Lecture - 4

Wireless Networking
Course outline
Wireless Networking:
 Wireless LANs and PANs
IEEE 802.11 Standard
Architecture
Services
Hiper LAN
Blue Tooth
Wi-Fi
 Wireless Local Loop
WiMAX.
Wireless Network Introduction
Wireless Communication is an advanced branch of
communication engineering.
Wireless communication involves the transmission of
information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or
any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all
procedures and forms of connecting and communicating
between two or more devices using a wireless signal through
wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many
advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for
example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers
(for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless
access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include
GPS units, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets,
headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television.
Wireless - Advantages
Cost effectiveness.
Flexibility - Wireless communication enables people to
communicate regardless of their location.
Convenience
Wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite
simple and therefore allow anyone to use them.
Accessibility
Example − In rural regions, online education is now possible.
Constant connectivity - Example − A wireless mobile.
Easy to install, portable and flexible, scalability, high speed and
scalability.
 Wireless LANs and WLANs
LAN
stands for Local Area Network.
connections include both wired and
wireless connections.
is free from external attacks like
interruption of signals, cyber criminal
attacks and so on.
LAN in secure.
Mobility limited.
LAN is less expensive.
Example: Computers connected in a
college.
WLAN
stands for Wireless Local Area
Network.
connections are completely wireless.
WLAN is vulnerable to external
attacks.
WLAN is not secure.
Outstanding mobility.
WLAN is more expensive.
Example: Laptops, cellphones, tablets
connected to a wireless router or
hotspot.
PAN (Personal Area Networks)
Networks that connect devices within a small range.
- Typically on the order of 10-100 meters
Application areas
- Data and voice access points
- Cable replacement
- Ad hoc networking - Device with PAN radio can establish
connection with another when in range.
Use of WLANs Goals WLANs
 Mobile Internet  Ease of use
 Power efficiency
Home networking
 Cheap
 Office networking
 Robust to noise
 Temporary networks
 Global usability
 Coffee shop networks
 Security
 Airports
Wireless networking IEEE 802.11 Standard
IEEE Definition of WPAN
IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE 802.11: set of standards that define communication for wireless LANs or WLANs.
WPAN stands for Wireless personal area network.
WPAN is convey information over short distance among a private, intimate group of
participant devices.
e.g. of WPLANs
Bluetooth
Zigbee
UWB – Ultrawideband
IEEE 802.11 (Wi Fi)
 Adopted in 1997
 Defines
 MAC sublayer
 MAC management protocols and services
 Physical (PHY) layers
 IR (infrared) - used in all our One For All remote controls.
• FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum)
- greater tolerance of signal interference
- Less range than direct sequence
• DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum)
 Goals
• To deliver services in wired networks

• To achieve high throughput

• To achieve highly reliable data delivery

• To achieve continuous network connection

IEEE 802.11 Architecture
Designed so that most decisions distributed to
mobile stations
 Fault tolerant
 Eliminates bottlenecks
 Components of an 802.11 system
 Stations
 Access point (AP)
 Basic service set (BSS)
 Extended service set (ESS)
 Distribution system (DS)
802.11 Services
Services divided into:
 Station services  Distribution services
- Authentication - Association
- Deauthentication - Disassociation
- Privacy - Reassociation
- Data delivery - Distribution
- Integration
Station Services
 Authentication

 Deauthentication

Privacy

Data delivery
 Bluetooth Standard
 Universal short-range wireless capability
 Bluetooth standardization began in 1998
 Sponsors
 Initial: Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel
 Expanded in 1999 to include 3 Com, Lucent, Microsoft,
and Motorola
 Thousands of companies are now adopters
 Goals of system design
 low power
 ZigBee Introduction
ZigBee is a technological standard designed for control and sensor
networks.
Development started 1998, where Bluetooth and Wi-Fi were going
to be unsuitable for many applications.
Based on the 802.15.4 standard.
Created by the ZigBee Alliance.
Operates in personal area network and device to device network.
Connectivity between small packet devices.
Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc.
IEEE 802.15.4 standard was completed in may 2003.
ZigBee characteristics
Low cost.

