English Grammar

Nicole Liu
 目录
英语语法框架……………………………………………2
简单句分类………………………………………………5
数词………………………………………………………9
名词………………………………………………………13
冠词………………………………………………………15
代词………………………………………………………16
介词………………………………………………………21
形容词……………………………………………………24
副词………………………………………………………28
动词………………………………………………………32
名词性从句………………………………………………42
定语从句…………………………………………………46
状语从句…………………………………………………50
倒装句……………………………………………………52
虚拟语⽓…………………………………………………54
强调句……………………………………………………56
插⼊语……………………………………………………57
双否………………………………………………………57
 英语语法框架：10种词性，9种成分，8种句型。
10种词性：很多单词有多种词性，会在不同情况下使用不

同词性。

1. Noun (名词 n.): E.g. Apple, cat, China…

2. Pronoun (代词 pron.): 代替名词或名词性短语。E.g.

We, that, all, who…

3. Numeral (数词 num.): E.g. one, ten, hundred…

4. Article (冠词 art.): E.g. a, an, the.

5. Verb(动词 v.): E.g. get, do, play…

6. Adverb (副词 adv.): 修饰动词 E.g. next, much, back...

7. Adjective (形容词 adj.): 修饰名词 E.g. good, fast,

hot…

8. Preposition (介词 prep.): E.g., at, in, on…

9. Conjunction (连词 conj.): E.g. and, also, but...

10. Interjection (感叹词 int.): E.g. what, yum, blah…

9种成分：

1. Subject (主语); 2. Predicate (谓语);

3. Object (宾语); 4. Attribute (定语);

5. Adverbial (状语); 6. Object complement (宾补);

7. Subject complement (表语);

8. Double object (双宾);

9. Apposition(同位语）

8种句型：

简单句：

1. 主+谓；2. 主+谓+宾；3. 主+系+表；

4. 主+谓+双宾；5. 主+谓+宾+宾补；

复合句：

6. 名词性从句；7. 定语从句；8. 状语从句。

 简单句分类
1. 陈述句：
陈述句的两种形式：
I）肯定式：E.g. I have money.
II) 否定式：助动词后加否定词。
E.g. I do not have money.
陈述句的五种句型：
1）主+谓：不及物动词才能组成主谓结构。
E.g. I run.
2）主+谓+宾：E.g. I love you.
3）主+系+表：E.g. I am Iron Man.
4）主+谓+双宾（直接宾语+间接宾语）：
E.g. I give you money
判断标准：You和money都能做被动语态的主。
语，即你被我给我钱；钱被我给了你。所以‘你’和
‘钱’都是宾语。
5）主+谓+宾+宾补：
E.g. They ordered hamburger their lunch.
（Lunch是hamburger的宾语补⾜语。）
2. 疑问句：
疑问句的四种形式：
1)⼀般疑问：可以用‘yes’或‘no’回答。E.g. Do you love me?
2)特殊疑问：用特殊疑问词开头，如what, how, why, etc.
不可以用‘yes’或‘no’回答。E.g. Why do you love me?
3)选择疑问：用‘or’连接。不可以用‘yes’或‘no’回答。
E.g. Do you love my body or my soul?
4)反义疑问：前肯后否，前否后肯。可以用‘yes’或‘no’回
答。E.g. You love me, don’t you?/You don’t love me, do
you? (根据事实回答：Yes, I do. (我爱你)/No, I don’t(我不
爱你).
—祈使句反义疑问句：
i）Open the door, won’t you?/Don’t open the door, will
you?
ii) 不管肯定否定，Let’s开头，结尾就是shall we; Let us开
头，结尾就是will you.
E.g. Let’s go to school, shall we?/Let us go to school, will
you?
—有must的反义疑问句：
i）Must 表必须，反义疑问用mustn’t/needn’t.
E.g. He must study hard, mustn’t he?
ii) Must表推测，反义疑问用must后动词的否定形式提问
E.g. You must be joking, aren’t you?

—感叹句反义疑问句：E.g. What a lovely girl, isn’t she?

—否定词(hardly, seldom, never, little, few, nowhere,

nothing, etc.)的反义疑问句：陈述句有否定词，反义疑
问用肯定。E.g. He hardly go to school, does he?

—复合句的反义疑问句，对主句提问（除了宾语从句对
从句提问。）
E.g. It is announced that the president will visit China next
week, isn’t it? (主语从句，对主句提问。）
I don’t imagine that he has got it, had he? (宾语从
句，对从句提问。）
3.感叹句：
i) What感叹句：
E.g. What a beautiful girl she is!
What brilliant dogs they are!
ii) How 感叹句：
E.g. How careful he is!
How cute a dog it is!
iii) 语⽓词+感叹词的感叹句：
E.g. Wow! That’s really awesome!
Oh! You are Peter!

