Review – Internal Loads

From Mechanics of
Materials I
MACHINE DESIGN Lecture 2
OBJECTIVE

REVISION ON HOW TO DETERMINE THE EQUIVALENT INTERNAL

LOADINGS FROM MECHANICS OF MATERIALS I FOR 2D AND 3D

CASES.

2
2D INTERNAL LOADS – THREE

N = Normal force (acting normal to

the cross-section – along the x-axis).

V = Shear force (acting parallel to

the Cross-section – along the y-
axis).

M = Bending moment (acting about

the z-axis)
3
2D INTERNAL LOADS
Left side
section

M1
N1

V1
Note that the calculation of the
normal force, the shear force and
the bending moment can be done
using the FBD of the left or right V2
M2
side. N2
Right side
N1 = N2 = N
V1 = V2 = V
M1 = M2 = M 4
 2D INTERNAL LOADS
IN CASE OF A GENERAL SECTION THAT IS NOT PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS OF THE
MEMBER

M N

5
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3

8
EXAMPLE 4

9
3D INTERNAL LOADINGS – GENERAL CASE

10
 3D INTERNAL LOADS - SIX

 Normal force (acting normal to the cross-section.

 Two Shear forces (acting parallel to the Cross-section).

 Two Bending moments (acting about axis parallel to the cross-section).

Torsional moment (Torque) (acting about the axis normal to the cross-section)

11
 3D INTERNALx LOADINGS - SIX
In a Cartesian coordinate system, Take x-axis as normal
to the cross-section, y and z axis are parallel to it.
N

T Normal axis (x-axis):

-Normal force: N
Vz Mz -Torsional moment: T
Vy
z
My
y

Parallel axis (z-axis):

-Shear force: Vz
Parallel axis (y-axis):
-Bending moment: Mz
-Shear force: Vy
-Bending moment: My
12
EXAMPLE 5

13
EXAMPLE 5

14
END REVISION

15