Average and Effective Values

The average of a periodic function can be found from the integral

T
1
T 0
FAVR  f ( t )dt where T is the period

MKT 433 The effective (RMS) of a periodic function can be found from

Güç Elektroniği İle Elektriksel Tahrik

T
1
f ( t )2 dt
T 0
FEff  where T is the period

2
1
2 0
Example: f(t) = sin t FAVR  sin tdt  0
“Temel Bilgiler ”
2 2
1 1  1  cos 2t 
2 0 2 0 
FEff  sin 2 t dt    dt
2 

1   1 
2 2
 cos 2t   1
FEff    
2  0  2 
dt     dt 
2  
0 2
MA -1 MA -2

Average and RMS Values Average and RMS Values

Average of a sinusoidal product
Since each of the terms on the right is a pure sinusoid, the time average is
The average of a periodic function can be found from the integral zero, except for the important case of h = 1 (same frequency). For this case
T the first term on the right is a constant and this constant is the average
FAVR   f ( t )dt where T is the period
AVR Vm cos t Im cos ( t   ) 
VmIm V I
0 cos  m m cos
2 2 2

Consider two sinusoidal time functions

which is the well known expression for average power in a sinusoidal AC
system. In words;
v1(t) = Vm cos ωt a) only sine waves of the same frequency result in a non-zero average, and
i2(t) = Im cos (hωt + Φ) b) for the same frequency the average is one half times the product of the
amplitudes times the cosine of the phase angle between the waves.
Using the identity above

VmIm V I
Vm cos t Im cos (ht   )  cos [(1 – h)t   ]  m m cos [(1  h)t   ]
2 2

MA -3 MA -4

Page 1
 Fourier Series Fourier Series

In general, the expression for the Fourier series of a periodic function is Odd and even functions:

a0    nx   nx  A function of f(x) is called “odd” if f(– x) = – f(x) Example: x3, sin(x), tan(3x)
f(x)    an cos    bn sin 
2 n 1   L   L  A function of f(x) is called “even” if f(– x) = f(x) Example: x4, cos(x), e-x+ex

y y
L
1  nx 
L L
an  f ( x ) cos  dx
 L  n = 0, 1, 2, …... ∞
x x

L
1  nx 
L L
bn  f ( x ) sin  dx Even
 L  Odd

2L is the period of f(x) and Keep in mind: an=0 bn=0

L
1
L L
a0  f ( x ) dx

MA -5 MA -6

Fourier Series – Example2 Fourier Series – Example2

0
 
Find the Fourier Series of the following function: a   nx   nx  a0   nx 
f(t) f ( x )  0   an cos    bn sin     bn sin 
2 n 1  L   L  2 n 1  L 
1
1   1
f(x)   1  cos( n )sinnx 
1 2 3
t 2 n 1 n 

an  0
1.2

1
n  1  2 sin( x )
0.8

L 1 1
 nx  
0.6

-->f(x)
1 1
bn   f ( x ) sin  dx   1. sinnx  dx   sinnx  dx
0.4
1.2

L  n 20
0.2

L 1 1

L 1
0

0 -0.2
0 1 2 3 4
0.8

0.65 6

cos nx  1

-->f(x)
1
2 sin( 3x )
-->t

1
cos n  1  1 1  cos n n3
0.4

bn   |  3
0.2 1.2

n 0 n n 0 1

n40
-0.2 0.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-->t

L 1 0.6

-->f(x)
1 1
a0   f ( x ) dx  1  1.dx  1
0.4

1
n5 2 sin( 5x )
0.2

L
5
0

L 1 -0.2
0 1 2 3
-->t
4 5 6

MA -7 MA -8

Page 2
 Fourier Series – Example2 Average Power Transmitted Between Two Sources
1.2

1
1.025

1.02
1) In DC Systems
1.015
0.8
1.01

-->f(x)
0.6 1.005
-->f(x)

