A L W A Y S L E A R N I N G

PEARSON
 English for Construction is part o f the Pearson Longman
Vocational English series. I t is designed for students i n vocational
education and for company employees i n training at work. W r i t t e n by
industry practitioners, it combines a strong grammar syllabus w i t h the
specialist vocabulary and skills that learners need to succeed i n their
chosen field.

Level 1 English for Construction is designed for students with a basic

knowledge o f general English who now require an elementary (CEF level
A 1 - A 2 ) English course in this specific field. It includes:

• topics that reflect the latest developments in construction, making them

immediately relevant to students' needs.

• clearly defined language and function objectives which are backed up by

comprehensive on-the-page language boxes.

• essential online support for teachers including teacher's notes, fully

editable tests and multilingual glossaries.

• student C D - R O M w i t h interactive glossaries i n both British and

American English and full course book audio in MP3 format.

Other titles in the series include:

English for Banking & Finance

English for Information Technology

English for Nursing

English for O i l and Gas

^COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK^

A 1 i
n 1

Level 1
A2
ISBN 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 0 8 2 - 6 9 9 1 - 6
Level 2
Bl

m
B2

.pearsonELT.com/vocationalenglish 78H08"269916
Contents
Function Language Vocabulary

Introductions p. 4 Introducing yourself and others Present simple: b e Jobs

lit 1 Th e consti-uction industry

Present simple: regular verbs

Adverbs of frequency

Finding out more p. 6 Talking about jobs in the Wh- questions The alphabet
construction industry Questions with b e Wh- question words

T h e construction Describing parts of the Plurals Types of construction

industry p. 8 construction industry Prepositional verbs Industry sectors

Parts of a h o u s e p. 10 Understanding a house plan 77i/sis ... House features

Naming parts of a house

R e v i e w p. 11

T r a d e s a n d training p. 12 Describing trades and the stages Present simple Trades

of trade training Vocational courses

Trade materials p. 14 Talking about materials Parts of speech Materials

(ft
<B
Making calculations Numbers 1-100 Calculation words
Unit 2 Trat

Instructions p. 16 Giving instructions The imperative Scaffolding

Saying where things are Sequencers
Prepositions of place

T h e apprentice p. 18 Giving personal information Questions and answers for Tools

personal information

R e v i e w p. 19

Delivery p. 20 Answering questions about Present continuous Movement verbs

delivery
Talking about the delivery of
c heavy equipment
B
it 3 Heavy equiprr

C r a n e s p. 22 Using cranes and control units Opposites Cranes

There is/There are

Controls a n d Asking questions about clockwise/anticlockwise Remote controls

equipment p. 2 4 equipment Equipment for mixing concrete
Explaining how to mix cement
c
3 O n site p. 2 6 Making conversation Word order Question phrases
Expressions: fair enough, will do

R e v i e w p. 27

Building materials p. 28 Talking about building suppliers Word pairs Products a n d materials
and materials
Unit 4 Building supplie:

Materials p. 30 Placing a n d confirming an order Phrases: order number, in stock Supply orders
Checking stock items Making requests

Insulation p. 32 Talking about insulation Use to/Used as/Used for Types of insulation
Changing a customer order/ Emails Stock
delivery

Problems on site p. 34 Explaining problems Too/Not enough Parts of a building site

Adjectives: soft, wet, heavy

R e v i e w p. 35

Contents
 Function Language Vocabulary

On-site Describing w h a t subcontractors Present simple and present Subcontractors

subcontractors p. 3 6 do/are doing at the m o m e n t continuous

Directions p. 38 Following directions Giving directions Maps

s Giving directions
»
Unit 5 On

Weather on site p. 4 0 Understanding different types of Because of Weather

weather
Giving reasons

Food p. 42 Talking about food Conversation using present Food

simple and present continuous

Review p. 43

Warning signs p. 44 Identifying different types of signs Must Personal protective equipment
(PPE)
5 Health and safety

Site safety p. 46 Describing problems Adjectives: too full Health and safety
Completing a vehicle safety Vehicle parts
checklist

First aid p. 48 Explaining injuries Past simple: be Parts of the body

Past simple A first aid kit

c Waste disposal p. 50 Understanding waste disposal Word partnerships: clean metal, Waste materials
D
and colour c o d e s general waste

Review p. 51

Clients p. 52 Welcoming clients Word pairs J o b descriptions

Nouns: structural engineer,
Unit;' The contfactor's office

bookkeeper

Projects p. 54 Discussing projects Metric and imperial Buildings

Describing structures using measurements
dimensions

Shapes p. 56 Describing the shape of Expressions: 30 by 60 Shapes

constructions Dimensions
Word stress

Calculations p. 58 Giving calculations Calculations Calculation symbols

Calculating an area Word order

Review p. 59

Planning a project p. 60 Planning a new bridge Will future Calendar

•o Completing a schedule Months of the year
i
Unit 8 Planning ahe

Schedules p. 62 Making appointments Prepositions of time Dates and times

Telling the time

Bridges p. 64 Making comparisons Comparative and superlative Descriptive adjectives

adjectives

Quantities p. 66 Writing quantities How much/How many Containers

Review p. 67

Partner files p. 68

Audio script p. 72
 The • introduce yourself and others
• talk about jobs in the constructior

1 construction
industry
industry
• describe types of construction
• understand a house plan

Introductions

a building inspector a rooter

Vocabulary Match photos A-E to texts 1-5.

