Introduction To Pneumatic (Additional Slide)

J4011 Pneumatic & Hydraulic
INTRODUCTION TO PNEUMATIC
Pneumatic System
Lecture covering:
 What are Pneumatics?
 Applications and the usage of pneumatic control in
the industry
 Advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic
system
 Diagram of structural block and pneumatic system
signal flow
 ISO standard symbol of components in pneumatic
system
What are Pneumatics?
 ‘Pneu’ is derived from the Greek word that means ‘wind’,
while the "matic" refers to the ‘power’. Thus, the pneumatic
system may be interpreted as a system that is driven by wind
power.
 Pneumatic system using compressed air as a medium power

transfer. Compressed air is ambient air that has been
compressed using the electric motor-operated air compressor.
 Akin to Hydraulics, hydraulics use oil, water, or other fluids

instead of air.
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 Pneumatic system has a large of application
because Pneumatic air is clean and easy to get.
 Many industry that use pneumatic system in

production process like food industry , medicine
industry, packaging industry.
 Pressure air can use and develops for

multipurpose in production process, for example
: sliding, pushing, lifting & pressing.
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Aplication & the usage of

Pneumatic control in the
industry
 Pneumatics are good for straight

movements.
 But, with the right linkage can be used for
rotation or other movements.
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 The application of pneumatic cylinder is for
purpose such as :
 1. Clamping of work piece

 2. Moving of work piece
 3. Positioning of work piece
 4. Directioning of material flow
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The real application on industry :
 1. Packaging
 2. Material loading
 3. Material distribution
 4. Shaft driver
 5. Open and close door system
 6. Material transportation
 7. Pressing of work piece
 8. Stamping
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 Through pneumatic rotation
movement can applied :
 1. Drilling
 2. Lossen or tightining nut / bolt
 3. Cutting
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The Advantages &

Disadvantages Of
Pneumatic Systems
The advantages of pneumatic systems:
1. Its easy to get. Air is ready to use in the world

with unlimited amount in long time and
place.
2. Clean from dirt and chemical destruction.
3. Air is easy to distribute / transfer from a place
to another place through small long pipe.
4. Explosive safety.
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5. Can exhaust to atmosphere.
6. Unsensitive from temperature change
7. Low air volume, so the movement
faster than hydraulic oil.
8. Built a simple pneumatic system
components when compared to other
systems.
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The disadvantages of pneumatic systems :
1. Power-to-weight ratio is lower than with

hydraulics (due to the lower operating pressure).
2. Relatively inefficient.
3. Requires fine tuning for optimum use.
4. Limited uses with larger actuators.
5. Compressed air systems require careful
preparation.
6. Air out of the compression process will produce a
noisy sound.
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Continue :
7. Despite the low maintenance cost but high preparation

costs (to remove contaminants).
8. Limited needless requirements, only from 20 kN - 30 kN.
9. Compressibility can not produce a constant piston
speed and uniform.
10. To be a source of power, compressed air may be too
expensive.
11. It uses a lot of pipes.
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The Advantages &

Disadvantages Of
Hydraulic Systems
The advantages of hydraulic systems:
1. Very high power-to-weight ratio.

2. Smooth operation even at low speeds.
3. Large holding forces, when stationary.
4. High power efficiency.
5. Self lubricating and cooling.
6. Linear and rotary motions available.
The disadvantages of Hydraulic systems
The disadvantages of hydraulic systems:
1. Clumsiness of connections.
2. Mess from oils leaks.
3. Danger from large oil leaks.
4. Oil properties change with temperature.
5. Expensive when power supply is included in cost.
6. Fluid must be kept clean and gas free.
COMPARISON
Pneumatics Hydraulics
Energy storage By means of air tanks and With the help of gases
compressed air bottles
Energy Easily up to 1000m (pressure drop Up to 100m (pressure drop)
transmission possible)
Leakage No disadvantages (minimal energy Contamination
loss)
Environmental Explosion proof, temperature Sensitive to temperature fluctuations,
conditions insensitive, ice hazard with undried fire risk in the event of leakage
compressed air in water
Handling Simple More difficult than with pneumatics,

return piping is necessary
Generation of Simple with excellent adjustability Simple with cylinder, good
linear movements of speed adjustability
Forces Overload proof, no energy Overload proof, permanent energy
consumption for retention forces consumption for retention forces
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Diagram of structural block &

pneumatic system signal flow
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Diagram of structural block
Air Air Service Control

Dryer Actuator
Compressor Receiver Unit Valve
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 1. Air compressor
To collect and compressing air from the air pressure. For
example Compressor Rotating and reciprocating
compressors.
2. Air dryer
To dry the air has been compressed from the water vapor
before the air is sent to the pneumatic system to prevent the
components from rusting. For example Drying Absorption
and Adsorption.
3. Air Receiver
To keep the air has been compressed and dried before being
sent to the system. Air receiver, also known as the air tube. It
can also control the air pressure inside.
4. Service Unit
Service Unit consists of three components: a pressure
regulator, pressure gauge and lubricants. It works to control
pressure and lubricate the air before being sent to the
system.
5. Direction Control Valve