0.4 0.995

0.99
0.2 0.985

0.98
0 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02
-->t

-0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-->t
1.2

First 50 harmonics are used 1

0.8

0.6

-->f(x)
0.4

0.2
which illustrates that power moves from the larger to the smaller voltage in
0
a dc system.
-0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-->t

First 10000 harmonics are used

MA -9 MA -10

Average Power Transmitted Between Two Sources Average Power Transmitted Between Two Sources
In AC Systems

The power entering V1 is

P1  V1I cos 

from the equality illustrated in the phasor diagram

V2 sin 
I cos  
X
V1 V2
Using this result to eliminate I cosθ yields P1  sin 
X
“The power flows from the leading voltage to the lagging voltage, not from the larger to the smaller as in dc.”

MA -11 MA -12

Page 3
 Average Power Transmitted Between Two Sources Phasor Analysis

• A phasor is a complex number that represents the magnitude and

phase of a sinusoidal voltage or current.

X M cos t   X  X M 
• Remember, for AC steady-state analysis, this is all we need---we
already know the frequency of any voltage or current.
• Complex impedance describes the relationship between the
voltage across an element (expressed as a phasor) and the current
through the element (expressed as a phasor).
• Impedance is a complex number.
• Impedance depends on frequency.
• Phasors and complex impedance allow us to use Ohm’s law with
complex numbers to compute current from voltage, and voltage
from current.

MA -13 MA -14

Phasor Analysis Power Computation

In electric circuit, a sin wave
_ can be represented by a phasor. Assume a
sin wave voltage. Here V is the phasor representation of v(t): We can draw a power diagram by plotting P along the real axis and Q
along the imaginary axis in the complex plane. Here, θ is the power
_ factor angle.
v ( t )  Vm cos( t   ) V  Vm  Complex (apparent) power
Im axis
If V and I are the phasor representation of v(t) and i(t), the phasor equivalence of
S
S  P  jQ
Ohm’s law for R, L and C are given below: Q

Active power Reactive power

θ Real axis
P

Impedances for L and C are:

1 j
ZL  jL ZC  
jC C
MA -15 MA -16

Page 4
 Power Computation Poly-phase or 3-Phase Systems

Example: Lighting = 10kW Why 3-phase systems?

0.02 0.5 Motor load = 15kW (cosθ=0.8) • much more efficiency motors and generators
• can transmit much more power with the same amount of copper weight
+
Total active power: P=25kW • instantaneous power does not pulsate
V E=240V
Reactive power: Q=Pmotortan37 = 11.3kVar
_

Total app. Power: S = P+jQ=25+j11.3 kW Think about a set of coils 120 degree apart from each other
θ= 24.3o = 27.43 < 24.3o kW
Im axis 120o a
S 27.43 kW
Io    114 .3 A Io  114.3   24.3 A Q
S c’ b’
E 240 V Inductive load! θ θ=37
V  E  I o Zt
Real axis
P
P=15kW
Imag
V  2400  114.3  24.3 x ( 0.02  0.5 j )  270.510.9 V V b c
jXI
Using phasor diagram : E Real a’
RI
I
MA -17 MA -18

Poly-phase or 3-Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems

a
Y - Connected 3-Phase Source Δ - Connected 3-Phase Source
R
E 0 o
i  I m cos( t   ) Ibn Ib
b
E m cos( t ) a’
L I I  b c
3-Phase 3-Phase
Load Load
ns
b R c
E 120o i  I m cos( t    120 ) a
a
E m cos( t  120 ) b’
L I  I    120 Ian Ia

• Can be visualized as single phase sources

c R
• Amplitude of each voltage is the same
E -120o i  I m cos( t    120 )
• Each voltage source is 120 degree apart
L I  I    120
E m cos( t  120 ) c’ • Van  Vbn  Vcn  0

