Ch9 Workbook ON Science 9

COMPLETE AND RETURN IT TO MR.
LLUPO ON THE DAY OF THE CHAPTER TEST
Chapter 9 Workbook NAME: ___________________________________________
Section 9.1 Review - Galaxies

Multiple Choice
1. The Milky Way is an example of which type of
5. Which of the following is a galaxy that may be
celestial object?
spherical and contains some of the oldest stars in the
a. a galaxy universe?
b. a star cluster a. an elliptical galaxy
c. an open cluster b. a globular cluster
d. a supercluster
c. an irregular galaxy
e. a local group
d. an open cluster
e. a spiral galaxy
2. Who observed that the Milky Way is a collection
of a huge number of stars rather than fuzzy white 6. Which type of galaxy looks like a plate with a bulge in
clouds? the middle when viewed from the side?
a. Hubble a. an elliptical galaxy
b. Hawking b. a globular cluster
c. Herschel c. an irregular galaxy
d. Humason d. an open cluster
e. Hoyle e. a spiral galaxy
3. What celestial object is shown in the illustration 7. Globular clusters appear in the direction of which
below? constellation?
a. an elliptical galaxy a. Andromeda
b. an open cluster b. Sagittarius
c. a spiral galaxy c. Ursa Major
d. a supercluster d. Cassiopeia
e. an irregular galaxy e. Ursa Minor
8. How is a star cluster different from a galaxy?

a. Star clusters contain many more stars than a galaxy
does.
b. Star clusters always have a spiral shape, and a
galaxy does not.
c. Stars in star clusters form constellations, but stars
in galaxies do not.
d. Star clusters are relatively small groupings of stars
within a galaxy.
e. Stars in star clusters are fainter than stars in a
galaxy when viewed from Earth.
4. In what type of galaxy is our solar system located?

a. elliptical
b. globular
c. irregular
d. open
e. spiral
124 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

Multiple Choice
9. Which of the following statements is true about Use the following diagram to answer questions 14 and
open clusters? 15.
a. Open clusters contain 50 to 1000 stars.
b. Open clusters contain more stars than globular
clusters do.
c. Open clusters appear around the centre of the
Milky Way galaxy.
d. The stars in open clusters are arranged in a
spherical shape.
e. The stars in open clusters form miniature spiral
galaxies.
10. Approximately how many stars are in a globular

cluster?
a. fewer than 10
b. 50 to 1000
c. 100 000 to 1 000 000
d. 10 000 000 to 100 000 000 14. Which of the following galaxies is closest to the
e. more than 1 billion Milky Way?
a. the Pinwheel galaxy
11. Which of the following celestial objects is an open b. the Andromeda galaxy
cluster? c. the Large Magellanic Cloud
a. the Pleiades d. the Leo I galaxy
b. the Milky Way e. the NGC 185 galaxy
c. Scorpius
d. the Sun 15. Which of the following galaxies is one of the
e. the Local Group largest galaxies in the Local Group?
a. the Leo I galaxy
12. Which of the following celestial objects contains b. the Andromeda galaxy
between 4 and 25 galaxies and may span hundreds c. the Small Magellanic Cloud
of millions of light-years? d. the Draco Dwarf galaxy
a. the Milky Way e. the Large Magellanic Cloud
b. an open cluster
c. a supercluster 16. Approximately how many galaxies are in the
d. a globular cluster universe?
e. Orion a. 25
b. 1500
13. Approximately how far is the Sun from the centre c. 400 000
of the Milky Way galaxy? d. 10 million
a. 28 000 km e. 125 billion
b. 200 000 km
c. 28 000 light-years
d. 100 000 light-years
e. 10 million light-years
MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 125

Written Answer
17. How did the Milky Way get its name?
18. What is a galaxy?
19. How did William and Caroline Herschel contribute to the study of galaxies?
20. Why are radio waves useful for studying galaxies?
21. Describe how a spiral galaxy looks from above and from the side.
22. How is the shape of an elliptical galaxy different from the shape of a spiral galaxy?
23. What type of galaxy is most common in the universe?
24. Copy and complete the following Venn diagram.

Written Answer
25. What are the two types of star clusters?
26. The celestial object in the diagram below contains approximately 200 000 stars. What is it? Explain your answer.
27. Describe where open clusters are located and where globular clusters are located.
28. What is the diameter of the Milky Way galaxy?
29. How did Herschel realize that the Milky Way is not made of fuzzy white clouds?
30. Describe the Local Group.
31. How is a supercluster different from a globular cluster or an open cluster?
32. Why can observers looking toward the centre of the Milky Way not see stars in the centre?