Low power consumption.

Law data rate.

Scalability.

Reliability.

Flexible protocol design suitable for many applications.

 Ultrawideband (UWB)

It is a short-range wireless communication protocol.

It uses radio waves to enable devices to talk to each other.
It is similar to Bluetooth but more precise, reliable and
effective.
Advantages of Ultrawideband (UWB)
Does not use the traditional radio frequency carriers.
Is not line of slight.
Reduce cost vs current wireless technology .
Channelization: frequency sharing with other applications.
Transmission of data in large bursts.
Can trade off throughput for distances.
It is faster than Bluetooth and Wi Fi.
Data rate of 450Mbps instead of 1Mbps.
UWB Applications
Replacing IEEE 1394 cables with wireless connectivity.

High quality video

Accurate ranging information.

Radar and Imaging.

High-Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN)

It is an alternative wireless LAN standard to the IEEE 802.11.

It is one of four standards (HIPERLAN 1 through 4) specified
by the European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI)
to link interoperable technologies from different locations
instead of cable.
 HIPERLAN uses cellular-based data networks to connect to
an ATM backbone.
The main idea behind HIPERLAN is to provide an
infrastructure or ad-hoc wireless system with a small radius.
Components of a HIPERLAN include:
Physical Layer: This layer provides the standard functions,
including radio frequency functions.
Link Adaptation: This standard allows the access point to convey
information in an uplink or downlink direction.
Data Link Control (DLC) Layer: This layer includes the Media
Acces Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), Dynamic
Frequency Selection (DFS) and Error Control (EC) protocols.
Convergence Layer: Its basic function is to provide the HIPERLAN
DLC and physical access to other data networks.
WIRELESS BROADBAND (WIMAX)
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.

The technology is specified by the Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers Inc., as the IEEE 802.16 standard.
 WiMax Technology
WiMAX is expected to provide fixed , nomadic, portable and, eventually,
mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for direct line-
of-sight (LOS) with a base station.

In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers, WiMAX

Forum Certified™ systems can be expected to deliver capacity of up to 40
Mbps per channel, for fixed and portable access applications.

Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to 15 Mbps of

capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of up to three kilometers
 Why is it Interesting?
Simultaneously support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed
connectivity and thousands of homes with DSL speed connectivity.
Promise of potential low cost and flexibility in building broadband
networks.
Scalability, as extra channels and base stations can be added
incrementally as bandwidth demand grows.
Support for both voice and video as well as Internet data.
Semiconductor vendors envisage WiMax-enabled chips appearing in
PCs in 2006 and in notebook computers and PDAs by 2007.
 Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMax
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based on
the IEEE 802.11a,b, and g standards.
Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed
broadband wireless networks.
The Wi-Fi architecture consists of a base station that wireless
hosts connect to in order to access network resources.
As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed wireless
access point, they can maintain broadband wireless connectivity.
Wi-Fi Standards
 Strengths of Wi-Fi
Simplicity and ease of deployment given that it uses unlicensed
radio spectrum which does not require regulatory approval.
Cost of rolling out this wireless solution is low.
Users are able to be mobile for up to 300 feet from the access point.
There are many Wi-Fi compatible products that are available at a
low cost and can interoperate with other network technologies. Wi-
Fi clients can work seamlessly in other countries with minimal
configuration.
Weaknesses of Wi-Fi
• Limited level of mobility.

• Susceptible to interference.

• Designed technically for short-range operations and

basically an indoors technology.

• Security is a concern.
Relation of Wi-Fi and WiMax
WiMax eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi.
Unlike Wi-Fi, WiMax is intended to work outdoors over long
distances.
WiMax is a more complex technology and has to handle issues of
importance such as QoS guarantees, carrier-class reliability, NLOS.
WiMax is not intended to replace Wi-Fi. Instead, the two
technologies complement each other.
WiMax Standards
Fig. WiMAX (Wireless MAN) Deployment Architecture
Thank you for your attention

End of lecture - 4