1 Hello, I'm Kamal Boukhaled, from Morocco. I'm a plumber.
I'm Isabelle Roux, from France. I'm an architect
Hi, my name's Santiago Cruz. I'm from Venezuela. I'm a crane operator.
Hi, I'm Karol Nowacki. I'm from Poland. I'm a roofer.
Hello there. My name's Jun Takahashi. I'm from Japan. I'm a building
inspector.
Listening 2 Complete these conversations. Then listen and compare your
answers.
1 Jun: Hi! I'm Jun Takahashi, from the Ministry.
Isabelle: Hi, Mr Takahashi. (1) Isabelle Roux. I'm from (2)
I'm the architect on this project.
Jun: Ah, I'm a building (3)
Isabelle: Pleased to (4) you.
2 Karol: Hi! Karol Nowacki.
Santiago: Santiago Cruz.
Karol: What do you do, Santiago?
Santiago: I'm a crane (5) And you?
Karol: Me? I'm a(n) (6)
3 Kamal: Hi! My (7) _ . is Kamal Boukhaled.
Santiago: Hi, Kamal. I'm Santiago.
Kamal: (8) are you from?
Santiago: From Caracas, Venezuela.
Kamal: Ah, Caracas. A beautiful city. I come from (9)
4 Kamal: Hello. (10) name's Kamal Boukhaled.
Karol: Hi, Kamal. I'm Karol Nowacki And this is Isabelle Roux.
Kamal: Hello, Isabelle.
Isabelle: Pleased to meet you.
Karol: What do you (11) , Kamal?
Kamal: I'm a plumber.
Karol: I'm a roofer. And Isabelle designs buildings.
Kamal: She's a(n) (12) ?
Isabelle: Yes, that's right.

4 1 The construction industry

 Reading 3 Read this text and underline the verbs.

Harun Rashid is 35 vears old. He comes from Alexandria,

but lives and works in Cairo.

Harun is a general contractor. He hires subcontractors to

work on building projects. He also organises the material
and equipment. Harun has a lot of experience in the
construction industry.

Harun always works hard. Sometimes he has meetings

with clients. Sometimes he visits construction sites. And
sometimes he deals with suppliers. He is always busy.

But Friday is different. Harun never works on Fridays.

Friday is a day off.

Correct these sentences.

1 Harun Rashid is a plumber.
2 He hires clients to work on building projects
3 He has a lot of experience in the tourist industry.
4 He never visits construction sites
5 He always works on Fridays
Language

Present s i m p l e : be

We use be to say w h o s o m e b o d y is or what s o m e t h i n g is. I'm Santiago Cruz. He's Harun Rashid.
This is a construction site. We're roofers.

We use be to ask personal questions. What's your name? My name's Karol.

Present s i m p l e : r e g u l a r v e r b s

We use the present s i m p l e to talk about routines, We work in an office.

permanent situations a n d general truths. Water freezes at 0°C.

We use adverbs of f r e q u e n c y a n d time e x p r e s s i o n s with Harun Rashid never works on Fridays.

the present simple. They work every Saturday.

Speaking 5 Work in pairs and introduce yourselves. Use this model to help you.
A B
Hi!/Hello./Good morning.
Hi!/Hello./Good morning.
I'm /My name's .
What's your ?
I'm /My name's .
Pleased to meet you.
Where are you ?
I'm from And you?
I'm from
 Finding out more
Listening 1 flp' '*]ff
1
Listen and repeat the letters of the alphabet.

Speaking 3 Work in pairs. Student A look at the information on this page. Student B look at
the information on page 68.

Student A
Read the letters to Student B. Write the letters Student B says. What do the
letters mean?

HVAC rpm AC JCB

HVAC = heating, ventilation and air conditioning

rpm = revolutions per minute
AC = alternating current
JCB = JC Bamford Excavators Limited (a construction equipment manufacturer)

4 Practise this conversation with your classmates. Write the names.

A B
What's your name?
Jun Takahashi.
How do you spell that?
My first name is Jun - J-U-N.
My family name is Takahashi •
T-A-K-A-H-A-S-H-I.
Thank you.

6 1 The construction industry

 Listening 5 Listen t o t h r e e c o n v e r s a t i o n s . W r i t e t h e j o b s y o u hear for each p e r s o n
1-.i.
1 Ahmed: Rob:
2 Tariq: Pierre:
3 Jacek: Kim:
4 Luis: 8 Antonio:
Language

Wh- q u e s t i o n s
Wh- questions begin w i t h a q u e s t i o n w o r d (e.g. What, Where, How).

We use what w h e n we want to know about s o m e t h i n g . What's your name?

What do you do?

We use where to ask about places. Where do you work?

We use h o w to ask about the way to do s o m e t h i n g . How do you spell that?

Questions w i t h b e

We reverse the order of the verb b e to f o r m a question. He is on site today. • Is he on site today?

6 Read t h e t h r e e c o n v e r s a t i o n s i n a u d i o s c r i p t 5 o n page 72 a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e
questions i n the conversations.

7 C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h What, Where o r How.

- d o y o u live? t i m e is it?
_ d o y o u do? o l d are you?
_ are you? . is t h e site?
_'s y o u r address? . are y o u from?

8 Put t h e w o r d s i n 1-6 i n t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r t o make q u e s t i o n s . T h e n m a t c h t h e

q u e s t i o n s t o answers a-f.
1 • w h a t / he / d o / does / ?
2 ncan/you/help/I/?
3 O h o w / spell / y o u / t h a t / d o / ?
4 Q where / w o r k / y o u / do / ?
5 O what / y o u / do / do / ?
6 Q are / t h e / manager / site / y o u / ?

a) He's a crane operator.

b) I'm a plumber.
c) O n a b u i l d i n g site.
d) C-H-E-S-T-E-R-T-O-N-S.
e) I ' m l o o k i n g for K i m .
0 Yes, I a m .

Speaking 9 W o r k i n p a i r s . Take t u r n s t o ask a n d answer q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p e o p l e i n 5.

A B
W h a t does K i m do?
She's a site manager.
W h a t a b o u t Tariq?
T a r i q is a
OK. Your t u r n .