4.祈使句：
I) 命令，警告：
E.g. Get out!
Be quiet, please!
ii)请求，祝愿：
E.g. Have a good day!
Let me help you!
 🌟
数词
1.基数词：表示数目的词。

记忆规则：
1-12是独立单词，需逐个记忆；
13-19是在个位数词的词⼲后加-teen,其中thirteen，
fifteen，eighteen变化不规则；
20-90是在⼗位数词后加-ty构成；
21-99是在⼗位数词后加上个位数词组成。如，
twenty-one（21）；
基数词三位数以上的数词需单独记忆。
 基数词用法：
1) 做数词使用时，复数不加s; 做名词使用时，复数加s。
E.g. two hundred, three thousand…
Hundreds of, many millions of…
2) 内容上，基数词用于下列情况：
I）编号的事物: E.g. We live in room 101.
II) 表示“年, 月, 日”: E.g. I was born in Oct.11, 1983.
III)表示“⼏点钟”: E.g. It’s three o’clock.
IV)用于加减乘除的数词: E.g. One plus two is three.
V)表示⼤/小⼏倍: E.g. This river is two times longer than
that one.
VI)表示百分数: Thirty percent of them is water.
VII) 表示分数时，分⼦用基数词: E.g. One-third of the
books are mine.

使用位置：
I)位于such和more之前。E.g. Can I have one more apple?
II)位于another和all之后。E.g. Can I have another two
cakes?
2. 序数词：表示数目顺序的词。

记忆规则：
第1-第19，除第1，2，3，5，8，9，12不规则变化
外，其余均在基数词后加-th；
⼗位整数的序数词的构成⽅法为，将⼗位整数基数词
的词尾-y变成i再加-eth；
⼏⼗⼏的序数词，只把个位数变成序数词，⼗位数不
变。
 🌟

序数词使用特点：
I) 使用序数词时，⼀般前面要加定冠词the.
E.g. I’m in the second room.

II) 序数词表示⼏分之⼏时，如分⼦⼤于⼀，分母用复数
形式。
E.g. One third (1/3); two thirds (2/3).

III) 序数词前面加a/an表示又⼀/再⼀；加the表示顺序。
We read the book a third time.
(我们读了三遍这本书。)
The second door of the room is closed.
(房间的第⼆扇门时关着的。）
🌟
名词
名词所有格：
I) 单数名词/复数名词非s结尾，后加’s, 单数名词s结尾，
后加’s。
E.g. Jack’s book; The boss’s car.
II) 复数名词s结尾，后加’。
E.g. Those boys’ room.
III) 用and连接名词时，表示各自的关系时，分别加’s；表
示共同所有关系，只在最后⼀个名词后加’s。
E.g. Tom’s and Jack’s room.
(Tom的房间和Jack的房间）
Tom and Jack’s room.
(Tom和Jack (共同) 的房间）
IV) of所有格：
E.g. The content of the book=The book’s content
V) of+’s双重所有格:
E.g. This is a photo of my cat’s.
VI) of+名词性物主代词所有格:
E.g. He is a friend of mine.
🌟
名词主谓⼀致：主语和谓语的单复数要保持⼀致。
E.g. I am a student./They are students.
I) 国家/机构/书名等专有名词的复数形式需看作整体，谓
语用单数。
E.g. 《Three Kingdoms》is a good story.
II) Many a/more than one+名词作主语。谓语用单数。
E.g. More than one man is smoking.
III) One and a half加复数名词作主语，谓语用单数。
E.g. One and a half apples is in the fridge.
IV) 时间/距离/钱等各种单位看作整体，谓语用单数。
E.g. Two dollars is no big deal.
Four miles is not a long distance.
V) 加减乘除运算中，谓语用单数。
E.g. Five times five is twenty-five.
VI) Each one/no one/any/nobody/everybody做主语或限定
词，谓语用单数。
E.g. nobody is in the classroom.
VII) One of+复数名词结构中，谓语用单数。
E.g. One of the students is from China.
 冠词
1. 定冠词 (the): 特指某个名词，表示“这个”。
E.g. The Yellow River;
Beijing is the capital of Beijing.
2. 不定冠词 (a/an): 泛指⼈或者物，表示“⼀个”。
E.g. It’s a cat;
Their dream is to go on a world tour.
3. 零冠词: 有些情况下名词前不需加任何冠词。
I) 很⼴泛的概念:
E.g. Sichuan dishes are spicy.
II) 书名/⼈名:
E.g. I’m reading “Journey to the West”.
III) 城市/国家/⼭河湖海洲/星球/语⾔/学科/球类/棋牌:
E.g. Asis; Mars; English.
IV) 三餐/日期/季节 (⼀般不加冠词，除特指加the):
E.g. It’s September 1st.
 🌟

代词
代词分类：

1. ⼈称代词：指代⼈。

—主格单数：I；You; He/She/It

—宾格单数：me; you; him/her/it

—主格复数：We; You; They

—宾格复数：us; you; them

I) 主格：在句⼦里做主语或者表语。

E.g. They are students.

