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Ece141 Lec11 Finite Fields
Ece141 Lec11 Finite Fields
𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑝𝑖 𝑋 𝑖 𝐺 𝑋 = 𝑔𝑖 𝑋 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑖=0
❑ The sum 𝑃 𝑋 + 𝐺 𝑋 is defined as:
𝑚
𝑃 𝑋 + 𝐺 𝑋 = 𝑝𝑖 + 𝑔𝑖 𝑋 𝑖
𝑖=0
❑ where 𝑝𝑖 + 𝑔𝑖 for all 𝑖 indicates modulo-𝑝 addition.
❑ Polynomial addition in GF(2) is the same as subtraction.
𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑝𝑖 𝑋 𝑖 𝐺 𝑋 = 𝑔𝑖 𝑋 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑖=0
❑ The product 𝑃 𝑋 ∙ 𝐺 𝑋 is defined as:
𝑃 𝑋 ∙ 𝐺 𝑋 = 𝑃 𝑋 𝐺 𝑋 mod 𝑔 𝑋
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 𝑋 𝐺 𝑋 = 𝑔𝑗 𝑝𝑖 𝑋 𝑖+𝑗
𝑗=0 𝑖=0
+ 0 1 𝑋 𝑋+1
0 0 0 0 0
Multiplication Table: 1 0 1 𝑋 𝑋+1
𝑋 0 𝑋 𝑋+1 1
𝑋+1 0 𝑋+1 1 𝑋
𝑔 𝑋 = 𝑔𝑖 𝑋 𝑖 → 𝑔 𝑋 2
= 𝑔𝑖 𝑋 2𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑖=0
2
❑ Example: 𝑋 + 1 = 𝑋2 + 1
𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑏𝑖 𝑋 𝑖
𝑖=1
❑ Example, for the GF(4) extension:
𝑔 𝑋 = 𝑋 2 + 𝑋 + 1 for GF(2)
0𝑋 + 0 00
0𝑋 + 1 01
1𝑋 + 0 10
1𝑋 + 1 11
0 0 1 𝑋 𝑋+1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1
1 1 0 𝑋+1 𝑋 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋+1 0 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 1
𝑋+1 𝑋+1 𝑋 1 0 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2
𝑋2 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 0 1 𝑋 𝑋+1
𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 1 0 𝑋+1 𝑋
𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋 𝑋+1 0 1
𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 𝑋+1 𝑋 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 𝑋 𝑋+1 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1
𝑋 0 𝑋 𝑋2 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋+1 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 1
𝑋+1 0 𝑋+1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 1 𝑋
𝑋2 0 𝑋2 𝑋+1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋2 + 1 1
𝑋2 + 1 0 𝑋2 + 1 1 𝑋2 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋+1 𝑋2 + 𝑋
𝑋2 + 𝑋 0 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 1 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋+1 𝑋 𝑋2
𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 0 𝑋2 + 𝑋 + 1 𝑋2 + 1 𝑋 1 𝑋2 + 𝑋 𝑋2 𝑋+1