2018 IEEE International Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science

Energy Management of Smart Homes with Energy

Storage, Rooftop PV and Electric Vehicle

Lokesh Chandra Saurabh Chanana

Department of Electrical Engineering Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra NIT Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra, India Kurukshetra, India
lokesh10joshi@gmail.com s_chanana@rediffmail.com

Abstract—With the advent of smart grid, which exhibits the ,

maximum SOE of EV [kWh].
up and coming age of electrical power systems, residents have a ,
chance to manage their energy expenditure. This paper presents final value of SOE of EV [kWh].
Smart Homes Energy Management System (SHEMS) in order to , rate of charging of ESS [kW].
support the grid and optimal operation of a smart home in terms
,
of minimizing the total energy cost. Such kinds of home comprise rate of discharging of ESS [kW].
of roof top PV, electric vehicle (EV), smart appliances and energy ,
rate of charging of EV [kW].
storage system (ESS). The EV battery can be charged during low
demand period and stored power can be fed to home as well as ,
rate of discharging of EV [kW].
grid during peak load hours. The energy exchanges are valued in
view of net metering standards considering a dynamic pricing realtime price of purchased energy [Rs/kWh].
scheme. Finally, case studies are carrying out to validate the
result. realtime price of sold energy [Rs/kWh].
duration of time interval.
Index terms— Demand response, energy management system,
energy storage system, electric vehicle, photovoltaic, smart home, arrival period of EV.
smart meter, state of energy.
depature period of EV.

NOMENCLATURE
Variables
Sets and Indices ,
total power purchased from grid in period t [kW].
t index (set) of time periods. ,
portion of the PV power used to satisfy self need in period
t [kW].
Parameters
,
,
total power supplied by ESS in period t [kW].
total power generation by PV in period t [kW].
,
,
charging power of ESS in period t [kW].
base load demand of home in period t [kW]
,
discharging power of ESS in period t [kW].
charging efficiency of the ESS.
,
part of ESS dicharging power used to satisfy self
charging efficiency of EV.
need in period t [kW].
discharging efficiency of ESS.
,
discharging efficiency of EV. total power supplied by EV in period t [kW].
,
,
initial state of energy [SOE] of ESS [kWh]. charging power of EV in period t [kW].
,
,
minimum SOE of ESS [kWh]. discharging power of EV in period t [kW].
, ,
maximum SOE of ESS [kWh]. part of EV discharging power used to satisfy self
, initial SOE of EV [kWh]. need in period t [kW].
, ,
minimum SOE of EV [kWh]. total power supplied to grid in period t [kW].

978–1–5386–2663–4/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE
 ,
part of the PV power supplied to grid in period t [kW]. and energy storage system. For significant reduction in
,
electricity bill a load management system along with
part of ESS power supplied to grid in period t [kW]. renewable and non renewable resources was proposed in [8].
, An optimization strategy is developed in [9] and [10] for
part of EV power supplied to grid in period t [kW].
effective consideration of price based DR program. Reference
cost of energy purchased from the grid in period t. [11] proposes a HEM strategy-based control of smart homes
cost of energy sold to the grid in period t. with self PV generation and availability of EV and ESS but
the V2H and V2G mode are not considered.
THC total cost of home energy. This paper present a mixed integer linear programming in
order to optimize the energy consumption and production in a
smart home with efficient deployment of several DERs, such
I. INTRODUCTION as the integration of renewable generation (roof top PV),
battery energy storage system. Then a comparison is made
with the integration of electric vehicle which has vehicle to
In modern era, crisis related to depletion of non-renewable home and vehicle to grid technology. The novel point of the
energy resources and the imbalances of electricity demand proposed study is that bidirectional power flow is considered
supply have received growing consumer attention. Besides along with a unique model for determining buying and selling
large amount of power supply is not utilized during off peak price of retail energy market.
hours due to lack of storage facilities. But only a part of The rest of the work is organized as follows: the
demand is accommodated and remaining loads are shed due to optimization problem is formulated in Section II. Afterward
insufficient power supply in the peak hours [1]. These the methodology is evaluated through a case study in Section
problems associated with electricity demand supply led to the III. Finally, the concluding remarks presented in Section IV.
need for Smart Homes Energy Management System (SHEMS).
Recent research demonstrates that with the proper optimization
and management, there is significant 20% to 30 % saving in II. FORMULATION OF OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
residential energy consumption.
A. Overview of SHEMS model
In today’s cities residential buildings are large consumer of
In this paper we consider four kinds of home energy assets
energy so they have been playing important role in operation of
such as energy storage system, electric vehicle, smart
modern smart grid. With the integration of distributed
generation resources, deployment of advance metering and appliances and a set of photovoltaic power panels installed on
bidirectional communication channels, such kinds of the roof. Here we are assuming that all the appliances are must
residential buildings have been converted into smart homes. run and considered them as base load demand.
These devices coordinate with each other using communication The smart home environment considered in this paper is
channels in order to accomplish a common set of objectives depicted as in Fig. 1. It can be observed in Fig.1 each assets
that benefit the end users [2]. This system consists of features possess technical capabilities such as PV-to-grid (PV2G), PV-
like distributed generation sources such as photovoltaic (PV) to-home (PV2H), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home
and energy storage system (such as electric vehicles (EV) and (V2H), ESS-to-grid (ESS2G) and ESS-to-home (ESS2H). It is
battery energy storage) which can store power during off peak assumed that the consumers are considered to be under an
hours. Smart grid is important structure that control and hourly-varying pricing tariff scheme. The smart meter is used
monitor all functions from generation to end user and enable to communicate with the utility.
bidirectional flow of energy and information [3]. Another term
is demand response (DR) that defines the participation of
customer in electricity markets [4]. The system operators are
motivated to developed residential DR program due to changes
that are being observed recently at the residential end user
level. Firstly, commercialization of electric vehicle (EV) and
the electrification of the transport sector will cause severe
aberration of the commercial load profiles from the present
ones. Secondly, the decrease in the prices of small scale
distributed generation units such as rooftop photovoltaic (PV)
and energy storage systems (ESS) may lead residential end-
users to cover a segment of their load from these sources or
even infuse energy back to the grid.
There are so many studies regarding home energy
management in order to optimize the cost of energy to
consumer. In [5] only PV is considered to carry out the study.
Another energy management with the integration of wind is Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of a smart home with assets
proposed in [6]. In [7], a smart energy management system for
microgrid illustrates the coordination of distributed generation

