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❑ A block (or word) of k data bits b = (b0, b1,… bk-1 ) is mapped into a block of n
coded bits c = (c0, c1,… cn-1 ), where bi and ci can be 1 or 0
❑ A block code is linear if ci + cj is also a codeword (closure property).
▪ NOTE: Addition is modulo-2
b c • Linear code should also contain the
❑ Example: (5,2) code
b0 = 00 c0 = 00000 all-zero codeword since ci + ci = 0
b1 = 01 c1 = 01101 • Code is systematic if the K leftmost
bits are the data bits
b2 = 10 c2 = 10011
• Remaining (N-K) bits are called
b3 = 11 c3 = 11110 parity bits
ECE 141: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION I 6
Code Construction using
Generator Matrix
❑ A linear block code can be generated by using a generator
matrix G with K rows and N columns:
g11 g1N
[ c ]=[ m ]
c [c1 c2 ... cN ] {0,1}n gK1 g KN
cHT = mGHT = 0
𝒎 𝒄 𝑤 𝒄
0 000 … 0 0
1 111 … 1 𝑁
❑ Except for the 𝟎 codeword, the weights are all equal with:
𝑤 = 2𝑚−1 = 4
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
𝑮= 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0
𝑯= 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1
𝒎 𝒄 𝒔 = 𝒄𝑯𝑻
000 0000000 0000
001 1101001 0000
010 0111010 0000
011 1010011 0000
100 1110100 0000
101 0011101 0000
110 1001110 0000
111 0100111 0000
𝒎 𝒄 + 0000001 𝒔 = 𝒄𝑯𝑻
000 1000000 1110
001 0101001 1110
010 1111010 1110
011 0010011 1110
100 0110100 1110
101 1011101 1110
110 0001110 1110
111 1100111 1110
Coset
leaders
❑ Syndrome decoding:
▪ Compute the syndrome s = rHT
▪ Within a coset characterized by the syndrome, identify the coset leader, e0
▪ Compute the code vector c = r + e0 as the decoded version of r
Undetected errors.
𝒎 𝒄+𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒄𝑯𝑻
00 01101 000
01 00000 000
10 11110 000
11 10011 000
𝑃𝑢𝑑 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑃𝑗 1 − 𝑃 𝑛−𝑗
𝑗=1
❑ For 𝑡 = 1:
𝑃𝑏 = 1.5 𝑛 − 1 𝑃2
❑ Note that if 𝑃 ≪ 1, then 𝑃𝑏 < 𝑃.