 35oC Shorter
powder Singkat

2
EXPERIMENT 2
Eksperimen 2

3
4
5
TIPS PENTING:
Prosedure
Kaedah

Observation Colourless gas is released

Pemerhatian Gelembung gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan

Inference Hydrogen gas is produced

Inferen Gas hidrogen dihasilkan.

Variables/  Manipulated / Dimanipulasikan :

Pembolehubah
Temperature of Hydrochloric Acid / Suhu asid hidroklorik

 Responding / Bergerakbalas :
Rate of reaction / Kadar tindak balas
The time taken for the reaction to complete / Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas lengkap

 Fixed / Ditetapkan
Length of magnesium / Panjang pita magnesium
Volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid / Isipadu dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik

Hypothesis The higher the temperature of hydrochloric acid, the higher the rate of reaction / Semakin tinggi
Hipotesis suhu hidroklorik, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.

The higher the temperature of hydrochloric acid, the shorter the time taken for the reaction to
Relationship complete, the higher the rate of reaction / Semakin tinggi suhu hidroklorik, semakin singkat
Hubungan masa yang diambil untuk tindakbalas lengkap, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.

6
 Operational When a cleaned magnesium ribbon is placed in a beaker containing highest temperature of
definition hydrochloric acid, the time taken for the complete reaction is shortest. / Apabila pita magnesium
Definisi secara yang telah dibersihkan ke dalam bikar berisi asid hidroklorik yang dipanaskan pada suhu lebih
operasi tinggi, masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas lengkap adalah paling pendek / singkat.

Contruct Table Set I II III

Bina jadual
o
Temperature ( C) 28 35 55
Suhu (oC)
Time taken for the reaction to complete 60 40 30
(s)
Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas
lengkap (s)

Compare  Between 35oC and 55oC / Antara 35oC dan 55oC:

Bandingkan
(Based on The rate of reaction at the temperature 55oC is higher than at 35oC. When temperature of the
Data) hydrochloric acid is higher, the kinetic energy of the particles increases cause the particles move
faster to collide each other. / Kadar tindak balas pada suhu 55oC lebih tinggi berbanding pada
suhu 35oC. Apabila suhu asid hidroklorik tinggi, tenaga kinetik zarah –zarah bahan tindak balas
menjadi tinggi menyebabkan zarah-zarah bergerak lebih cepat untuk berlanggar di antara satu
sama lain.

Predict  Hydrochloric acid replaced with ethanoic acid / Asid hidroklorik diganti dengan asid etanoik.
Ramalkan
The rate of reaction decreases because ethanoic acid is a weak acid while hydrochloric ia strong
acid. Ethanoic acid partially ionised in water and produced low concentration of Hydrogen ion
(H+) / Kadar tindak balas berkurang kerana asid ethanoik merupakan asid lemah manakala asid
hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Asid etanoik mengion separa di dalam air dan menghasilkan
kepekatan ion hidrogen (H+) yang rendah.

Suggest  How to increase ROR other than increasing the Temperature / Bagaimana meningkatkan
Cadangkan KTB selain meningkatkan suhu bahan tindakbalas

Use different concentration of hydrochloric acid / Menukarkan kepekatan asid hidroklorik

Use different size of magnesium such as ribbon and powder / Menggunakan saiz magnesium
yang berbeza seperti pita dan serbuk magnesium

7
Contruct Table Set I II III
Bina jadual
Temperature (oC) 28 35 55
Suhu (oC)
Time taken for the reaction to complete 60 40 30
(s)
Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas
lengkap (s)
1/time (s-1) / 1/ masa (s-1)

Graph Temperature vs time graph

Graf
Temperature of hydrochloric acid (oC)
Suhu asid hidroklorik (oC)

Temperature vs rate of reaction

Temperature of hydrochloric acid (oC)

Suhu asid hidroklorik (oC)

8
This effects occurs if one of the reactants in the form of solution.
Kesan ini berlaku apabila salah satu bahan tindak balas dalam bentuk LARUTAN
 The increase in concentration of the solution (reactants)
Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan (bahan tindak balas)
 The more will be the number of particles per unit volume
Semakin banyak bilangan zarah-zarah bahan tindakbalas per unit isipadu
 The higher rate of reaction
Lebih tinggi kadar tindak balas