Neutral system MA -19 MA -20

Page 5
 3 Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems
Voltage waveforms Line-to-line voltages Phase and line voltages of Y-
connected source
_ _ _
Vab  Van Vbn  3 V 30  Vl 30
Vcn
Vca Vab

_ _ _
Vbc  Vbn Vcn  3 V   90  Vl   90
30o Van
_ _ _
Vca  Vcn Van  3 V 150  Vl 150
Time domain Phasor form
Vbn
_
v an ( t )  2Vrms cos( t ) Van  V 0
Vl  3V or Vl  3V
_ Vbc
v bn ( t )  2Vrms cos( t  120 ) Vbn  V   120
In a Y-connected 3-phase balanced system, the
_
v cn ( t )  2Vrms cos( t  120 ) Vcn  V   120 magnitude of the line voltage is 3 times the
phase voltage
MA -21 MA -22

3 Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems

For a Δ - Connected 3-Phase Source: Summary:

• Line and phase voltages are the same and equal to Y - Connected 3-Phase Source Δ - Connected 3-Phase Source
_
Vab  V 0 Vl  V
_ Vl  3V or Vl  3V
Vbc  V   120
_
Vca  V 120 Il  I I l  3I or Il  3I 
• Algebraic sum of the voltages are equal to zero (Kirchoff’s Law)
_ _ _ • In a Y-connected 3-phase • In a Δ -connected 3-phase balanced
Vab  Vbc  Vca  0 balanced system, the magnitude system, the magnitude of the line
_ of the line voltage is 3 times current is 3 times the phase current
• Line currents are Assumed I ba  I  the phase voltage and lags the phase voltage by 30
_ _ _
degrees
Ia  I ba  Ica  3 I ba   30  3 I (   30 )
_
Δ –Y Transformation:
I b  3 I (   150 )
_
Ic  3 I (   90 ) Phase impedances: Z   3ZY
MA -23 MA -24

Page 6
 3 Phase Systems – Load and Power 3 Phase Systems – Load and Power

3-Phase Loads 3-Phase power is equal to 3 times the single phase power. That is;

Ibn Icn c c P3   3P1

b c
Ibc
P3   3VI  cos 
Ica
Vbc Vca
ns nL
In=Ia+Ib+Ic=0 Iab a
b a b P3  3 VL IL cos  for both Y or Δ connected systems
a Vab
Ian
Example:
V
i an  i bn  i cn  0 Vab  Vbc  Vca  0 c IL  I   
380 / 3

220
 7.76  45 A
a Z Z Z 20  20 j 28.2845

From the Kirchoff’s current and voltage law, the sum of currents
in Y and voltages in Δ are equal to zero!
380 V P3  3VI cos 
Z=20+20j
P3  3 x 220 x 7.76 x cos 45  3621 W
b

MA -25 MA -26

Load and Power Load and Power

Consider a transmission line and load in 1 phase system: Power Computation in Sinusoidal Systems:

P
Rt Lt
+ ro
Po ( t )  v .i
Vp v
Pavg v  Vm sin t  2V sin 2ft 
+
load Ip
Po ( t )  Avg v .i   Avg i ro
e
i  Im sint     2I sin 2ft   
v 2 i
_ Lo
-
t
p  v .i  2.V .I . sin 2ft . sin 2ft   

Power Computation:
sin A sin B = 1/2 cos (A – B) –1/2 cos (A +B)
P
Average Power:
Vp v
Ip i Po  Vp I p p  v .i  V .I .cos   cos 4ft    P  V .I . cos 