Section 9.2 Review - The Universe
Multiple Choice
1. What is cosmology? 5. The graph below shows the relationship between

a. the study of stars the velocity of a galaxy and its distance from Earth.
b. the study of galaxies Approximately how far from Earth is a galaxy that
c. the study of comets is travelling at a velocity of 20 000 km/s?
d. the study of the universe
e. the study of extrasolar planets
2. If a star is 8 light-years away from Earth, how long

does it take for the light from that star to travel to
Earth?
a. 8 seconds
b. 8 minutes
c. 8 years
d. 800 years
e. 8 million years a. 60 megaparsecs
b. 140 megaparsecs
3. Galaxies whose spectra appear blueshifted from c. 280 megaparsecs
Earth are moving in what direction? d. 300 megaparsecs
a. toward the Milky Way e. 420 megaparsecs
b. in the same direction as Earth orbits the Sun
c. perpendicular to the rotation of the Milky Way 6. Which of the following is evidence that supports the
d. toward the centre of the universe big bang theory?
e. away from the Milky Way a. cosmic microwave background radiation
b. the shape of the Milky Way
4. What does Hubble’s law state? c. the number of stars in open clusters
a. All galaxies are moving away from the d. the Doppler effect
Milky Way. e. the existence of extrasolar planets
b. The speed of a galaxy is proportional to the
galaxy’s distance from Earth. 7. Which of the following pairs of scientists discovered
c. All galaxies are moving at the same velocity. the cosmic microwave background radiation?
d. The speed of a galaxy cannot be determined by a. Hubble and Humason
using redshift. b. Hubble and Wilson
e. The distance a galaxy is from Earth depends on c. Humason and Penzias
its redshift. d. Gamow and Hubble
e. Wilson and Penzias
8. What technology will replace the Hubble Space

Telescope when it is retired in 2014?
a. James Webb Space Telescope
b. CERN
c. WMAP
d. Large Hadron Collider
e. COBE

Section 9.2 Review - The Universe
Written Answer
9. Summarize the Doppler effect in terms of light.
10. The diagram below shows two observers and the apparent shift in the spectrum of an object between them.
Toward which observer is the object moving? Explain your answer.
11. How do astronomers determine the speed at which a galaxy is moving?
12. What is the Hubble constant?
13. Summarize the big bang theory.
14. Give two examples of evidence for the big bang.
15. How was the cosmic microwave background radiation discovered?
16. What is CERN?

Section 9.3 Review - Unsolved Mysteries
Multiple Choice
1. What is dark matter? 5. Planets, stars, and galaxies are examples of

a. solid objects, such as planets, that do not emit a. visible matter
light b. dark matter
b. empty space c. dark energy
c. radiant energy that can be seen as light by d. cosmic microwave background radiation
special telescopes e. supernovae
d. matter that is invisible to telescopes
e. energy that is causing the rate of expansion of 6. Which of the following describes the shape that dark
the universe to increase matter in the Andromeda galaxy seems to take?
a. a pinwheel that has curved arms
2. Which of the following was not a part of the b. a huge spherical halo
universe imagined by the ancient Greeks? c. a flat disk with a central bulge
a. Earth d. an oblong football shape
b. the Sun e. a small sphere around the galaxy core
c. dark matter
d. stars 7. The graph below shows the composition of the
e. the planets universe. What percentage of the universe is
composed of known atoms and elements?
3. What surprised scientists about the stars in the
Andromeda galaxy?
a. They were moving much faster than predicted
around the galactic centre.
b. Their spectra showed no redshift or blueshift
relative to Earth.
c. They are arranged in a very different structure
than that of the Milky Way galaxy.
d. They are composed entirely of dark matter.
e. Their apparent magnitude varied
proportionately with their distance from Earth.
a. 4 percent
4. What is dark energy? b. 23 percent
a. solid objects, such as planets, that do not emit c. 27 percent
light d. 73 percent
b. empty space e. 96 percent
c. radiant energy that can be seen as light by
special telescopes 8. Approximately how long ago did the expansion of
d. matter that is invisible to telescopes the universe begin to accelerate?
e. energy that is causing the rate of expansion of a. 7 million years ago
the universe to increase b. 7 billion years ago
c. 14 million years ago
d. 14 billion years ago
e. 14 trillion years ago

Section 9.3 Review - Unsolved Mysteries
Written Answer
9. Explain how human understanding of the components of the universe has changed from the time of the
ancient Greeks to the present.
10. Why do scientists study the Andromeda galaxy to learn more about the Milky Way galaxy?
11. How do scientists know that dark matter exists?
12. Copy and complete the following table.