The construction industry 1 7

 The c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y
Listening 1 Listen and w r i t e the missing letters.

t nn 1 r d br d h s

s h _ 1 _ o sp_ t_1 a . a . t m t o _ f i c _ b _ o _ k

Listen a n d w r i t e t h e t y p e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n y o u hear.
4
5
6
Speaking 3 Choose a r o l e c a r d . I n t r o d u c e y o u r s e l f t o o t h e r s t u d e n t s . Use t h e m o d e l b e l o w
to help you.

Name: Kasia K a t o l s k y Name: T h o m a s S m i t h

Job: b u i l d i n g i n s p e c t o r Job: roofer
T y p i c a l p r o j e c t s : factories, s c h o o l s T y p i c a l p r o j e c t s : r e s i d e n t i a l p r o j e c t s (houses,
From: Katowice, Poland apartments)
F r o m : T o r o n t o , Canada

Name: M o h a m e d b i n A l i Name: Park Ji-Wung

Job: site manager Job: crane o p e r a t o r
Typical projects: hospitals T y p i c a l p r o j e c t s : bridges, flyovers
From: Dubai, U n i t e d A r a b Emirates (UAE) F r o m : Seoul, Korea

A B
Hi! I'm
M y name's
Hi! I ' m Raja Anand./My name's
Raja A n a n d .
W h a t d o y o u do?

I ' m a general c o n t r a c t o r .
W h a t t y p e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n
d o y o u w o r k on?
We b u i l d a p a r t m e n t blocks.
W h e r e are y o u from?
I'm f r o m M u m b a i , India.

8 1 The construction industry

 Reading 4 Read t h i s t e x t a n d c o m p l e t e c h a r t s A a n d B.

The construction industry in the UK
consists of four different sectors. The
residential sector deals with houses and
apartments. The industrial sector deals
with big projects like factories and power
plants. The infrastructure sector is for
projects like roads, bridges and tunnels.
The commercial sector is for things like
schools, hospitals and office blocks. The
client pays for the project and hires general
contractors to deal with subcontractors,
equipment and materials.

industry in
the U K

industrial

(factories, (roads, (schools,

power plants) bridges, hospitals,
tunnels) office b l o c k s )
subcontractor subcontractor subcontractor subcontractor

Vocabulary 5 W o r k i n p a i r s . Take t u r n s t o d r a w different t y p e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d say w h a t

t h e y are.

6 C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x .

are consists of deal with hires pays for

1 T h e general c o n t r a c t o r subcontractors.
2 General c o n t r a c t o r s subcontractors, equipment and materials.
3 The team a site manager, t h r e e roofers a n d a p l u m b e r .
4 Roads, b r i d g e s a n d t u n n e l s infrastructure sector projects.
5 The client the project.

Language

We add -s, -es, or -/es to make a noun p l u r a l . apartment -»apartments

box • boxes
factory > factories

Read t h e t e x t i n 4 again a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e p l u r a l s .

Speaking 8 W o r k i n g r o u p s . T h i n k a b o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y i n y o u r area. List

examples of t h e f o l l o w i n g .
1 clients
2 general c o n t r a c t o r s
3 subcontractors
4 residential sector projects
5 infrastructure sector projects
6 commercial sector projects
7 industrial sector projects

The construction industry 1 9

 Parts of a house
Listening 1 B-'TH L o o k a t h o u s e p l a n s A a n d B. T h e n l i s t e n . D o c s t h e s p e a k e r d e s c r i b e
the house correctly?

first floor (American

English) = ground
floor (British English)

bedroom 1

second floor

Speaking 2 W o r k i n pairs. Draw a s i m p l e house p l a n a n d label i t . Show it t o y o u r p a r t n e r

a n d ask a n d answer q u e s t i o n s a b o u t i t . T h e n repeat w i t h a n e w partner.
A: What's this?
B: This is a bathroom.
A: And this?
B: This is the hrst floor. And this is the second floor.

10 1 The construction industry

 • describe trades and the stages of trade train

2
• talk about trade materials

Trades • give and understand instructions for erectin

scaffolding
• give personal information

Trades and training

Vocabulary 1 Label t r a d e s p e o p l e 1-8 w i t h t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x .

carpenter concrete finisher electrician glazier painter

plumber roofer welder

ap. a c. a c ap.

a r. a w. ag-

Reading 2 Read t h i s t e x t a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e trades. Use t h e p h o t o s i n 1 t o h e l p y o u .

You can refer to

A j o b in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n industry?
tradespeople in
several ways:
• tradesperson/
tradespeople (for
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n industry has different trades o r 'crafts'. A tradesperson is a
men and women)
• tradesman/ specialist and normally has a qualification f r o m a vocational school o r o t h e r
tradesmen training institute. Plumbers, electricians and roofers are all tradespeople. O t h e r
(for men)
tradespeople o n residential housing projects include carpenters, painters and
tradeswoman/
c o n c r e t e finishers. Tradespeople are often s u b c o n t r a c t o r s and w o r k f o r a
tradeswomen (for
women) general c o n t r a c t o r o r a client.

Vocabulary 3 W r i t e t h e p l u r a l s for 1-5.

1 trade 4 housing project
2 craft 5 general c o n t r a c t o r
3 tradesman

12
 Listening 4 Listen to Sam Smith talking about trades and c o m p l e t e these sentences.

Stage 1 : apprentice He/She is (1) at w o r k .

Stage 2: journeyman He/She w o r k s (2)
Stage 3: master He/She supervises (3) workers.

5 L i s t e n again a n d answer these q u e s t i o n s .

1 W h a t is Sam Smith's trade? 2 W h e r e does he w o r k ?

Vocabulary
6 L o o k at t h i s list of courses at a v o c a t i o n a l s c h o o l . M a t c h A - C t o t h r e e of t h e
courses. T h e n w r i t e t h e t r a d e t h a t each c o u r s e refers t o .