It is you.

II) 宾格：做及物动词或者介词之后的宾语。

E.g. I tell her my name.

I should apologize to her.

III) 使用顺序：第⼆⼈称—第三⼈称—第⼀⼈称

E.g. You and me; He and me;

You and he and me are all students.

2. 物主代词：

I) 形容词性物主代词: 做名词的修饰的，后面加名词。

—单数：my; your; his/her/its

—复数：our; your; their

E.g. She is my aunt.

They are their cars.

II) 名词性物主代词：相当于名词，表示事物又表明所

属。

—单数：mine; yours; his/hers/its

—复数：ours; yours; theirs

E.g. That book is not mine.

Your house is huge, ours is small.

III) of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格

E.g. He is a friend of mine.

An old car of his.

3. 反身代词: 表示…自⼰。

—单数：myself; yourself; himself/herself/itself; oneself

—复数：ourselves; yourselves; themselves

I) 做宾语，指⼀个动作反馈到动作发⽣者身上。

E.g. Stop! You might burn yourself.

II)做同位语，表示强调，解释说明。

E.g. The book itself is interesting.

归纳表格：⼈称代词+物主代词+反身代词：
4. 指示代词：说明近处远处，上下⽂的⼈或物。

5. 疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词，不分单复数。

What; who; whose; whom; which; whatever; whichever;

whoever; whomever.

6. 不定代词：代替或者修辞不确定的⼈或物。

—单数：some; any; each; every; either; neither; etc.

—复数：many; few; ones; both; others; etc.

—不可数：much; little; all; etc.

—复合：something; someone; nothing; nobody; etc

(注：复合不定代词谓语动词用单数。）
7. 相互代词: 表示相互关系的代词。

包括：Each other; one another.

E.g. You can test each other.

We are still attracted to one another.

8. 关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词，充当定语从句

成分：

—who指⼈，在定语从句中作主语。

—whom指⼈，在定语从句中作宾语。

—which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

—that可指⼈或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。

9. 连接代词：用来引导名词性从句（主语从句；宾语从

句；表语从句）。

E.g. what; who; which; whose; etc.

 介词
1. 介词作用(句⼦中用法)

I)定语: E.g. The method of success.

II)状语: E.g. She live in Vancouver.

III)表语: E.g. It is in the right direction.

IV)宾补: E.g. He put the cellphone on the desk.

V)同位语: E.g. As a doctor, he is responsible for his patient.

常见介词：
2. 易混介词：
I) 地点介词on, in, at:
—at 表示某个具体位置，加小地点。
E.g. At bus station (在公车站）
—in后面跟⼤地点。
E.g. In Beijing (在北京）
—on表示在上面，后面加楼层。
E.g. on the 1st floor (在⼀楼）
II) 时间介词on, in, at:
—at后面跟具体时刻，⼀天中的具体时间点，具体的周
和节日。
E.g. At midnight (在午夜）
—on后面跟具体的时间，某年某月某日星期⼏。
E.g. On Monday, September 2nd, 2019.
—in后面跟年，月，早晚，季节，⼀段时间。以及在将
来时中表示⼀段时间之后。
E.g. In Spring (在春天）
We will meet in a few days. (我们将在⼏天后见面）
III) ⽅位介词on, in, to:
—in是a在b里面。
E.g. Kunming lies in the southwest of China.
昆明位于中国西南部。
—on是a和b连着。
E.g. Canada lies on the north of America.
加拿⼤位于美国北部。
—to是a和b不连着。
E.g. Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国东部。
—to表示⽅向。E.g. to the south (向南边）。
—on表示左右。E.g. on the left (向左边）。
IV) 在前面
—in front of表示在某物范围外的前面。
E.g. There is a tree in front of the school.
学校前面有⼀棵树。(树不在学校范围内）
—in the front of表示在某物范围内的前面。
E.g. we sit in the front of the bus.
我们坐在公交车的前面。(我们在公交车内部）
 形容词
1. 形容词顺序（如果⼀个句⼦含多个形容词，按以下顺
序从前⾄后使用）：