Composition of the Universe
Component Percent
Visible matter
Dark matter
Dark energy
13. Why is dark matter difficult to locate?
14. How does the motion of the galaxies in the Local Group provide evidence for the presence of dark matter in
the Milky Way galaxy?
15. How did scientists discover dark energy?
16. What is dark energy?

Chapter 9 Review - The Mysterious Universe
Multiple Choice
1. Which type of galaxy is made up of newly forming

4. Which of the following pairs of scientists discovered
stars and old stars? a relationship between a galaxy’s redshift and its
a. elliptical distance from Earth?
b. globular a. Hubble and Humason
c. irregular b. Hubble and Wilson
d. open c. Humason and Penzias
e. spiral d. Gamow and Hubble
e. Wilson and Penzias
2. Which of the following illustrations shows a spiral
galaxy from above? 5. Approximately how long ago did the big bang occur?
a. 14 million years
a. b. 140 million years
c. 14 billion years
d. 140 billion years
e. 14 trillion years
6. What factor could explain the fact that stars are

b. moving faster than scientists predicted?
a. visible matter
b. dark matter
c. dark energy
d. big bangs
e. supernovae
c.
7. What do scientists think is the most abundant form of
matter in the universe?
a. visible matter
d. b. helium
c. iron
d. hydrogen
e. dark matter
e.
8. How many years after the big bang did the
radiation become the cosmic microwave
background radiation?
a. about 10 000 s
b. about 1 to 10 000 s
3. Looking at galaxies that are 10 billion light-years
c. about 380 000 years
away gives us a view of the universe as it was
d. about 400 million years
a. 10 hours ago
e. about 3 to 4 billion years
b. 10 years ago
c. 10 000 years ago
d. 10 million years ago
e. 10 billion years ago

Written Answer
9. Identify three contributions to astronomy made by William Herschel.
10. What are the three types of galaxies?
11. How are open clusters different from globular clusters?
12. Describe the shape and structure of the Milky Way galaxy.
13. Is the Local Group part of an open cluster, a globular cluster, or a galaxy supercluster?Explain your answer.
14. How do scientists use the Doppler effect to study the motion of galaxies?
15. Identify five technologies that people use today that were originally designed for use in exploring the
universe.
16. Refer to the following diagram. What is the cosmic microwave background radiation, and how did it change
from the moment of the big bang to its present condition?

Written Answer
17. What two satellites are used to study cosmic microwave background radiation?
18. What will be the mission of the James Webb Space Telescope?
19. Who was Edwin Hubble?
20. Why is the Hubble law significant?
21. Earth formed about 5 billion years ago.

a. Approximately how long after the big bang did our planet form?
b. What percentage of the length of time since the universe formed in the big bang has Earth existed?
22. Why do you think that the WMAP satellite was able to provide more detailed data than the COBE satellite provided?
23. The table below shows changes in particle energy and temperature of the universe after the big bang.
a. What relationship do you see between the length of time after the big bang and the amount of energy particles
have?
b. What relationship do you see between the length of time after the big bang and the temperature of the universe?
c. How is particle energy related to temperature of the universe?
Energy and Temperature Changes after the Big Bang

Time after Big Temperature of
Bang (s) Universe (°C) Particle Energy
10–43 1032 1019 GeV
10–35 1027 1014 GeV
10–12 1015 100 GeV
10–6 1013 1 GeV
5 × 1017 (now) 3 10–4 eV

24. Do you think that dark matter and dark energy provide sufficient explanation for the shape and movement of
galaxies within the universe? Explain your answer.

Written Answer
25. Create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast the three different types of galaxies.
26. Create a comparison table to compare the features of the following structures: spiral galaxy, irregular galaxy,
elliptical galaxy, open cluster, globular cluster, and supercluster. Be sure to include information about the number
of stars or galaxies in each celestial object and the shape of each celestial object. Give your table a title.
27. Make a timeline that illustrates the history of the universe from the big bang to the present.
28. Draw a picture that shows where dark matter is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Explain why you drew the dark
matter in that configuration.
29. Scientists commonly use the example of rising raisin bread to illustrate the expansion of the universe. Explain
how rising raisin-bread dough can be used as a metaphor for the expansion of the universe.
30. Explain how the presence of dark energy can be inferred from the motion of galaxies.
31. The illustration below shows the spectra of three galaxies as seen from Earth. Which galaxy is moving toward
the Milky Way galaxy? Explain your answer.
32. If the big bang theory is correct, what will happen to the cosmic microwave background radiation in the future?