t  
P  Re V .I  V .I . cos 
*

Q  Im V .I   V .I . sin 
*

MA -27 MA -28

Page 7
 Per Unit System Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
Per Unit (pu) systems are used by engineers to quantify equipment parameters in terms of • Any circuit with sources (dependent and/or independent) and resistors can
their Nameplate Ratings. For example, a motor with a 1 kW nameplate rating which delivers be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing a single voltage source and a
0.9 kW to a dynamic load is said to be 90% loaded or 0.9 per unit. In this case, the per unit
single resistor.
base is the nameplate HP rating of 1kW. When the motor delivers 0.9 kW, 0.9/1 equals 0.9
per unit. In general then, • Thevenin’s theorem implies that we can replace arbitrarily complicated
X
X per unit  real networks with simple networks for purposes of analysis.
X Base
• In other words, a linear circuit containing any number of sources and
elements (viewed from two terminals) can be replaced by an equivalent
voltage source (VT) and in series with an equivalent impedance (ZT). Here, VT
is the open circuit voltage.
ZT

_
_
_ VT

MA -29 MA -30

Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

RTh
• Any Thevenin equivalent circuit is in turn equivalent to a current source
in parallel with a resistor [source transformation]
Voc + • A current source in parallel with a resistor is called a Norton equivalent
– circuit
• Finding a Norton equivalent circuit requires essentially the same
Circuit with independent sources Thevenin equivalent circuit process as finding a Thevenin equivalent circuit
• these source and resistor combinations can be swapped in a circuit
without affecting the voltages and currents in other parts of the circuit

A A A
Isc RTh A Vs Rth
Is Rth Rth Rth Vs
Is Rth R th
B B B B
Circuit with one or more Norton equivalent circuit
independent sources

MA -31 MA -32

Page 8
 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
Following steps provide a technique which converts any circuit into its Thévenin equivalent
Example: Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit
1. Remove the load from the circuit.
of the given circuit across the terminals.
2. Label the resulting two terminals. We will label them as a and b, although any notation
may be used.
3. Set all sources in the circuit to zero. Voltage sources are set to zero by replacing them
with short circuits (zero volts). Current sources are set to zero by replacing them with
open circuits (zero amps).
4. Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance, RTh, by calculating the resistance
“seen” between terminals a and b. It may be necessary to redraw the circuit to simplify
this step. Step 1 and 2 Step 3 Step 4
5. Replace the sources removed in Step 3, and determine the open-circuit voltage
between the terminals. If the circuit has more than one source, it may be necessary to
use the superposition theorem. In that case, it will be necessary to determine the
open-circuit voltage due to each source separately and then determine the combined RTh=24 ohms
effect. The resulting open-circuit voltage will be the value of the Thévenin voltage,
ETh.
6. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit using the resistance determined in Step 4 and
the voltage calculated in Step 5. As part of the resulting circuit, include that portion of
the network removed in Step 1. Voltage source Current source
short-circuited open-circuited
MA -33 MA -34

Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem Max Power Transfer

• Maximum power is transferred when the load impedance is equal to the
Step 5 Step 6 Thevenin impedance.
Thévenin equivalent circuit
Open circuit voltage Vab is; Thevenin Eqv circuit; Power absorbed by load resistor:
RTh
Vab= 20 V - 24Ωx2A = -28V
2
+ iL  VTh 
p  i L2RL    RL
 RTh  RL 
+
VTh – vL RL
–

To find the value of RL for which p is maximum, set to 0=

dp
dRL
2 RTh  RL   RL  2RTh  RL 
dp  2 
 VTh  0
Using this Thv eqv circuit, we can easily find the current flowing through the
load resistance
dR L  RTh  RL 4

 28V
IL  
  RTh  RL 2  RL  2RTh  RL   0
  0 .7 A A resistive load receives maximum power from a circuit if the load resistance
 24  16   RTh  RL equals the Thévenin resistance of the circuit.
MA -35 MA -36

Page 9
 Magnetic Circuits Magnetic Equivalent Circuits
Consider a toroid with leakage flux neglected

Using Ampere’s Law: Magnetomotive force:

  F  N .i  H .l
 H .dl  Ni
H .l  Ni Magnetic Flux:
H .2r  Ni   BdA
 Ni F
  B. A  HA   A
Magnetic and Electric Circuit Analogy: l 
Ф i
l 1
E  
F  R r o A P