记忆⼝诀：美小圆旧黄，中国⽊书房
E.g. This is a beautiful big sphere broken old yellow
patterned American cuprous classic sculpture.
 2. 比较级：
I) 形容词比较级&最⾼级不规则变化：

II) 比较级特殊结构：
—比较级and比较级，表示越来越。
E.g. faster and faster (越来越快)
more and more fantastic (越来越棒）
—the比较级…the比较级，表示越怎么越怎么。
E.g. The richer, the stingier. (越有钱，越抠门。）
—more than+名词=not only (不仅，不只）
E.g. We are more than friend. (我们不只是朋友）。
—more than+数词=over (超过）
E.g. More than one billion people live in China.
超过10亿⼈住在中国。
—more than+形容词=very (非常）
E.g. You are more than welcome to come.
非常欢迎你来。
—more…than：第⼀个意思表示比…多；第⼆个意思
表示与其…不如…
E.g. My story is more interesting than yours.
我的故事比你的有趣得多。
You are more give up than painful.
你与其痛苦，不如放弃。
—no more than: 仅仅，只有 (等于）
E.g. I have no more than four books. (我只有四本书）
—not more than: 不超过 （小于）
E.g. I have not more than four books.
(我的书不超过四本）
—no more…than…=neither…nor…, 表示既不是也不是。
E.g. I have no more a PS4 than an XBOX ONE.
我既没有PS4也没有XBOX ONE。
—not more…than…=not as…as…，表示不如。
E.g. I am not more careful than you.
我不如你小⼼。
—less than表示少于。
E.g. We are leaving in less than a week.
我们还有不到⼀周就要⾛了。
—no less than表示多达。
E.g. The total amount is no less than 5000 dollars.
总⾦额多达5000美元。
—not less than 表示不少于。
E.g. I have not less than four games.
我有不少于4款游戏。
—no less…than…表示和…⼀样。
E.g. I am no less careful than you.
我和你⼀样小⼼。
 副词
1. 副词分类

I) 时间副词: 表示时间或频率。

II) 地点副词: 表示地点或位置。

—表示地点: here, there, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere,

everywhere, somewhere, nowhere, abroad, etc.

—表示位置: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, along,

over, round, around, away, near, outside, past, etc.

III) ⽅式副词: 表示⾏为⽅式。

—E.g. carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, politely, etc.