Unit 3 Review - The Study of the Universe
Written Answer
1. Explain how the invention of calendars allowed human societies to develop other specialized skills.
2. What are tides, and what causes them?
3. How do star maps represent the apparent magnitude of stars?
4. The illustration below shows the structure of our solar system. At which point in the diagram would you find trans-
Neptunian objects? Explain your answer.
5. Explain how nuclear fusion, pressure, and gravity relate during the process that causes a protostar to become a
stable, Sun-like star.
6. Why is the Sun getting bigger?
7. How do sunspots provide evidence that the Sun rotates around its axis?
8. Why do scientists measure the brightness of stars?

Written Answer
9. Why do stars have spectral lines within their spectra?
10. How is the equilibrium between gravity and outward pressure in a star related to supernovae?
11. The graph below shows the number of known near-Earth objects between 1980 and 2006. What factor do you think
accounts for the sudden rise in known near-Earth objects beginning around the year 2000?
Source: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

12. How many times brighter is a star of magnitude 1 than a star of magnitude 5?
13. Space exploration has generated valuable knowledge, but at enormous cost. If a space-exploration mission were
going to cost several billion dollars and risk the lives of three astronauts but would result in tremendous discoveries
that would allow humans to understand the formation and structure of the universe, would the mission be worthwhile?
Justify your response.
14. Different types of celestial objects in the solar system and universe have distinct properties that can be
investigated and quantified. Create a table that illustrates the differences between planets, asteroids, and dwarf planets.
15. People use observational evidence of the properties of the solar system and the universe to develop theories to
explain their formation and evolution. How did the speed of stars in the Andromeda galaxy help scientists develop the
concept of dark matter?
16. If you were assigned to enhance Canada’s contribution to space exploration, what types of programs would you
invest in? Explain your answer.

Literacy Test Prep
Read the selection below, and answer the questions that follow it.
Multiple Choice
The Story of Pluto
In 1846, French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier For each question below, select the best answer.
used Newton’s laws of motion and universal
gravitation to accurately predict the location of the 17. What was the author’s purpose in writing this
planet Neptune. Le Verrier used disturbances in selection?
the orbit of the planet Uranus. At the end of the a. to explain why Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet
19th century, scientists predicted that Uranus’s b. to identify Pluto’s shape and size
orbit was being influenced by yet another c. to describe astronomical techniques of the 19th
undiscovered planet. In 1906, American century
astronomer Percival Lowell called this d. to summarize the discovery and classification of
undiscovered planet “Planet X” and began to Pluto
search the sky in earnest to find the mysterious
object. By 1909, Lowell and fellow astronomer 18. Who discovered Pluto?
William H. Pickering had proposed a few a. Urbain Le Verrier
locations for Planet X, but none of those locations b. Percival Lowell
had yielded a positive identification. c. Clyde W. Tombaugh
In 1930, American astronomer Clyde W. d. William H. Pickering
Tombaugh discovered a small, distant body
orbiting the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune.
After confirming the location of the body, it was 19. In what year did Le Verrier predict the location of
declared the ninth planet. The staff of the Lowell Neptune?
Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, named it Pluto, a. 1846
after the Greek god of the Underworld, because b. 1906
the astronomers assumed the body was cold and c. 1930
dark due to its distance from the Sun. Pluto has d. 2006
three known moons: Charon, Nix, and Hydra.
James Christy discovered Charon in 1978; the 20. Who classified Pluto as a dwarf planet?
Hubble Space Telescope discovered Nix and a. Urbain Le Verrier
Hydra in 2005. b. Clyde W. Tombaugh
c. the Lowell Observatory staff
In 2006, the International Astronomical Union d. the International Astronomical Union
demoted Pluto from the status of planet and
classified it as a dwarf planet.
21. After whom was Pluto named?
a. a mathematician
b. its discoverer
c. the IAU
d. a Greek god
Written Answer
22. Why did the staff of the Lowell Observatory name the
former ninth planet Pluto?

