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3A 4.1 Using the graphical method, for each pair of functions x and h given in the figures below, compute x ∗ h.
x(t) h(t)
2 2
1
1 1
t t
−1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3
(a)
h(t)
2
x(t)
1 1
− 12
t 1 t
−1 1 −1 2 1
−1
−1
−2
(b)
x(t) h(t)
2 1
t
−1 1
t −1
0 1
(c)
h(t)
x(t) 2
1
1
t
0 1 2 3
t
−1 0
(d)
h(t)
x(t)
1
1
t
−1 1
t
0 1 2
−1
(e)
x(t) h(t)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
t t
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0
(f)
3A Answer (e).
To assist in the convolution computation, we first plot x(τ) and h(t − τ) versus τ as shown below.
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
From the above plots, we can deduce that there are six cases (i.e., intervals of t) to be considered, which
correspond to the scenarios shown in the graphs below.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(f)
(e)
In the case that t < −1, which corresponds to Figure (a), we trivially have
x ∗ h(t) = 0.
x ∗ h(t) = 0.
t+1
R
(τ)(t − τ + 1)dτ −1 ≤ t < 0
R0t
− τ − 1)dτ + t1 (τ)(t − τ + 1)dτ + 1t+1 (2 − τ)(t − τ + 1)dτ
0≤t <1
R R
(τ)(t
R0
1 Rt R2
x ∗ h(t) = t−1 (τ)(t − τ − 1)dτ + 1 (2 − τ)(t − τ − 1)dτ + t (2 − τ)(t − τ + 1)dτ 1≤t <2
R2
t−1 (2 − τ)(t − τ − 1)dτ 2≤t <3
0
otherwise.
3A Answer (f).
To assist in the convolution computation, we first plot x(τ) and h(t − τ) versus τ as shown below.
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
From the above plots, we can deduce that there are five cases (i.e., intervals of t) to be considered, which
correspond to the scenarios shown in the graphs below.
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
(e)
In the case that t < −5, which corresponds to Figure (a), we trivially have
x ∗ h(t) = 0.
In the case that −5 ≤ t < −4, which corresponds to Figure (b), we have
Z t+2
x ∗ h(t) = (2 − τ)(τ − t − 1)dτ.
−3
x ∗ h(t) = 0.
t + 2 −2 ≤ t < −1
(e) x(t) = e−|t| and h(t) =
0 otherwise;
(
t −1 1 ≤ t < 2
(f) x(t) = e−|t| and h(t) =
0 otherwise;
1
( (
1 − 4t 0 ≤ t < 4 t −1 1 ≤ t < 2
(g) x(t) = and h(t) =
0 otherwise 0 otherwise;
(
2−t 1 ≤ t < 2
(h) x(t) = rect 41 t and h(t) = and
0 otherwise;
(
−t t −2 2 ≤ t < 4
(i) x(t) = e u(t) and h(t) =
0 otherwise.
3A Answer (b).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g)
R t+1
Rt−2 e dτ R t < −1
τ
0 t+1 −τ
x ∗ h(t) = t−2 e dτ + 0
τ e dτ −1 ≤ t < 2
R t+1 −τ
t−2 e dτ t ≥2
3A Answer (g).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(f)
(e)
(g) (h)
(i)
R t−1
− 41 τ + 1 (t − τ − 1)dτ 1≤t <2
0
R t−1
1
t−2 − 4 τ + 1 (t − τ − 1)dτ 2≤t <5
x ∗ h(t) = R 4 1
t−2 − 4 τ + 1 (t − τ − 1)dτ 5≤t <6
0 otherwise
3A Answer.
From the definition of v, we have
Z ∞
v(t) = x(−τ − b)h(τ + at)dτ.
−∞
Now, we employ a change of variable. Let λ = −τ − b so that τ = −λ − b and dτ = −dλ . Applying this
change of variable and simplifying, we obtain
Z −∞
v(t) = x(λ )h([−λ − b] + at)(−1)dλ
Z∞∞
= x(λ )h(at − b − λ )dλ
−∞
Z ∞
= x(λ )h([at − b] − λ )dλ
−∞
= x ∗ h(at − b)
= y(at − b).
3A 4.6 Consider the convolution y = x ∗ h. Assuming that the convolution y exists, prove that each of the following
assertions is true:
(a) If x is periodic, then y is periodic.
(b) If x is even and h is odd, then y is odd.
3A Answer (a).
From the definition of convolution, we have
y(t) = x ∗ h(t)
Z ∞
= x(τ)h(t − τ)dτ.
−∞
Suppose that x is periodic with period T . Then, we have x(t) = x(t + T ) and we can rewrite the above integral
as
Z ∞
y(t) = x(τ + T )h(t − τ)dτ.
−∞
Now, we employ a change of variable. Let λ = τ + T so that τ = λ − T and dλ = dτ. This yields
Z ∞
y(t) = x(λ )h(t − [λ − T ])dλ
−∞
Z ∞
= x(λ )h(t + T − λ )dλ
−∞
Z ∞
= x(λ )h([t + T ] − λ )dλ
−∞
= x ∗ h(t + T )
= y(t + T ).
3A 4.9 Consider a LTI system whose response to the function x1 (t) = u(t) − u(t − 1) is the function y1 . Determine the
response y2 of the system to the input x2 shown in the figure below in terms of y1 .
x2 (t)
t
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
3A Answer.
First, we express x2 in terms of x1 . This yields
Therefore, we have
Write a program to plot |F(ω)| and arg F(ω) for ω in the interval [−10, 10]. Use subplot to place both plots
on the same figure.
3A Answer.
w = linspace ( -10 , 10 , 500);
f = (j * w + 1) .ˆ ( -1);
subplot (2 , 1, 1);
plot (w , abs (f ));
title ( ’ Magnitude ’);
xlabel ( ’\ omega ’);
ylabel ( ’|F (\ omega )| ’);
subplot (2 , 1, 2);
plot (w , unwrap ( angle (f )));
title ( ’ Argument ’);
xlabel ( ’\ omega ’);
ylabel ( ’arg F (\ omega ) ’);
Magnitude
1
0.8
0.6
|F(ω)|
0.4
0.2
0
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
ω
Argument
1.5
0.5
arg F(ω)
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
ω