DIPLOMA IN C O N S T R U C T I O N T E C H N O L O G I E S

1 Basic tools and e q u i p m e n t : 5 Electrical w i r i n g :

2 Carpentry: 6 Residential p l u m b i n g :

3 Masonry and concrete: 7 HVAC:

4 P a i n t i n g and d e c o r a t i n g : 8 H e a l t h and safety:

Speaking 7 W o r k i n pairs. Student A l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s page. Student B l o o k at

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n page 68.

Student A
Read t h i s e m a i l f r o m a v o c a t i o n a l s c h o o l i n Calgary, Canada a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e
key i n f o r m a t i o n .

CB2 O •

(
_
From: Lucy Dani <lucy.d@netfish.ca>
To: J. Benjamin <jed.benjamin@calgarycollege.ca>

Thank you very much for your telephone call. Our school offers five apprenticeship
programs which include supervised training, on-the-job training and classroom teaching.
The programs take three or four years to complete. The programs are HVAC, carpentry,
residential electrician, welding and masonry. All programs include health and safety
training, maths and English.

8 W o r k i n t h e same p a i r s . C o m p a r e t h e t w o t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t e s i n 7. W h a t t h i n g s
are t h e same? W h a t t h i n g s are different?

Trades 2 13
 Trade materials
Vocabulary 1 W h a t m a t e r i a l s d o these t r a d e s p e o p l e use? M a t c h materials A - F t o
t r a d e s p e o p l e 1-6.

1 carpenter. 4 bricklayer and mason

2 glazier 5 welder
3 painter 6 c o n c r e t e finisher

C o m p l e t e these sentences. W r i t e o n e w o r d i n each gap.

1 I ' m a bricklayer. I lay .
2 I'm a ( n ) I do the wiring.
3 I'm a(n) t e c h n i c i a n . I d o t h e heating, v e n t i l a t i o n a n d air
conditioning.
I'm a carpenter. I w o r k w i t h
I'm a ( n ) I install w i n d o w s .
I'm a painter. I use _ t o d e c o r a t e houses.
I'm a welder. I w e l d .

3 C o m p l e t e t h i s table w i t h t h e missing v e r b s .

Nouns Verbs

painter (1)
decorator (2)
instructor (3)
welder (4)
worker (5)
supervisor (6)
trainer (7)

Speaking 4 W o r k i n pairs. A s k y o u r p a r t n e r a b o u t t h i n g s i n t h e r o o m .
A B
W h a t ' s that?
^ — It's a w i n d o w .
W h a t ' s it m a d e of?
Glass a n d w o o d .

14 2 Trades
 Language

Numbers 1-100

1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one

2 two 12 twelve 30 thirty
3 three 13 thirteen 40 forty
4 four 14 fourteen 50 fifty
5 five 15 fifteen 60 sixty
6 six 16 sixteen 70 seventy
7 seven 17 seventeen 80 eighty
8 eight 18 eighteen 90 ninety
9 nine 19 nineteen 100 a hundred/one hundred
10 ten 20 twenty

ciUM Listen a n d t i c k / t h e w o r d y o u hear,

thirteen Q / thirty Q 3 sixteen Q / s i x t y [~~|
fourteen Q / forty Q 4 nine Q / n i n e t y | |

Say these n u m b e r s . T h e n listen a n d cheek y o u r answers.

56 34 89 63 76 21
13 30 14 40 16 60

W r i t e these n u m b e r s .
1 twenty-four sixty-nine
2 thirty-three seventy-two
3 forty-seven ninety-one

Listening 8 rT.'lkJJB L i s t e n t o a n a r c h i t e c t t a l k i n g a b o u t an office b l o c k . W h a t d o t h e

n u m b e r s refer to? M a t c h 1-5 t o a-e.
1 six a) n u m b e r of w i n d o w s p e r floor
2 22 b ) n u m b e r of floors
3 44 c) m 2

4 32 d ) n u m b e r of r o o m s p e r floor
5 two e) w i n d o w s p e r r o o m

+ Make t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s for t h e office b l o c k i n 8.

plus
- minus Example: 1 264 (2 windows per room x 22 rooms = 44 windows;
X times 44 windows x 6 floors = 264 windows)
/ divided by t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of w i n d o w s : 264
= equals t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of d o o r s :
0 brackets
t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of r o o m s :
t h e t o t a l space per floor ( m ) : 2

S p e a k i n g 10 W r i t e a n u m b e r f r o m 1 t o 100 o n a piece of paper. O n t h e o t h e r side, w r i t e a

c a l c u l a t i o n for t h e number.

11 W o r k i n s m a l l groups. Read y o u r c a l c u l a t i o n i n 10 t o t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s . T h e
first s t u d e n t t o a n s w e r c o r r e c t l y is t h e winner.
A: Eight times eight, plus thirty-one, divided by five, plus
thirty-eight equals ....
B: Fifty-eight.
A: Wrong!
C: Fifty-seven.
A: Correct!

Trades 2 15
 Instructions
Vocabulary 1 M a t c h d i a g r a m s A - H t o t h e v e r b s i n t h e box.

adjust attach fill in fit join level nail slide onto

••5

t.

2 L o o k at t h e s e d i a g r a m s of s c a f f o l d i n g a n d c o m p l e t e t h e a p p r e n t i c e ' s notes.
T h e n underline the verbs in the notes.

Erecting scaffolding
• • Fill in i k e holes and level t h e a r e a . Nail
jack
guardrail
planking t h e (1) p | a t e s l o i k w u a s i l l !

\ / base plate
ladder Sliae t h e f r a m e s Onto t h e j a c k s . Adjust
mudsill t h e j a c k s . Use ( Z ) p i n s flna

^ ^ " ^ nails locking pins t o join t h e f r a m e s . A t t a c h |

braces.

r coupling
Fit t h e planking. A t t a c h t h e guardrails.

locking A t t a c h t h e ladder. Inspect t h e scaffold!