IV) 程度副词: 表示动作程度。
—E.g. nearly, rather, very, too, fully, almost, extremely,
absolutely, slightly, simply, awfully, quite, much, really, etc.
V) 疑问副词: 引导特殊疑问句。
—E.g. how, when, where, why.
—E.g. Where are you going? (你要去哪里?)
VI) 强调副词: 强调形容词或动词。
—E.g. completely, perfectly, really, totally, mainly, only, etc.
—E.g. A really cold day. (很冷的天）
VII) 连接副词: 引导主语/宾语/表语从句或者并列结构。
—E.g. how, when, where, why, then, however, therefore.
—E.g. The problem is how he can solve it.
VIII) 关系副词: 引导定语从句。
—E.g. when, where, why.
—E.g. I’ll never forget the day when I got the award.
VIIII) 句⼦副词: 修饰句⼦。
—E.g. actually, personally, certainly, definitely.
—E.g. Actually, I think we are right.
2. 副词用法：
I) 副词可用在句首，句中，句尾任意位置。
II) 谓语动词和宾语之间不能加副词。
—E.g. I took carefully the baby. ( )
—E.g. I took the baby carefully. ( )
III) 地点副词放句首时句⼦要倒装。
—E.g. A school is located there. (副词在句尾不用倒装。）
—E.g. There located is a school. (副词在句首，需倒装。）
3. 易混副词：
I) too, also, either, nor—表示也。
—too: 肯定句和疑问句句尾，用逗号隔开。
E.g. Are you Chinese, too? (你也是中国⼈？）
—also: 肯定句的谓语动词之前，系动词之后。
E.g. You are also Chinese. (你也是中国⼈。）
—either: 否定句句尾，用逗号隔开。
E.g. I’m not so lucky, either. (我也不太幸运。）
—nor: 放在句首。
E.g. Nor is Peter a good man. (Peter也不是个好⼈。）
II) sometimes, sometime, some times, some time:
—sometimes (有时候):
E.g. Sometimes I go shopping in the mall.
（有时候我去⼤商场购物。）
—sometime (未来的某个时候):
E.g. Peter, I’ll go visit you mum sometime.
（Peter, 我改天会去拜访你妈妈。）
—some times (很多次):
E.g. You have helped me quite some times.
(你已经帮我好⼏次了。）
—some time (⼀些时间):
E.g. I should stay at home some time.
(我应该在家待⼀段时间。）
III): Farther, further:
—表示地点距离远的时候，两个词都能用，表示更远。
E.g. Can we walk farther/further?
—表示更多或者表示抽象的远，只能用further
E.g. See under for further information.
 动词
1. 动词分类：
I) 按照属性分类：
—能做谓语: 实意动词(walk, eat, make, etc.); 系动词(is, are,
look, etc.); 静态动词(own, cost, consist, etc.); 动词短语(come
out, depend on, pay off, etc.)
—不能做谓语: 助动词(have, do, shall, will, should, can, etc.); 情
态动词(can, may, must, need, etc.)
实意动词：表示动词，及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)：
—及物动词(后面加宾语): E.g. I hate you.
—不及物动词(后面不加宾语): E.g. I fly.
—及物加不及物动词(根据情况加宾语):
E.g. I stop./I stop working.
*注：不及物动词没有被动句，因为它后面不能加宾语。
系动词：引导表语或者表语从句：
—be动词: am, is, are...
—感官动词: feel, look, smell, sound, seem…
—变化动词: get, become, turn, grow…
—保持动词: keep, stay, remain, rest…
4⃣
5⃣
静态动词: 表示拥有，情感，思想的动词：
—拥有: have, own, want, contain…
—情感: love, hate, want, need…
—思想: know, think, understand, believe…
动词短语: 动词+介词或者动词+副词, 构成与原来动词不同
的意思。E.g. Think about, pass away, see through...
助动词: 协助主要动词构成谓语的词，没有实际意思，不能
单独用: Have, do, be, 如果不翻译意思就是做的助动词。
—E.g. I have turned off the light. (我已经把灯关了。）
Do you have kids? （你有孩⼦吗？）
I am watching this video. (我正在看这是视频。）
情态动词: 情态动词有含义, 要和动词原形在⼀起构成谓语。
—can/could 表示推测，允许， 能⼒。
—may/might表示推测，允许，请求，祝愿。
—must表示推测，命令。
—should/shall/ought to表示推测，需要，征求意见。
—would/will表示将要，请求，意愿。
—be able to 表示能够。
—had better 表示最好。
2. 动词形式：动词形式将决定时态。
I) 原形
II) 第三⼈称单数：
—⼀般现在时，主语为第三⼈称单数是，谓语要用第三
⼈称单数。（主谓⼀致原则。）
E.g. Beijing is in China.
III) 动名词和现在分词：
—动名词起着名词的功能，常在句⼦中充当主语，定语，表语
等成分。
—现在分词构成进⾏时态，与主动词be搭配构成句⼦的谓语。
现在分词在句⼦中还可作定语，表语和状语。
IV) 过去式和过去分词：
—过去式单独做谓语，表示过去某个时间发⽣动作。
—过去分词是动词的非谓语形式，表示被动或者完成。

⼀些特殊
单词的
过去式和
过去分词：
3. 动词时态。
I) 经典时态表：英语的时态⼀共16种。最常用的有6种。

II) 时间轴时态表：具体时态精确表达时态划分。
 常用的6种时态：
I) ⼀般现在时：
—现在发⽣的动作: E.g.I love you.
—习惯发⽣的动作:
E.g. I usually drink a glass of water in the morning.
—描述客观的事实: E.g. The earth goes around the sun.
—电影新闻比赛等的评论报道：
E.g. The film is quite different from the novel.
—谈论时间日程: E.g. The plane leaves at 9 o’clock.
—⼀般现在时表将来，主句为将来时态从句为现在时。
（主将从现）
E.g. I will tell him the news when he comes back.
II) 现在进⾏时：
—表示动作正在进⾏中，持续进⾏下去。
E.g. I’m watching TV.
—可以跟always, constantly, forever, repeatedly等频率副词
连用表示抱怨。
E.g. My girlfriend is constantly complaining about her job.
—现在进⾏时表将来，表示已经安排好的事情。
E.g. My dad is taking me to class tomorrow.
III) ⼀般将来时:
—表示动作还没发⽣，将来可能发⽣。
E.g. I will buy a new car next year.
IV) ⼀般过去时:
—表示动作发⽣在过去，动作延续不延续不知道。
E.g. I did that.
V) 现在完成时：
—表示动作发⽣在过去，动作在过去已经完成了，对现在
有影响。
E.g. I have finished my homework.
—可以和still, yet, already, always连用。
E.g. I haven’t finished my work yet.
VI) 过去完成时：
—表示动作发⽣在过去的过去，动作在过去已经完成了，
对过去有影响。
E.g. I had lived in Nanjing before I moved to Beijing.
—可以和after, as soon as, the moment that, until连用。
E.g. After she had got up, I cooked breakfast.
4. 动词语态：
I）主动语态: 主语是动作执⾏者，某⼈某物做什么。
E.g. I give you a car. （我给你⼀辆车）。
II) 被动语态：主语是动作承受者。某⼈某物被做了什么。
E.g. You are given a car by me. (你被我给了⼀辆车。）