It serves to control the direction of motion of an actuator.
6. Actuator
It is the last component in the system. Work to do as was
required. There are various types of actuators such as the
rods in and out, spin and flame.
Signal flow
ACTUATING DEVICES
Outputs
FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT

Control signal
PROCESSING ELEMENT
Processor signals
INPUT ELEMENTS
Input signals
ENERGY SUPPLY
Source
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Pneumatic elements
ACTUATORS
ACTUATING Pneumatics cylinders
DEVICES Rotary actuators
Outputs Indicators
FINAL CONTROL
ELEMENT CONTROL ELEMENTS
Control signal Directional control valves
PROCESSOR
PROCESSING
Directional control valves
ELEMENT
Logic elements
Processor signals
Pressure control valves
SENSORS
Directional control valves
INPUT ELEMENTS
Limit switches
Input signals
Pushbuttons
Proximity sensors
ENERGY SUPPLY
Compressor
ENERGY SUPPLY
Receiver
Source
Pressure regulator
Air service equipment
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ISO Standard Symbol Of

Components In Pneumatic
System
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Symbols used in energy conversion & preparation.
Supply
1. Compressor
2. Air receiver & ‘T’

junction
Service equipment
1. Filter
2. Water separator
3. Lubricator
2(A)
4. Pressure
regulator
1(P) 3(R)
Combined symbols
1. Air service unit Filter

Regulator,
Gauge,
Lubricator
Simplified air
service unit
2. Pressure Source
Directional control valves: ports & positions (ways)
2(A) 4(A) 2(B)
1. 2/2 Way 4. 4/2 Way

directional directional
control valve control valve 1(P) 3(R)
1(P)
4(A) 2(B)
2. 3/2 Way 5. 5/2 Way
2(A)
directional directional
control valve. control valve.
3(S)
Normally 1(P) 3(R) 1(P) 5(R)
closed 6. 5/3 Way
directional 4(A) 2(B)
2(A)
3. 3/2 Way control valve.
directional Mid position
control valve. closed
Normally open 1(P) 3(R) 5(R) 1(P) 3(S)
3/2 4/2 5/2

Methods of actuation
Manual Pneumatic
1. General 1. Direct
manual pneumatic
operation actuation
2. Pushbutton 2. Indirect
pneumatic
3. Lever actuation
operated (piloted)
4. Foot pedal 3. Pressure

release
Mechanical
5. Spring return Electrical
1. Single solenoid
6. Roller operated operation
7. Idle return 2. Double solenoid

roller operation
Non-return valves &

derivatives Flow control valves
1. Check valve 1. Flow control
valves
2. Spring loaded adjustable
check valve
3. Shuttle valve: 2. One-way flow

‘OR’ function control valve
4. Two pressure
valve ‘AND’
function
5. Quick exhaust
valve
AND OR
1. Adjustable pressure regulating

valve, non-relieving type
2. Adjustable pressure regulating

valve, relieving type
(overloads are vented)
3. Sequence valve (external

source)
4. Sequence valve (in-line)

1. Double acting cylinder
2. Single acting cylinder
3. Double acting cylinder, with

double ended piston rod.
4. Double acting cylinder, with

non-adjustable cushioning in
one direction
Control of single acting cylinder

Initial position/ Pushbutton release Pushbutton operation
Push
Summary
 There are two methods of transmitting power
through a fluid: hydraulic and pneumatic.
 A valve is used for directional control, flow

control, and pressure control.
 Both the single-action and the double-action

cylinders are referred to as linear motion
actuators.
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Introduction To Pneumatic (Additional Slide)

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J4011 Pneumatic & Hydraulic

J4011 Pneumatic & Hydraulic

 Pneumatic system using compressed air as a medium power

 Akin to Hydraulics, hydraulics use oil, water, or other fluids

 Many industry that use pneumatic system in

 Pressure air can use and develops for

Aplication & the usage of

 Pneumatics are good for straight

 1. Clamping of work piece

The Advantages &

1. Its easy to get. Air is ready to use in the world

1. Power-to-weight ratio is lower than with

7. Despite the low maintenance cost but high preparation

The Advantages &

1. Very high power-to-weight ratio.

Handling Simple More difficult than with pneumatics,

Diagram of structural block &

Air Air Service Control

5. Direction Control Valve

FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT

ISO Standard Symbol Of

2. Air receiver & ‘T’

1. Air service unit Filter

2(A) 4(A) 2(B)

1. 2/2 Way 4. 4/2 Way

3/2 4/2 5/2

4. Foot pedal 3. Pressure

7. Idle return 2. Double solenoid

Non-return valves &

3. Shuttle valve: 2. One-way flow

Pressure control valves

1. Adjustable pressure regulating

2. Adjustable pressure regulating

3. Sequence valve (external

4. Sequence valve (in-line)

Pressure control valves

1. Double acting cylinder

2. Single acting cylinder

3. Double acting cylinder, with

4. Double acting cylinder, with

Control of single acting cylinder

 A valve is used for directional control, flow

 Both the single-action and the double-action

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