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 The model which is proposed here is deterministic in , , ,
+ = . ∀ (6)
nature as in literature [12]. There are several uncertainties , ,
related to the home (e.g., PV production, EV arrival/departure 0≤ ≤ ∀ ∈[ , ] (7)
time etc.), despite this a deterministic model is preferred than , ,
0≤ ≤ (1 − ) ∀ ∈[ , ] (8)
stochastic because of the following reasons. First the
complexity of a stochastic optimization problem is higher , ,
= + . . − .
while the economic value of including uncertainty at the scale
of few homes is insignificant. Secondly the fact that electricity ∀ ∈( , ] (9)
price is almost same within one-hour period providing a ,
≤ ≤ ,
∀ ∈[ , ] (10)
natural degree of robustness to the evaluation of such adaptive
, ,
system (e.g., whether the EV arrive at 5pm or at 5:20pm = =0 ∀ ≠[ , ] (11)
almost same from the economic point of view). , , ,
= + . − .

B. Mathematical modeling ∀ = (12)

1) Objective Function
Minimize
=∑( − ) (1)
where
= . , .
= . , .
The objective of the optimization problem described by
equation (1) is to minimize the total energy cost of smart
home. The study is carried out with net metering approach in
which the buying and selling price of energy in retail market is
assumed to be linked to real time price of energy in wholesale
market. Additionally, as for other commodity an arbitrary is
also assumed between buying and selling price. Hence buying
price is slightly higher than selling price. The grid related
tariffs which are calculated at the end of billing period
according the total energy consumption are not considered in
the objective function. It is also noted that the degradation cost
of assets and investment as well as appliance, control and
infrastructure cost are not considered in this study.
2) Smart Home Power Exchange Constraints:
a) Power balance: The equation regarding power
balance of smart home is described by (2).
,
+ , + , = , + , , ∀ (2)
b) Disintegration of power purchased and sold:
Equations (3), (4) and (5) describe the energy transactions
between the home and the grid. The parameter N is defined
the limits on power that may be bought or sold to the grid.
, , , ,
= + + , ∀ (3)
, The time interval is taken 15 minutes (0.25h) and as a
≤ . , ∀ (4)
,
≤ . (1 − ), ∀ (5)
c) Electric vehicle: The EV model used in this study is
described by (6)-(11). Equation (6) explain the use of power
that comes from discharging of EV (V2H or V2G). The
limitation on charging and discharging power define by
equation (7) and (8) respectively.The state of energy defined
by (9) and equation (10) stand for minimum and maximum
SOE of the EV in order to avoid full discharge. and
stands for arrival and departure time respectively.
,
= ∀ = (13)
d) Energy storage system:Equation (14)-(18) describe
the constraints that define the model of ESS. The operation of
ESS is same as EV only basic difference is that unlike the EV,
the ESS is available at home all day.
, , ,
+ = ∀ (14)
, ,
≤ ∀ (15)
, ,
≤ (1 − ) ∀ (16)
,
= + .
,
− . ∀ (17)
,
= (18)
e) Roof top PV production: Equation (19) shows that
the production of PV can be use to cover self consumption of
home and if abundant, it is sold back to the grid.
, , ,
+ = ∀ (19)
III. CASE STUDY
A. Input data
The mathematical model described above has been
implemented in GAMS v.24.1.3 and the optimization problem
is solved using the commercial solver CPLEX v.12.1.0.
result the total 96 intervals. To illustrate the proposed
technique a simple household consisting ESS and roof top PV
installation. First the cost optimization has done using these
two assets. After that the study is carried out with integration
of electric vehicle. The optimization is carried out for 24 hour
from 7 am to next day 7 am. The EV arrival and departure
time are respectively 6 pm and 6 am on next day. The
household load is considered inelastic in nature throughout the
study.
The household PV production (per kW of installed
capacity) is shown in Fig. 2.

