MATH REVIEWER

Geometry
Plane and Solid Figures

In Mathematics, 3-dimensional is solid figures.

Cube - 6 Faces Triangular Pyramid - 4 Faces
12 Edges 6 Edges
8 Vertices 4 Vertices

Cylinder - 2 Faces
Rectangular Prism - 6 Faces 1 Curved Surface
12 Edges 12 Edges
8 Vertices No Vertices

Definition of Polyhedron
A solid figure whose sides are all polygons.
Each side is called face. Two faces that
intersect in a line segment is called an edge.
Two edges that intersect in a point is called a
vertex/vertices.
Sphere - 1 Curved Surface
No Edges
Prism
No Vertices
A polyhedron that has two congruent parallel
faces called bases. There are many different
kind of prisms. A prism is named according to Triangular Prism - 5 Faces
the shape of its base. 9 Edges
6 Vertices

Pyramid
A polyhedron whose base is a polygon and the
lateral faces are triangles. Cone - 1 Face
Prisms and Pyramids are named according to 1 Curved Surface
its base. 0 Edge
1 Vertices
Parts of Solid Figure Polyhedron
• Edges - Flat Surfaces
• Vertices Non-Polyhedron
• Faces - Curve Surfaces Square Pyramid - 5 Faces
• Lateral Faces 8 Edges
Kinds Of Pyramid
• Base 5 Vertices • Triangular Pyramid
• Square Pyramid
• Rectangular Pyramid
• Pentagonal Pyramid
Net of Solid Figures
Cube Rectangular Prism Square Pyramid Triangular Pyramid Triangular Prism

Sphere Cylinder Cone

Examples of Plane Figures

Net
A closed plane figure that can be folded into a
closed 3-Dimensional figure. A pattern used to
form solid figures.

Plane Figure
Used to show the nets of solid figures. 2-
Dimensional: Length and Width. Polygons are
plane figures.
 Patterns and Algebra
Writting Rules for Sequence

Sequence Rule Nth Term Rule Next Three terms The Nth Term of a Sequence
- A set of numbers written in a
A. 3,6,9,12... 3n or (n + 3) 15,18,21 special order by the application of
Add 3 to every term after the first
a definite rule. Each number in it
(0+3), (3+3), (6+3),...
is called term. To look for some
patterns and rules will help us to
continue a given sequence of
B. 1,4,9,16 Multiply the counting number by itself n squared 25,36,49
numbers, figures, or to fill in the
(1×1), (2×2), (3×3),...
missing numbers or symbols.

Add 1 to the denominator 1/n+1 1/5, 1/6, 1/7 The four basic operations
C. 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 (Addition, Subtraction,
1/2+1, 1/3+1
Multiplication, and Division) are
commonly used in a sequence of
numbers.
D. 3,1,-1,-3 Add -2 to the term after the first n + (-2) -5, -7, -9
3,[3 + (-2)], [1 + (-2)]

Algebraic Expressions and Equations Numerical Expression

The sum of 8 and 9 8+9
DEFINITIONS
• A Numerical Expression is an expression that combines numbers and one Algebraic Expression
or more operation symbols. The sum of 4 and a number 4+n
• A Variable is any letter or symbol that represents a number.
• A Constant has a fixed value that does not change. Algebraic Equation
• An Algebraic Expression is a mathematical phrase that uses variables, The sum of 4 and a number is 7 4+n=7
numerals, and operation symbols.

Symbol Key Words/Phrases

+ addition, plus, the sum of, more than, added to, increased by, the total of
- subtraction, minus, the difference of, less than, decreased by, diminished by, subtracted from, less
×, •, () multiplication, times, the product of, twice, multiplied by, of

÷, _, / division, divided by, the quotient of, the ratio of

Terms
= is equal to, equals, is, is that same as, yields, result is, are, were,as

Algebraic Expression Word Phrases

(+) and (-) seperate terms
m plus 3

2x + 5
(÷) and (×) do not seperate terms
the sum of m and 3
m increased by 3
m+3
3 added to m
3 more than m
Coefficient
n minus 11 Variable Constant
the difference of n and 11
n decreased by 11
n - 11 n diminished by 11 A mathematical sentence
11 less than n with an equal sign (=).
n less 11
11 subtracted from n
Equals (=) seperates an
If there is no coefficient,
2 times w equation into two parts:
put 1 because 1 times a
twice of w The left member and the
2w number is the number.
w multiplied by 2 right member
the double of w
the product of 2 and w
3x + 5 = 20
Left Member: 3x + 5
_x x divided by 5 Right Member: 20
5 one-fifth of x
the quotient of x and 5
the ratio of x to 5