Reluctance Permeance

MA -37 MA -38

Magnetic Equivalent Circuits Magnetization Curve and Saturation

m2
Reluctance:   BA • At low magnetic field intensity
m
l Wb values, flux density increases almost
 Tesla=Wb/m2 linearly
 r o A
m2 • At high magnetic field intensity
A.turn/Wb A
  Ni values, flux density change is non-
H/m linear due to saturation
A.turns turns

Saturation
Series and Parallel Connection of reluctances: region

R1 R2 R3 R2 R3 R4
R1
1
eqv 
1 1 1
eqv  R1  R2  R3  
R1 R2 R2
MA -39 MA -40

Page 10
 Magnetic Circuits with Airgap Inductance
Consider a magnetic circuit with a small airgap lg A coil is represented by a circuit element
lc F Ф

i 
+ Rc
V N lg Ni • Flux linkage   N
_

L
Rg I N
• Inductance L
i
Reluctances:

lc lg Bc  c
c  g  Ac  N N .B.A N .H .A
 c Ac  g Ag L   
g i i i i
N .i  H c .lc  H g .l g Bg 
Ag
N .H .A N 2 N2
Fringing Effect: L  
 Ni Hl l 
With no fringing  Ag=Ac Bc  Bg   N A
Ac c   g
MA -41 MA -42

Hysteresis Eddy Current Loss

• initially unmagnetized
• i and H increased slowly
• i and H removed : Br residual flux density
• H reversed to –Hc (coercivity): flux density
vanishes
• during first period B-H curve will follow the
path oacdefga’ - the loop does not close • time varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in conducting material
• after few periods the loop almost closes -
hysteresis loop • a power loss proportional to Ri2 will be caused Pe  K eBmax 2 .f 2
• B-H relation is nonlinear and multi- valued
• the B lags behind H – hysteresis • eddy current loss can be reduced by
• increasing the resistivity of the core material
• Locus of the tip of the hysteresis loop is
• using laminated cores
called the magnetization curve

MA -43 MA -44

Page 11
 Core Loss Sinusoidal Excitation

• hysteresis and eddy current loss are lumped together to define core losses

Pc  Pe  Ph

• slow variations
– eddy current loss negligible
– static loop
• rapid variations
– eddy currents tend to maintain the flux
– hysteresis loop becomes broader
– dynamic loop
• the loss appears as heat in the core

MA -45 MA -46

Excitation Current – Nonlinear Material Permanent Magnet Materials

• sinusoidal flux
• AlNiCo-alloys • ferrite-alloys • rare-earth alloys
• Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from Φ-i
curve – high residual flux density – lower residual flux density – high residual flux density
• in phase with flux – rather low coersive force – very high coersitivity force – very high coersitivity force
• symmetrical with respect to voltage
• fundamental component lags the voltage by 90°
• no power loss
• exciting coil can be represented by a
• pure inductance (fundamental components)

• sinusoidal flux
• Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from multi-valued
Φ-i curve
• Non sinusoidal – non symmetrical with respect to voltage
• exciting current can be split into two components
– ic in phase with voltage e, accounting`for the core loss
– im in phase with flux Φ
• exciting coil can be represented by a`resistance (core loss)
and a inductance (magnetization of the`core) (fundamental
components)
MA -47 MA -48

Page 12
 Magnetization of PMs Magnets in Magnetic Circuits

Assuming core permeability is infinite, the

total MMF acting on the circuit is zero.
Area
Am   0  H g g  H m lm
lm Area g l 
Ag H g   m  H m
 g
μ∞ Since the flux is continuous through the
• a large mmf - on its removal the flux density will remain at the residual magnetic circuit,
value Br Magnetic A 
• a reversed magnetic field intensity - operating point b material   Ag Bg  Am Bm Bg   m  Bm
 Ag 
• field removed and reapplied - minor loop - recoil line b-c - recoil  
permeability (1-5)Uo
Bg  magnetic field density in the gap
• if field intensity exceeds - a new operating point d - operation will move
Bm  magnetic field density in the magnet
along d-e