1 P i n

pin Remember!
A - \ 1
base plate 4 J
1 D o n ' t climb t h e scaffolding. Use the
C 3 )
D o n ' t use b r i c k s t o leve
t h e f r a m e s . Use t h e ( 4 )
Don i f o r g e t t o use loclom
(5)

Language

The imperative

W e c a n use the i m p e r a t i v e to give instructions. Fill in the holes.

Use don't (do not) before the verb to give negative instructions. Don't climb the scaffolding.

W e c a n use the present simple instead of the imperative for You level the frames.
informal instructions.

Sequencers

W e can use first, next, then, after that, etc. to d e s c r i b e the First, fill in the holes. Next, adjust the jacks.
order of instructions. Then, fit the planking.

Writing 3 W o r k i n p a i r s . Close y o u r b o o k s . W r i t e i n s t r u c t i o n s for e r e c t i n g scaffolding.

16 2 Trades
 box of pins base plates jacks

hammer toolbox

Listening 4 E j u H Look at t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n above. Then listen a n d c o m p l e t e these

sentences.
1 T h e base plates are the truck.
2 T h e h a m m e r is the toolbox, the truck.
3 T h e c o u p l i n g pins a n d l o c k i n g pins are a box, the truck,
t h e base plates.
T h e jacks are the truck.
The foreman's flask is . . the truck.

W h i c h sentence i n t h e l i s t e n i n g is i n c o r r e c t ?

L i s t e n again. A r e t h e s e sentences true ( T ) o r false (F)?

Vocabulary 5
1 T h e base plates are next t o t h e flask. ( T / F)
2 T h e flask is i n t h e t r u c k . ( T / F)
3 T h e jacks are b e h i n d t h e t r u c k . ( T / F)
4 T h e h a m m e r is u n d e r t h e t r u c k . ( T / F)
5 T h e t o o l b o x is i n front of t h e t r u c k . ( T / F)

Language

Prepositions of p l a c e

We use p r e p o s i t i o n s of p l a c e to say w h e r e s o m e t h i n g is.

(in) between

The hammer is under the truck. The toolbox is in front of the truck.

Writing 6 W r i t e four sentences t o s h o w w h e r e t h e objects are i n this i l l u s t r a t i o n .

 The apprentice
Listening 1 2i!XEI Listen t o a c o n v e r s a t i o n between a foreman and an apprentice and
c o m p l e t e these sentences a b o u t Mickey, t h e a p p r e n t i c e .
1 M i c k e y ' s real name is
2 He c o m e s f r o m
3 He lives i n .
4 He goes t o college.
5 He's a(n)
6 He's years o l d .

2 l E ^ ^ I Listen t o an a p p r e n t i c e , Jeff, asking Mickey questions about his

birthday party and complete this information.
1 When:
2 Where:
3 Mickey's t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r :

Language 3 M a t c h q u e s t i o n s 1-7 t o answers a-g.

1 H o w o l d are you? a) Yes, please.
2 What's y o u r name? b) It's 265775.
3 W h e r e d o y o u live? c) It's seven o'clock.
4 Coffee? d) I'm 33.
5 What's y o u r t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r ? e) It's J o h n S m i t h .
6 H o w t a l l are you? 0 In Paris.
7 W h a t t i m e is it? g) I'm 1.78 m .

4 C o m p l e t e t h i s f o r m w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t yourself.

Name: (1).

Surname: (2).

Nickname: (3).

Address: (4).

Telephone number: (5).

Age: (6).

H e i g h t (in c m ) : (7)

Speaking 5 W o r k i n p a i r s . Practise t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n .
A: What's your telephone number?
B: It's And yours?
A: It's
A: How old are you?
B: I'm And you?
A: I'm
A: Where do you live?
B: In/At And you?
A: I live in/at
 • talk about the delivery of heavy equipmei

3
I_J p \ t \ t and control units w<
• describe how a crane and
«/ • give instructions for operating
oper equipment
6QU1DIT1GII t * t a l k a D O U t m i x i n
g cement
*• • m a k e c o n v e r s a t i o n o n sit<

Delivery
Vocabulary 1 M a t c h sentences 1-4 t o i l l u s t r a t i o n s A - D . T h e n p u t sentences 1-4 i n t h e correct
o r d e r for u n l o a d i n g t h e crates.
1 He's p a r k i n g t h e t r u c k o n t h e h a r d s t a n d i n g . |T|
2 He's u n l o a d i n g t h e crates. Q
3 He's a d j u s t i n g t h e stabiliser. Q
4 He's a t t a c h i n g t h e slings t o t h e h o o k . | |

Listening 2 EJEH Listen t o t h r e e c o n v e r s a t i o n s about deliveries and answer

these q u e s t i o n s .
1 W h a t ' s i n t h e crate?
2 W h a t ' s i n t h e box?
3 W h a t ' s o n t h e pallet?

3 Listen t o three more c o n v e r s a t i o n s about deliveries and w r i t e (he

problem(s) w i t h the following.
1 rebar 2 timber 3 sand

3 Heavy equipment
 Language

Present c o n t i n u o u s

We use the p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s to talk about things that are I am phoning the suppliers.
happening now. W e use the form am/is/are + -ing. She is waiting for the timber.
We are waiting for the driver.

4 C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h t h e present c o n t i n u o u s f o r m of t h e v e r b s

in b r a c k e t s .
1 We (unload) the truck.
2 I ( l o o k for) t h e site manager.
3 He (deliver) the sand.
4 She ( p h o n e ) t h e supplier.
5 They (have) a meeting.
6 I'm sorry, but I ( r u n ) late.