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 Fig. 2. PV production during one day

Fig. 4. Variation of energy prices with time interval

B. Results and discussion

If the constraints are not violated, as expected, the
optimization of SHEMS would present its minimum optimal
cost. Nevertheless, activity regarding charging of EV as well
as load allocation would refer to relatively low price period. In
case study there are two cases for which optimization is
Fig. 3. Base load demand of home
carried out. For the first case of SHEMS, results are shown in
The variation of base load demand of home with time which is Fig. 5. From this figure the following observations concluded.
inelastic in nature is as shown in Fig. 3. • Plot one is showing the variation of grid, PV and ESS
power being used. During day time the installation of
TABLE I. PV is used to cover self needs until or unless it is
available.
ASSETS DATA OF HOME • The ESS is charging during 7am and 6pm. On the
other hand adequate PV generation in day time is
Electric Vehicle sold back to the grid. The operation of ESS is
Battery capacity[kWh] 25 justified by the fact that 7 and 8am offer the lowest
Maximum charging/discharging rate[kW] 3.3 price the noon price peaks.
Charging/discharging efficiency[%] 95
Arrival time 6.00pm • Variation of SOE of ESS is showing in last plot.
Initial SOE[kWh] 8
Minimum SOE[kWh] 4.8

PV Installation
Installed capacity[kW] 3

Energy Storage System

Battery capacity[kWh] 1
Maximum Charging/Discharging rate[kW] 0.75
Initial SOE[kWh] 1.5
Minimum SOE[kWh] 0 .9
Charging/discharging efficiency[%] 95 (a)

Data regarding the EV, PV and ESS of home are presented

in table. The energy selling back to grid through PV2G,
ESS2G, and EV2G are also available. These assets can also be
used to cover whole or partial energy needs of home through
EV2H, PV2H, and ESS2H capabilities.
The prices signal for the 24 hours of the optimization period
as shown in Fig. 4. The buying and selling price of energy are (b)
different and the latter one is somewhat less.

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 (c)
(d)
Fig. 5. (a) Plots of purchased grid power and power used by ESS &PV. (b) Plots of sold
grid power and power sold by ESS & PV. (c) Charging and discharging power of ESS.
(d) SOE of ESS
The second case optimization is carried out with the
integration of EV. The main factors are arrival and departure
time of EV. When EV arrives at home they contribute the self
consumption needs through V2H mode. Because these are
high prices periods so SHEMS avoid to purchasing energy
from the grid.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 6. (a) Plots of purchased grid power and power used by EV, ESS and PV. (b) Plots of
sold grid power and power sold by EV, ESS and PV. (c) Charging and discharging power
of EV. (d) SOE of EV
The following observation concluded from Fig. 6.
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• During 1am to 5am EV charging is performed as this
is the lowest price period of the day.
• At night time when PV generation is not available
most of the load can be cover by EV power as to
improve the smart home efficiency.
• The SOE of EV is shown in last plot.
The scenario demonstrates that the inclusion of EV into
electrical grid has beneficial outcomes if there is proper
management of energy with fulfilling some constraints
according to case study. So we can dissect that in the period
when EV is parked at home with a SOE value around high and
their discharging power price is less than the price buys it
from grid, EV supplied energy by taking the advantage of
energy which is previously stored. Therefore, we can conclude
that whole demand of the residential consumer, including
energy storage charge, EVs charge, and smart appliances load
is covered with an optimized management of energy among
the sources due the implemented models by considering the
costs and the several mathematical constraints.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this study, the optimal operation of a smart home
equipped with solar panel, electrical battery energy storage
and integration of electric vehicle was studied. Under a
dynamic pricing scheme, a SHEMS based on MILP model
proposed to optimize the energy production and consumption
in a smart home. Two cases done in case study based on 24h
time horizon are presented. Results demonstrate the optimum
solution for a single day with significant energy cost saving
for considered scenario. As in coming years the major part of
transport sector would be dominated by electric vehicle so this
study gives a flexible introduction of this new kind of load at
residential level. Further this case study can computed taking
several homes in conjunction with each other considering
controllable and non controllable appliances both.
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