III) 把主动改被动⼀共四步:
1、把主动句的宾语改成被动句的主语
2、把主动句的谓语动词改成，被动句谓语形式be+过去分
词，并且⼈称和单复数要随着新主语变化，时态保持不变
3、把主动句的主语前面加by，放到谓语之后，变化⼈称宾
格，如果看前面就知道是谁被谁做了什么，或者上下⽂有交
代是谁，可以省略by加主语
4、其他句⼦成分保持不变。
例：
My mother sweeps the floor every day morning.（我妈每天早上
扫这地）
主 谓 宾 其他
The floor is swept by my mother everyday morning. （这地每天
早上被我妈扫）
IV)双宾的被动语态形式：可以改两句。
—把间接宾语改成被动语态的主语，直接宾语留着原位。
—把直接宾语改成被动语态的主语，间接宾语前面加to或for。
E.g. He gave her some money. 他给了她⼀些钱
She was given some money（by him). 她被(他)给了⼀些钱
Some money was given to her（by him).⼀些钱被(他)给了她
V) 宾补的被动语态形式：只能改⼀句。
—主动语态的宾语改成主语, 宾补在被动语态中做主语的宾补
E.g. We made him manger.我们选他做经理
He was made manger (by us). 他被(我们)选做经理。
使用被动语态的情境：
1、不知道动作执⾏者是谁的情况用被动语态。
E.g. This diamond was stolen yesterday. (这钻⽯昨天被偷了）
2、强调动作承受者的情况用被动语态。
E.g. Peter was also grown in this country.
皮特也是在这国家长⼤的。
3、说客观事实可以用被动语态。
The iPhone was created by Steven Jobs.
Iphone是由史蒂芬·乔布斯创造的。
5. 非谓语动词：不做谓语的动词。包括不定式，动名词，
现在分词和过去分词。
（蓝⾊为谓语动词，红⾊为非谓语动词）
I) 不定式：⼤多数都是to+动词不定式，也有不加to的情况。
—E.g. The teacher told us to do the homework.
老师叫我们做家庭作业。
I can do it. （我能做到。）
II) 动名词：动词+ing变成名词。
—E.g. I like swimming.
我喜欢游泳。
III) 现在分词：动词+ing做现在分词，表正在进⾏。
—E.g. He sat there and reading a newspaper.
他坐在那看着报纸
IV) 过去分词：⼤多数动词+ed构成过去分词。
—E.g. We heard about polluted air information.
我们听到了空⽓被污染的消息。
 名词性从句

名词性从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦里的⼀个名词，包括主
语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。

1. 主语从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦里的⼀个名词，做句⼦主

语。

I) 主语从句引导词：

—连词：that, whether；

—代词：who, whoever, whom, whose, what, whatever, which,

whichever；

—副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however。

II) 主语从句经常，用形式主语it放主语位置，真的主语后置。

(例句中红⾊部分为主语从句。）

E.g. That he will win the match is certain.

It is certain that he will win the match.

2. 宾语从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦里的⼀个名词，做句⼦宾
语。
I) 宾语从句引导词:
—连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
—代词：who, whose, what ,which
—副词：when ,where, how, why等
II) 主从句时态：
—当主句是⼀般现在时或者⼀般将来时的时候，从句可以是
任何时态。
—当主句是⼀般过去时的时候，从句时态必须是过去时范围
内的时态。
III) 宾语从句种类：
—动词的宾语从句：
E.g. Tell your son that playing game too much is bad for
his eyes.
—介词的宾语从句：
E.g. It all depends on whether it will be a good day tomorrow.
—形容词的宾语从句：
E.g. It is true that he will come soon.
3. 表语从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦里的⼀个名词，做表语。
I) 表语从句引导词:
—连词：that, whether, as if, as though;
—代词：who, whose, whom, what ,which;
—副词：when ,where, how, why, because.
II)表语从句种类：
—that引导：
E.g. The reason was that he was late for school.
—whether、as、as if引导：
E.g. The question is whether they will be able to help us.
—连接代词who、whom、whose、what、which、等在表语从句
做主语和宾语：
E.g. The problem is who we can get to replace her.
—连接副词where、when、how、why：
E.g. This is where they once lived.
—连词because：
E.g. I think it is because you are doing too much.
—⼀些表示建议劝说命令的名词后面：
E.g. My suggestion is that we should start early tomorrow.
if不能引导表语从句，要用whether引导。
4. 同位语从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦里的⼀个名词，做句⼦
同位语。
I)同位语从句引导词
—连词that（不能省）, whether
—代词what, who, whom, whose, which等
—副词when, where, how, why等