Vocabulary 5 A c r a n e d r i v e r is d e s c r i b i n g t o an a p p r e n t i c e h o w t o o p e r a t e a crane. L o o k at
A-C a n d c o m p l e t e t h i s t e x t .

There are two levers. First, the lever on the left. Push i t
away from you t o (1) the load. Pull i t towards
you t o (2) it. OK? Second, the lever on the right.
This moves t h e load (3) or right. To move t h e
load t o the left, pull i t (4) you. To move the load
t o t h e right, push i t (5) from you.
Any questions?

6 Answer the apprentice's questions.

1 How d o I raise t h e load?
2 How d o I l o w e r t h e load?
3 How d o I m o v e t h e l o a d t o t h e left?
4 How d o I m o v e t h e l o a d t o t h e right?
5 How d o I raise t h e l o a d a n d m o v e i t t o t h e right?
6 How d o I l o w e r t h e l o a d a n d m o v e it t o t h e left?
Speaking 7 W o r k i n p a i r s . Imagine y o u have t w o c r a n e levers. Take t u r n s t o m o v e t h e m .
Your p a r t n e r says w h a t y o u ' r e d o i n g w i t h t h e l o a d .

Heavy equipment 3
 A: W h a t are t h e differences b e t w e e n t h e t w o cranes?
B: T h e c r a n e o n t h e left is a t o w e r crane. T h e o p e r a t o r sits i n a(n)
(1) near t h e t o p of t h e (2) There's a c o u n t e r w e i g h t
b e h i n d t h e cab. T h e l o a d is o n t h e o t h e r side of t h e j i b . T h e o p e r a t o r uses
t h e w i n c h a n d b l o c k t o l o w e r o r raise t h e (3)
A: I see.
B: T h e c r a n e o n t h e r i g h t is a m o b i l e crane. The o p e r a t o r ' s cab is near t h e
g r o u n d . T h e o p e r a t o r extends o r r e t r a c t s t h e (4) , o r m o v e s it f r o m
left t o r i g h t o r u p a n d d o w n . B o t h cranes use s t a b i l i s e r s o r (5) ' '
a n d c o u n t e r w e i g h t s t o m a i n t a i n stability.
A: OK. T h a n k y o u .

Write the opposites.

1 extend
2 lower
3 left

M a t c h 1-5 t o a-e t o make expressions a b o u t cranes.

1 operator's a) c r a n e
2 extend b ) cab
3 mobile c) t h e b o o m
4 raise d) the load
5 tower e) c r a n e

W o r k i n p a i r s . Close y o u r b o o k s . Student A d r a w a t o w e r crane for Student B

t o label. Student B d r a w a m o b i l e c r a n e for Student A t o label. Check each
other's work.

22 3 Heavy equipment
 Listening 5 L i s t e n t o a d e s c r i p t i o n of c r a n e c o n t r o l s a n d l o o k at A and B. T h e n
complete this text.

• C r a n e o p e r a t o r s u s e different
controls to raise a n d lower the
extend the boom
(1) , rotate t h e c a b , joystick
e x t e n d a n d retract t h e b o o m , w i n d
a n d u n w i n d t h e (2)
and control other equipment.
hook winch This operator has t w o
(3) O n e controls
left-to-right m o v e m e n t of t h e b o o m
and the other controls forward
wind the
and backward movement.
winch
T h e o p e r a t o r u s e s t h e foot
cab
(4) t o retract o r
extend the b o o m .

foot pedal
6 L i s t e n again a n d c h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s t o 5.

Language

There is/There are

We use there is/there are to say that s o m e b o d y o r There is a key switch on the right.
something exists. There are two joysticks.

Singular questions: Is there a stan button? Yes, there is./No, there isn't.

Plural questions: Are there any buttons? Yes, there are./No, there aren't.

Negative forms: There isn't a light, (singular)

There aren't any switches, (plural)

Reading 7 Read t h i s t e x t a b o u t a r e m o t e c o n t r o l a n d l a b e l t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n .

Sometimes crane operators use remote

controls. In this model there's a stop button
on the left. There's a key switch on the
right. There are two joysticks in the middle.
There are three toggle switches on the top.

'*""'" " —
'

Writing 8 Rewrite the text in 7 for this remote control.

Speaking 9 W o r k i n p a i r s . D r a w a r e m o t e c o n t r o l . Put t h e c o n t r o l s w h e r e y o u like. D e s c r i b e

it f o r y o u r p a r t n e r t o d r a w .

Heavy equipment 3 23
 Controls and equipment
Listening 1 M a t c h q u e s t i o n s 1-6 t o answers a-f. T h e n l i s t e n a n d check
y o u r answers.
1 W h a t ' s this? A r e m o t e c o n t r o l ? a) L o w e r it? You m o v e t h e j o y s t i c k .
2 W h a t ' s t h i s for? b) It's a r e m o t e c o n t r o l . That's r i g h t .
3 W h a t does t h i s do? c) Yes, t h a t ' s t h e p o w e r s w i t c h .
4 How do I extend the boom? d) E x t e n d it? You use t h e pedal.
5 How do I lower the boom? e) It's for e x t e n d i n g t h e b o o m .
6 W h a t ' s t h i s s w i t c h for? Is it f) It s t a r t s t h e m o t o r .
the power switch?

2 K ^ E Q I Put each c o n v e r s a t i o n in the correct order. Then listen and check

y o u r answers.
1 [T] D i d y o u say t u r n t h e key?
I | Thanks.
• Yes, t h a t ' s r i g h t .
I | Clockwise.
I | Clockwise or anticlockwise?

2 |T| W h a t d o I d o next?
I | Thank you.
• OK. W h i c h o n e is t h e s t a r t b u t t o n ?
I | Press t h e s t a r t b u t t o n .
I | It's t h e green one, o n t h e left.