Literacy Test Prep
Read the selection below, and answer the questions that follow it.
Quasars 24. What was the author’s purpose for writing this
selection?
In the 1960s, astronomers discovered some star-
a. to state opinions about the benefits of quasars
like objects that emitted great amounts of radio
b. to convince the reader to take action about
waves. They were named quasars, for quasi-
quasars
stellar radio sources. Spectral analysis showed
c. to inform the reader about the existence of
that quasars must be very distant—at the edges
quasars
of the observable universe. But quasars are also
d. to warn the reader about the dangers of quasars
very bright, so the amount of energy they emit
must be enormous.
25. How old are most quasars?
The current thinking about quasars is that they a. about 12 million years
are the result of explosions produced by colliding b. about 12 million light-years
galaxies. Astronomers think that most quasars c. about 12 billion light-years
were formed about 12 billion years ago, when d. about 12 billion years
newly formed galaxies were closer together and
collisions between them were frequent. These 26. What is the current thinking regarding what
sudden mergers of galaxies forced huge amounts quasars are?
of star material into a central black hole. Some of a. The current thinking about quasars is that they
this material was converted to energy—visible as are the final step in the evolution of a galaxy.
brilliant light—and some was ejected in jets of b. The current thinking about quasars is that they
high-energy particles. These particles, moving are the result of explosions produced by
through intense magnetic fields, generated the colliding galaxies.
powerful radio waves that gave us the first sign c. The current thinking about quasars is that they
that quasars exist. are a new class of galaxy.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has peered d. The current thinking about quasars is that they
into the cores of some galaxies that have are young black holes.
quasars. HST observations have shown that the
more luminous quasars are often within the larger 27. How were quasars first detected?
galaxies. However, astronomers do not a. Astronomers discovered some star-like objects
understand whether galaxies with quasars are that emitted great amounts of radio waves.
simply another type of galaxy, or whether b. Astronomers discovered some black holes that
quasars are a step in galaxy evolution. emitted great amounts of gamma waves.
c. The Hubble Space Telescope discovered some
new galaxies that emitted great amounts of
Multiple Choice energy.
d. The Hubble Space Telescope discovered some
For each question below, select the best answer. star-like objects that emitted great amounts of
radio waves.
23. What does the word quasars mean?
a. quasi-star Written Answer
b. quasi-stellar radio sources
c. quasi-star and galaxy host Answer the following question in your notebook.
d. quasi-star and black hole
28. Why do astronomers think that the amount of
energy that quasars emit must be enormous?

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COMPLETE AND RETURN IT TO MR.

LLUPO ON THE DAY OF THE CHAPTER TEST

Chapter 9 Workbook NAME: ___________________________________________

Section 9.1 Review - Galaxies

8. How is a star cluster different from a galaxy?

4. In what type of galaxy is our solar system located?

124 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

10. Approximately how many stars are in a globular

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 125

17. How did the Milky Way get its name?

18. What is a galaxy?

20. Why are radio waves useful for studying galaxies?

23. What type of galaxy is most common in the universe?

24. Copy and complete the following Venn diagram.

126 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

25. What are the two types of star clusters?

28. What is the diameter of the Milky Way galaxy?

30. Describe the Local Group.

31. How is a supercluster different from a globular cluster or an open cluster?

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 127

1. What is cosmology? 5. The graph below shows the relationship between

2. If a star is 8 light-years away from Earth, how long

8. What technology will replace the Hubble Space

128 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

9. Summarize the Doppler effect in terms of light.

11. How do astronomers determine the speed at which a galaxy is moving?

12. What is the Hubble constant?

13. Summarize the big bang theory.

14. Give two examples of evidence for the big bang.

15. How was the cosmic microwave background radiation discovered?

16. What is CERN?

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 129

1. What is dark matter? 5. Planets, stars, and galaxies are examples of

130 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

11. How do scientists know that dark matter exists?

12. Copy and complete the following table.

13. Why is dark matter difficult to locate?

15. How did scientists discover dark energy?

16. What is dark energy?

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 131

1. Which type of galaxy is made up of newly forming

6. What factor could explain the fact that stars are

132 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

9. Identify three contributions to astronomy made by William Herschel.

10. What are the three types of galaxies?

11. How are open clusters different from globular clusters?

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 133

19. Who was Edwin Hubble?

20. Why is the Hubble law significant?

21. Earth formed about 5 billion years ago.

c. How is particle energy related to temperature of the universe?

Energy and Temperature Changes after the Big Bang

10–43 1032 1019 GeV

10–35 1027 1014 GeV

10–12 1015 100 GeV

10–6 1013 1 GeV

5 × 1017 (now) 3 10–4 eV

134 MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 978-0-07-031851-9

MHR • Unit 3 The Study of the Universe 135

2. What are tides, and what causes them?

3. How do star maps represent the apparent magnitude of stars?

6. Why is the Sun getting bigger?