MA -49 MA -50

Magnets in Magnetic Circuits Magnetic Circuits – Example1

Example: Example:
Find the airgap flux density if the magnet is an Alnico (Bm=0.3T). 15cm 30cm 10cm
g = 2mm
Magnetic circuit for the core example
lm=10mm 15cm
l2 Φ
Am = Ag = 4cm2
i=1
Ф
l  30cm
H g   m  H m N=200 l1 R1
 g F=Ni
Bg l  B R2
  m  m 15cm
o  g  m
 A  l 
Bg   o  m  m  H m Core depth=10cm
 Ag  g 
  l1 l2
1  2 
 4  10  Since the flux is continuous through the  r  o A1  r  o A2
Bg  410  7    Bm magnetic circuit,
 4  2 
MA -51 MA -52

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 Magnetic Circuits – Example1 Flux
Reluctances There are two components of flux in such a magnetic circuit:
l1 0.45m 12= 21= m
1    14300 Aturn / Wb
 r  o A1 2500 (410  7 ) 0.01m 2
i1 i2
l2 1.3m Mutual Flux
2    27600 Aturn / Wb
 r  o A2 2500 (410  7 ) 0.015 m 2 11 22

Total Reluctance N1 N2
Leakage Flux
TOT  1  2  41900 Aturn / Wb Coil 1 Coil 2

Total Magnetomotive force •  11 is the leakage flux of coil 1. This flux does not link coil 2 and links only coil 1.
  Ni  200turn 1A  200 Aturn •  22 is the leakage flux of coil 2. This flux does not link coil 1 and links only coil 2.

 12=  21=  m is the mutual flux that links both coil 1 and 2
Total flux in the core
 200 Aturn Then Self flux of coil 1  1 =  11+  12 =  11+  m
   4.8 mWb
 41900 Aturn / Wb Then Self flux of coil 2  2 =  22+ 21 =  22+  m
MA -53 MA -54

Self Inductance Mutual Inductance

Definition of self inductance: • Magnetic flux variation in one circuit can cause a magnetic flux variation

Total flux linked by a coil per unit of its own current L in another circuit. Note that this can be by intention or by accident.
I • By intention, one can have a transformer
• By accident, one relay might cause another relay to close or open. or
Self flux linking coil 1 is 11=N1 1 = N1( 11+  12) noise to be injected in one circuit by another
Self flux linking coil 2 is 22= N2 2 = N2( 22+  21)
Definition of Mutual Inductance:
 Portion of flux produced by one coil (say 2) that links the other coil (say
(L1) Self Inductance of coil 1 L1  11 1) per unit of current in the flux producing coil (coil 2).
i1
 22 N 1 m
(L2) Self Inductance of coil 2 L2  (M12) Mutual Inductance of coil 1 due to current in coil 2 M 12 
i2 i2
N 2 m
(M21) Mutual Inductance of coil 2 due to current in coil 1 M 12 
• A coil always links all the flux it produces i1
Normally M12 = M21= M

MA -55 MA -56

Page 14
 Mutual Inductance Relationship between Self and Mutual Inductances

• When two coils are placed close to each other, a changing flux in one coil will N 1 1 N 2 2 m m
L1  ; L2  Let k1  and k2 
cause an induced voltage in the second coil. The coils are said to have mutual
i1 i2 1 2
inductance M, which can either add or subtract from the total inductance
depending on if the fields are aiding or opposing.
• Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a N 1 1 N 2  2 N 1 m N 2  m 1 N 2  m N 1 m
neighboring inductor. Then L1 L2   
i1 i2 i1k1 i2 k 2 k1k 2 i1 i2
M
M2 M
L1 L2 
k1k 2
M
M  k L1 L2 k  k1k 2 
L1 L2