3 Q ] H o w d o I s t a r t t h e engine?
I | S w i t c h off? Press t h e b i g r e d b u t t o n here.
I | Press t h e green b u t t o n a n d t u r n t h e key.
I | Thanks.
I | A n d h o w d o I s t o p it?

Speaking 3 W o r k i n p a i r s . S t u d e n t A l o o k at i l l u s t r a t i o n A o n t h i s page. Student B l o o k at

i l l u s t r a t i o n B o n page 68. W r i t e d o w n w h a t each c o n t r o l is for. T h e n take t u r n s
t o e x p l a i n y o u r i l l u s t r a t i o n . Use these q u e s t i o n s t o h e l p y o u .
What's this for?
What does this do?
What's this switch/button/joystick for?
How do I...?

24 3 Heavy equipment
 Reading 4 Read t h i s t e x t a b o u t m i x i n g c o n c r e t e . A r e sentences 1-5 true ( T ) o r false (F)?

C oncrete mixers mix and pour concrete. For small quantities of

concrete, hand mixers are ideal. The portable mixer has wheels
and uses electricity. It has a small drum which rotates. Concrete
transport trucks - or in-transit mixers - transport large quantities
of concrete to the site. The drum rotates during transport.
The chute man pours the concrete down the chute, or uses I
a pump to get the concrete to difficult locations.
Sometimes a crane lifts a hopper full of concrete to the job site.

1 Concrete m i x e r s m i x a n d p o u r c o n c r e t e . ( T / F)
2 For s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s of c o n c r e t e , t r a n s p o r t t r u c k s are ideal. ( T / F)
3 P o r t a b l e m i x e r s use e l e c t r i c i t y . ( T / F)
4 Cranes lift h o p p e r s full of c h u t e m e n t o t h e j o b site. ( T / F)
5 In-transit m i x e r s r o t a t e d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t . ( T / F)

Vocabulary 5 Label p h o t o s A - F w i t h t h e e q u i p m e n t i n t h e b o x .

Speaking 6 W o r k i n p a i r s . L o o k at t h e p h o t o s i n 5. Make t h r e e sentences a b o u t each p h o t o .

T h e n c o m p a r e y o u r sentences w i t h a n o t h e r pair.
Heavy equipment 25
 On site
Listening 1 L i s t e n a n d w r i t e t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n n u m b e r next t o each w o r d o r
phrase. T h e r e is one e x t r a w o r d o r phrase.
boom 5 hard hat.
concrete. 6 flask
sand 7 hopper _
base plates 8 remote c o n t r o l .

2 Put these w o r d s i n t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r t o m a k e sentences. T h e n listen again and

c h e c k y o u r answers.
1 A: Where's t h e sand?
B: (1) I / t h e / o n / t h i n k / it's / w a y
A: I h o p e so.

2 A: W h e r e are t h e base plates?

B: (2) t h e y ' r e / sure / t h e / i n / I ' m / t r u c k
A: A h , OK. T h a t makes sense.

3 A: (3) t o o / t h e / b o o m / is / t h i n k / h i g h / I
B: A h , yes, y o u ' r e r i g h t . Use t h e r a d i o a n d speak t o t h e o p e r a t o r .
A: OK. G o o d idea.

4 A: I t h i n k t h e c o n c r e t e is t o o h a r d .
B: I d o n ' t t h i n k so. (4) looks / i t / t o / me / OK
A: Are y o u sure?
B: OK, go a n d ask J i m .
A: Will do.

5 A: Where's y o u r h a r d hat?
B: Over there. Why?
A: Go a n d get i t . (5) t h i s / y o u / wear / h a r d / m u s t / area / a / h a t / i n
B: OK. Here i t is.

6 A: We have a p r o b l e m . (6) h o p p e r / hole / there's / in / a / t h e

B: John's i n t h e house. He's a welder. Ask h i m to fix i t .
A: G o o d idea. T h a n k s .
B: You're w e l c o m e .

7 A: (7) d o n ' t / flask / t h e / t o u c h

B: Why? Is it y o u r s ?
A: No, it's N o r m a n ' s .
B: Fair e n o u g h .

Speaking 3 W o r k i n p a i r s . You're o n a c o n s t r u c t i o n site. Take t u r n s t o s t a r t a c o n v e r s a t i o n

u s i n g one of t h e phrases i n t h e box. T h e n repeat w i t h a new p a r t n e r .

How do I...? I think t h e . . . What does ...? Where's the ...?

Where are the ...?

A: Where's the remote control?

B: I think it's in the truck.
A: OK, thanks.
B: You're welcome.

26 Heavy equipment
 talk about building materials

4
describe problems on site
Building order materials
check stock items
supplies talk about insulation
change a customer order/delivery

Building materials
Reading 1 Read these e x t r a c t s f r o m s u p p l i e r s ' websites a n d m a t c h e x t r a c t s 1-6 t o
photos A-R
1 T h o m s o n ' s Aggregates:
We offer a wide range of construction aggregates, including gravel and sand.
We also stock concrete mix.

2 Watson's Goods L t d :
We specialise in acoustic, thermal and fire protection insulation for walls and floors.

M o r r i s a n d Sons L t d :
Our timber comes in a range of standard sizes, but can also be made to order.
It is perfect for flooring, roofing and general building work. We also stock
plywood and chipboard.
Williams Brothers:
We design, produce and install high quality steel staircases, gates and railings made to your
specifications. We also have a range of standard products.
S h o c k i n g l y Good!:
We supply a wide range of electrical products, cables, alarm systems, plugs,
sockets, conduits (PVC and steel) and other electrical httings.
Penter's Paint Supplies:
We supply everything y o u need to paint, including brushes, rollers, clothing,
spray equipment a n d , of course, paint.