Equation
 Solving Equations
The first sentence can be translated to
mathematical equation as: Twice a number is decreased by 3 Check
Ex 2: is the sum of 2 and 9. 2x - 3 = 11
2x - 3 = 9 + 2 2 (7) - 3 = 11
A number increased by 5 is 12 3+x=8
2x - 3 = 11 14 - 3 = 11
3/ - 3
/ +x=8-3
/ + /3 = 11 + 3
2x - 3 11 = 11
x=5 / = ___
2x
__ 14
x + 5 = 12 2
/ 2
Check
3+x=8
x + 5 = 12 x + 5 = 12 x=7
3+5=8
x + /5 - 5/ = 12 - 5 Check 7 + 5 = 12
8=8
x=7 12 = 12

Four Basic Properties Used to Solve Equations

1. Addition Property of Equality
- Adding the same quantity to both sides
2. Subtraction Property of Equality
- Subtracting the same quantity to both sides
3. Multiplication Property of Equality
- Both sides of an equation are multiplied by the same (nonzero) quantity
4. Division Property of Equality
- Both sides of an equation are divided by the same (nonzero) quantity.

Measurement
Speed, Distance and Time
Formulas in finding :

Distance Speed Time

Distance = Speed × Time Speed = ________
Distance Time = ________
Distance
or Time Speed
D=S×T or or
S = __
D T =__D
T S
Solving: Solving: Solving:
A family traveled from Quezon City A car travels 150 km in 3 hours. A bus traveled 252 kilometers at 72
to Batangas City at an average Find the speed of the car. km/ hr. How many hours did it travel?
speed at 60 km/hr, for a total of 2
Speed = ________
Distance Time =________
Distance
hours. How far did they travel?
Time Speed
= 150 km = 252 km
Distance = Speed × Time
3 hrs 72 km/hr
= 60 km × 2 hrs
________
= 50 km/hr = 3.5 hours
hr
= 120 km
The car traveled at a speed The bus traveled for 3.5 hours.
They traveled at a distance of 120 of 50 km/hr
kilometers

Distance Time Speed Abbreviation

Miles Hours Miles per hour mph
Kilometers Hours Kilometers per hour km/h or kph
Meters Seconds meters per second m/s
Feet Seconds feet per second f.p.s or ft. per sec.
Centimeters Seconds centimeter per second cm/sec or cm/s

Area of Composite Figures and Plane Figures

Plane Figures Composite Figures
1 2 3 4 4 cm × 4 cm • Composite Figures consist of two or more geometric shapes.
= 16 cm Squared • To find the area of composite figures
5 6 7 8 1. Seperate the figure into basic shapes
Formula:
2. Find the area of each shape then add the areas altogether
9 10 11 12 A=s×s
3. If you are looking for the area of the shaded part, you may need to subtract the areas
or
13 14 15 16 s squared
Example:
3m Area of Square Area of Rectangle
Formulas:
A=s×s A=l•w
Square Circle =3m×3m = 10 m • 2 m
A=s×s A = πr squared 3m = 9 m squared = 20 m squared

Rectangle Semi Circle

A = lw A = ________
πr squared
2
20
Triangle
2m +9
____ = 29 m squared
A = bh
__
2 29

10 m
Surface Area
Formulas:

Cube Rectangular Prism Triangular Prism Cylinder Cone

SA = 6s 2 SA = 2lh + 2lw + 2hw SA = lp + bh SA = 2πrh + 2πr 2 SA = πrs + πr 2

Sphere Square Pyramid

SA = 4πr 2 SA = 2bh + s 2

Volume of Solid Figures

Volumes:
Rectangular Prism Pyramid Cylinder Cone Sphere
V=l×w×h V = 1/3 (l × w × h) V = πr 2 × h V = 1/3 × b × h V = 4/3 × πr 3

Examples:
Emilio and Jose pitched a tent that has a shape of a Pyramid. The base of the tent is rectangle that is 2.5 meters wide and 2.8 meters
long. The tent is 2 meters high.What is the volume of the tent? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

height
2m

width
2.5 m length
2.8 m