• Here k is the coupling coefficient

d d (11  21 ) d d (12  22 ) • Normally k < 1 (meaning leakage flux cannot be avoided in practice)
v1  N1 1  N1 v2  N 2 2  N 2
dt dt dt dt
MA -57 MA -58

Coupling Coefficient Case I

i1
0  k 1 k  1 Perfect Coupling M i2

k  0.5 Loosly Coupling e1 e2

k  0.5 Tightly Coupling L1 L2

Coil 1 Coil 2

a) Loosely coupled coil b) Tightly coupled coil d1 d ( L1i1  Mi2 ) di di

e1    L1 1  M 2
dt dt dt dt
0  k 1
M d 2 d ( L2 i2  Mi1 ) di di
k e2    L2 2  M 1
dt dt dt dt
L1 L2

MA -59 MA -60

Page 15
 Case II Ideal Transformers

i1 i2 Ideal Transformer
M
e1 e2
• R=0
L1 L2 • Same flux in all windings
(No leakage flux)
• Ideal magnetic core (No
Coil 1 Coil 2 losses)

V1 N1 i 2
  a
d1 d ( L1i1  Mi2 ) di di V2 N2 i1
e1    L1 1  M 2
dt dt dt dt

d 2 d ( L2 i2  Mi1 ) di di
e2    L2 2  M 1
dt dt dt dt

MA -61 MA -62

Self and Mutual Inductances Self and Mutual Inductances

M 2v  L  M  pi1  L  M  pi 2
i1 i2 v 1  L1pi1  Mpi 2 d
p 2v  L  M  pi1  i 2   L  M  pi
v 2  Mpi1  L2 pi 2 dt
L1 L2
V1 V2 LM 
v   pi  Lpi If L=M
Special Case – Identical windings
 2 
L2  L1  L series 2L  M 
 4
v 1) Series Connection: parallel L  M  / 2
i=i1=i2 v  v1  v 2
v  2L  2M  pi series 2L  M   2 M 0
 
one L 4 M L
i=i1+i2 2) Parallel Connection:
v  v1  v 2 i  i1  i 2
parallel L  M  / 2  1/ 2 M 0
v v 1  L pi1  M pi 2  
one L 1 M  L
v 2  M pi1  L pi 2
MA -63 MA -64

Page 16
 Self and Mutual Inductances Flux Leakage
Φm
L1-M L2-M v 1  L1pi1  Mpi 2 1  l 1   m
Part that links to the
+ +
v 2  Mpi1  L2 pi 2 2  l 2  m second winding

v1 M v2
i1 i2 Part that does not
v 1  L1  M pi1  Mp i1  i 2 
d
_ Φl v1  Ri1  N1 l 1  m  link the second
winding
_
dt
a v 2  a M pi1  a2 L2 pi 2 d d
a v1  Ri1  N1 l 1  N1 m
dt dt
L1-aM a2L2-aM Definition of leakage inductances:
a 1 Small voltage
+ N1 e1
+ + Ll 1  L1  M drop due to
leakage
N2
v1 av2
i1 aM
I2 /a
v2
2 2 Φl partly in the air. That is;
 N1  N  N
_ _ _   Ll 2   1  L2  1 M ll1 N1i1
 2
N  2
N N l 1  l 1 
 o Al 1
2
l 1
MA -65 MA -66

Flux Leakage Magnetic and Electrical Circuit Comparison

d  N1i1 
v 1  Ri 1  N1    e1 Comparison of electrical and magnetic quantities
dt  l1 
2
N1 di1
v1  Ri1   e1
 l 1 dt
R1 Ll1 Leakage
+ + inductance
i1
e
Ll1
v1

_ _

This is an important quantity for electric machines because we will use this a
lot in the future for almost all electric machines!

MA -67 MA -68

Page 17