II)同位语从句结构：
—主语+同位语从句+其他
E.g. The news that he will come here is real.
他要来这里的消息是真的。
—主语+同位语从句
E.g. We heard the news that he will come here.
我们听说了他要来这里的消息。
 定语从句
定语从句：用⼀个句⼦代替句⼦的定语，修饰先⾏词(名词
或代词）。
定语从句=先⾏词+关系词+从句
E.g. He is the man that I saw yesterday.

1. 关系词：
—修饰⼈: who, whose, whom, that
—修饰物: which, that, whose
—修饰其他: when, where, why
I) who指⼈，在定语从句中作主语，后面跟动作。
E.g. The boy who is playing basketball is from our class.
II) whom指⼈，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。后面跟完
整句⼦。
E.g. Peter is the boy whom I want to see.
III) which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省
略。
E.g. Football is the game which is liked by most boys.
IV) that指⼈，相当于who/whom，指物相当于which。在定

语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

E.g. He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.

That package which/that you are carrying is about to drop.

V) whose指⼈也指物，在从句中作定语。

E.g. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

VI) when指时间。

E.g. The time when we got together finally arrived.

VII) where指地点。

E.g. China is the country where I was born.

VIII) why指原因。

E.g. The reason why she moved to China.

*关系副词when ,where, why引导的定语从句可以替换成介词

+which引导的定语从句。

E.g. China is the country in which I was born.

The reason for which she moved to China.

2. 只能用that的定语从句。
I) 先⾏词是everything/anything/nobody/nothing等代词；或先
⾏词被every/any/all/some/little等代词修饰。
E.g. You have everything that you could ever need.
II) 先⾏词是序数词或被序数词修饰。
E.g. She is the first girl that you loved.
III) 先⾏词是最⾼级或被最⾼级修饰。
E.g. This is the best car that I have ever seen.
IV) 先⾏词被the only, the very修饰。
E.g. It is the only way that might work.
V) 先⾏词前面有who, which等疑问代词。
E.g. Who is the man that is standing by the gate.
3. 只能用which不能用that的定语从句。
I) 指物时候引导的非限制性定语从句。
E.g. I have a car, which is a sport car.
II) 关系词之前有介词。
E.g. The school in which he once studied in is very famous.
4. 只能用who不能用that的定语从句。

I) 先⾏词为one, anyone, those.

E.g. I am the one who killed her.

II) 先⾏词为⼈称代词。

E.g. Only you who can save her.

 状语从句
状语从句起副词的作用，⼀共九种：时间，地点，原因，目
的，结果，条件，让步，比较，⽅式。
1. 时间状语从句：(例句中红⾊部分为引导词）
E.g. Every time I listen to you advice, I get into trouble.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
2. 地点状语从句：
E.g. Where there is no rain, farming is difficult.
You should have put the book where you found it.
3. 原因状语从句：
E.g. My friends like me because I care them.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our meeting.
4. 目的状语从句：
E.g. I raised my voice so that the students in the back could
hear me more clearly.
5. 结果状语从句：
E.g. It is such a good chance that we must not miss it.
The news is exciting, so much so that he jumped up.
6. 条件状语从句：
E.g. We’ll start the project if the president agrees.
You’ll certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
7. 让步状语从句：
E.g. No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t make it.
8. 比较状语从句：
E.g. The more you exercise, the healthier you’ll be.
9. ⽅式状语从句：
E.g. She behaved as if she were the boss.
We teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句省略：