EXPERIMENT 1
Eksperimen 1

Experiment Mass of zinc Volume of Concentration of Temperature of Time taken/s

Eksperimen Jisim zinc sulphuric acid sulphuric acid reaction mixture Masa yang
Isi padu asid Kepekatan asid Suhu Campuran diambil /s
sulfurik sulfurik Tindak Balas
I 1.0g of zinc 50cm3 1.0mol dm-3 28oC Longer
powder Lama
II 1.0g of zinc 50cm3 2.0mol dm-3 28oC Shorter
powder Singkat

9
1
TIPS PENTING:
Observation Colourless gas is released
Pemerhatian Gelembung gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan

Inference Hydrogen gas is produced

Inferen Gas hidrogen dihasilkan.

Variables/  Manipulated / Dimanipulasikan :

Pembolehubah
Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid / Kepekatan asid hidroklorik

 Responding / Bergerakbalas :
Rate of reaction / Kadar tindak balas
The time taken for the reaction to complete / Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas lengkap

 Fixed / Ditetapkan
Length of magnesium / Panjang pita magnesium
Volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid / Isipadu dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik

Hypothesis The higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the higher the rate of reaction / Semakin
Hipotesis tinggi kepekatan asid hidroklorik, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.

The higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the shorter the time taken for the reaction to
Relationship complete, the higher the rate of reaction / Semakin tinggi kepekatan hidroklorik, semakin
Hubungan singkat masa yang diambil untuk tindakbalas lengkap, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.

Operational When a cleaned magnesium ribbon is placed in a beaker containing highest concentration of
definition hydrochloric acid, the time taken for the complete reaction is shortest. / Apabila pita magnesium
Definisi secara yang telah dibersihkan ke dalam bikar berisi asid hidroklorik yang berkepekatan yang tinggi,
operasi masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas lengkap adalah paling pendek / singkat.

Contruct Table Set I II III

Bina jadual
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
(moldm-3)
Kepekatan asid hidroklorik (moldm-3)
Time taken for the reaction to complete
(s)
Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas
lengkap (s)

4
 Compare  Between 35oC and 55oC / Antara 35oC dan 55oC:
Bandingkan
(Based on The rate of reaction at the 2.0moldm-1 is higher than at 1.0moldm-1. Whenconcentration of the
Data) hydrochloric acid is higher, the more the number of particles per unit of volume./ Kadar tindak
balas pada suhu 2.0moldm-1 lebih tinggi berbanding pada suhu 1.0moldm-1Apabila kepekatan
asid hidroklorik tinggi, bilangan zarah –zarah bahan tindak balas per unit isipadu bertambah

Predict  Hydrochloric acid replaced with ethanoic acid / Asid hidroklorik diganti dengan asid etanoik.
Ramalkan
The rate of reaction decreases because ethanoic acid is a weak acid while hydrochloric ia strong
acid. Ethanoic acid partially ionised in water and produced low concentration of Hydrogen ion
(H+) / Kadar tindak balas berkurang kerana asid ethanoik merupakan asid lemah manakala asid
hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Asid etanoik mengion separa di dalam air dan menghasilkan
kepekatan ion hidrogen (H+) yang rendah.

Suggest  How to increase ROR other than increasing the concentration / Bagaimana meningkatkan
Cadangkan KTB selain meningkatkan kepekatan bahan tindakbalas

Use different temperature of hydrochloric acid / Menukarkan suhu asid hidroklorik

Use different size of magnesium such as ribbon and powder / Menggunakan saiz magnesium
yang berbeza seperti pita dan serbuk magnesium

5
 Graph Concentration vs time graph
Graf
Concentration of hydrochloric acid (oC)
Kepekatan asid hidroklorik (oC)

Temperature vs rate of reaction

Concentration of hydrochloric acid (oC)

Kepekatan asid hidroklorik (oC)

“ Good luck and All the Best”