I) 当主句和从句的主语⼀致或者从句主语是it, 谓语是be动
词，可以省略主语(it)和be动词。
E.g. When (the museum is) completed, the museum will be open
to the public.
He will go the beach for his holiday if (it is) possible.
 倒装句
倒装句：强调意思，或语法结构需要。(例句中红⾊为倒装
句，⿊⾊为正常语序。）
1. 全部倒装：将句⼦的谓语全部置于主语之前。
I) There be句型。
E.g. There is a cat = A cat is there.
II) 时间地点副词或介词短语在句首。
E.g. Under that table sleeps a brown cat.
A brown cat sleeps under that table.
III) so, nor, either.
E.g. So do I./Nor does he./Either did she.
IV) here, there, away, down, in, up, off, out, now, then, next, thus
等副词开头的句⼦里，谓语动词只有⼀个，主语不是代词。
E.g. Now comes your turn = You turn comes now.
* 如果主语为代词，则主谓语序不变（不倒装）。
E.g. Here you are.
V)表语置于句首表强调。倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语
E.g. Present at the meeting was Professor White.
2. 部分倒装：将句⼦的谓语的⼀部分 (助动词，情态动词，be动
词)置于主语之前。如果句⼦的谓语没有助动词或者情态动词，需
要添加助动词do, does, did再把它放到主语前面。
I) only修饰的状语在句首。
E.g. Only then did I begin to like her.
II)某些否定意义(never, hardly, little, nowhere, etc.)的词在句首.
E.g. Never before have I seen her.
III) Not only…but also, no sooner…that, hardly…when在句首，指
示前半部分倒装。
E.g. Not only had the man been arrested, but he had been
sent to prison as well.
IV) as引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词以后部分倒装。
E.g. The sunny day as it is, I shall not go out.
Though it is sunny outside, I shall not go out.
V)省略if的虚拟条件句：条件句⼦若有were, had或should, 可将if省
去，将were/had/should提到句首进⾏倒装。
E.g. If I were not in this position, I would do whatever I’d like to.
Were I not in this position, I would do whatever I’d like to.
VI) so加形容词或者副词在句首。
E.g. So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape.
VII)表达祝愿的⼀些句⼦。
E.g. May you succeed!
 虚拟语⽓
虚拟语⽓用于状语从句和名词性从句。

虚拟语⽓常见搭配：

1. 用于名词性从句：
表意见/命令/要求的动词/名词+that+（should)+动词原形
I) 常用动词：
advise/suggest/insist/request/require/order/demand/
command/decide/recommend等。
E.g. It was suggested that Jane (should) take a medical
examination.
II) 常用名词：
Suggestion/proposal/order/advice/demand/requirement等。
E.g. My suggestion is that you (should) prepare for your exam
as earlier as possible.
2. 用于状语从句：
I) 与过去事实相反：
—从句：过去完成时 had done.
—主句：would/should/could/might+have done.
E.g. If I had gotten there earlier, I could have met her.
II)与现在事实相反：
—从句：过去时（如果是be动词只用were.)
—主句：would/should/could/might+do/be doing.
E.g. If I knew his number, I would tell you.
III)与将来预期相反：
—从句：过去时(be只用were)或should/were to+动词原形
—主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形
E.g. If she were to be there tomorrow, I would tell her the news.

*对将来预期进⾏虚拟。由于将来尚未发⽣，所谓虚拟则是指
对于将来正常情况进⾏反向虚拟。这种虚拟发⽣的可能性极
低。比如例句中的“她要是明天来的话”（虚拟表明讲话⼈觉
得她明天不太可能来）。
 强调句
强调说明句⼦里的某个部分，表达情感。(例句中红⾊部分为
强调部分）。

1. 陈述句强调句型：
—It+is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom/which+其余部分。
E.g. It was Peter who lost cell phone in the mall yesterday.
It was in the mall that Peter lost his cell phone yesterday.
2. 疑问句强调句型：
I) ⼀般疑问句：
—is/was it+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其余部分。
E.g. Was it Peter who lost cell phone in the mall yesterday?
II)特殊疑问句：
—特殊疑问词+is/was it+that/who/whom+其余部分。
E.g. Where was it that Peter lost his cell phone yesterday?
3. 助动词do/does/did强调谓语动词。
E.g. I do agree with you./I did work hard this year.
 🌟
插⼊语
插⼊语：前后逗号隔开，插在主句里面。删掉插⼊语不影响
整体句意。插⼊语⼀般是对词/句⼦的补充说明，为了让句⼦
更加精确客观，对句⼦进⾏强调，或为了进⾏过渡转折等。
插⼊语可放在句首，句中，句末任意位置。
E.g. Strange, there is nobody in the classroom.
The reason, of course, is that cost have increased.
I prefer to go tomorrow afternoon, at around 6 pm.

双否
⼀个句⼦有两个否定因素，表肯定。
E.g. The cat never fail to fascinate human.
(猫总是让⼈类着迷。）
You cannot drive too carefully.
（你开车越小⼼越好。）
万能双否句型：
I) No one could deny the fact that…(没⼈能否认…）
II) There is no denying that…（不可否认…）