28 4 Building supplies
 W r i t e t h r e e t h i n g s these s u p p l i e r s sell.
1 Penter's Paint Supplies 4 Watson's Goods L t d
2 T h o m s o n ' s Aggregates 5 S h o c k i n g l y Good!
3 Williams Brothers 6 M o r r i s a n d Sons L t d

Vocabulary 3 Choose t h e best w o r d t o c o m p l e t e these w o r d p a i r s .

acoustic a) gravel b) i n s u l a t i o n c) work
concrete a) i n s u l a t i o n b) mix c) equipment
construction a) sizes b ) railings c) aggregate
electrical a) aggregate b) fittings c) sizes
thermal a) i n s u l a t i o n b) sizes c) gates
alarm a) systems t>) aggregate c) mix
steel a) i n s u l a t i o n b) m i x c) staircase

4 C o m p l e t e these phrases w i t h t h e w o r d s i n t h e box.

everything order standard wide your

1 a range of sizes 4 a range of p r o d u c t s

2 y o u need 5 made t o
3 made t o . . specifications

5 Label p h o t o s A - K w i t h t h e w o r d s i n t h e box.

Steffi

chipboard electrical fittings fire alarm floor boards gate gravel path
insulation railings roofing steel fire escape timber

Speaking 6 W o r k i n s m a l l g r o u p s . T h i n k a b o u t s u p p l i e r s y o u k n o w o r use. W h a t p r o d u c t s
d o t h e y sell? Discuss.
Building supplies
 Materials
Listening 1 Listen t o this t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n a n d choose t h e c o r r e c t answer.
1 W h o are S m i t h a n d Sons? a) t h e s u p p l i e r b) the customer
2 W h o are A p e x Building? a) t h e s u p p l i e r b) the customer

2 L i s t e n again a n d c o m p l e t e t h i s e m a i l .

C D E B • • • •

Subject: Order confirmation j

From: Ernest_Smith@sasconstructionsupplies.com
To: jjones@apexbuilding.com I

First n a m e : Jenny
Last name: Jones
Company name: Apex Building
Customer number: (1)
Order number: GGC33471
Item n u m b e r : (2) Description: chipboard
Quantity: (3)
Item n u m b e r : (4) Description: plywood
Quantity: (5)
Item n u m b e r : (6) Description: plywood
Quantity: (7)
Delivery: (8) yes / no
Pick-up: (9) yes / no
Pick-up date: (10)
Comments: Customer also wants timber XP6754. Out of stock.
I

3 B M - ' T ^ M Listen t o t h e follow-up p h o n e call. What is new'.'

4 L o o k at a u d i o s c r i p t s 22 a n d 23 o n pages 74-75. U n d e r l i n e useful phrases for

telephone conversations.

Vocabulary 5 U n d e r l i n e t h e correct w o r d s o r phrases i n italics t o c o m p l e t e these conversations.

1 need s o m e three-core cable, please. 2.5 m m . 240 V.
I ' m s o r r y . We're in stock / out of stock.

I want t o order some timber.

Yes, of c o u r s e . W h a t ' s y o u r customer number / order number, please?

Do y o u have t r a n s p o r t ?
No, I ' m s o r r y . I d o n ' t .

No p r o b l e m . We organise delivery / pick-up. Where is t h e site?

Hello again.
Hello. Can I place an order / change an order, please? We need three bags
of sand, n o t t h i r t y .
No p r o b l e m at a l l .
Speaking 6 W o r k i n p a i r s . Practise a t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n a s u p p l i e r a n d a
buyer. Use t h e w o r d s a n d phrases i n 5 t o h e l p y o u .
A: I'd like to place an order.
B: Certainly. What's your customer number?

30 4 Building supplies
 Listening 7 L i s t e n t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a n d answer these q u e s t i o n s .
1 W h a t t h r e e t h i n g s does Isaac want?
2 W h a t t w o t h i n g s does Alex give Isaac?

8 M a t c h 1-4 t o a - d t o c o m p l e t e t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s .
1 How's i t going? a) No, I ' m s o r r y . It's b r o k e n .
2 Let's see. Here y o u are. b) Good, t h a n k s . A n d you?
3 Can I b o r r o w y o u r drill? c) Thank y o u very much.
4 D o y o u have a n e x t e n s i o n cable? d) Yes, I t h i n k I d o .

Practise t h e q u e s t i o n f o r m Do you have ...?Start w i t h q u e s t i o n 1. T h e n change

t h e p a r t of t h e q u e s t i o n i n bold each t i m e . W r i t e t h r e e m o r e q u e s t i o n s .
1 Do y o u have a spare r o l l of insulating tape i n y o u r t o o l b o x ?
2 Do y o u have a spare box of plugs i n y o u r t o o l b o x ?
3 Do y o u have a spare b o x of plugs i n y o u r t r u c k ?

Language

Making requests

Do you have a spare roll of Does Alex have a three-core cable? Can 1 borrow your drill? Yes, of
insulating tape? Yes, 1 do./No, 1 don't. Yes, he does./No, he doesn't. course./No, I'm sorry. I'm using it.

S p e a k i n g 10 W o r k i n p a i r s . Student A l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s page. S t u d e n t B l o o k at
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n pages 6 8 - 6 9 .

Student A
Read t h i s list. Check w i t h Student B t h a t t h e i t e m s are i n stock. T h e n ask t o
b o r r o w t h e i t e m s y o u need.

A: Do you have three 12-metre extension cables?

Check stock:
B: Yes, we do. We have seven in stock.
• 1 2 m extension c a b l e - 3
A: What about conduits?
• 5 A / 2 5 0 V plug - 3
B: Yes, we have conduits. What type?
• 20 m m flexible metal c o n d u i t - ^7 Wv
• 3 G p o w e r cable - A: Can I borrow ...?
• 18 m m x 3 0 m P V C insulating t a p e - "3 TOILS B: Yes, no problem.

You have:
• spare grey paint
• t w o brushes
• a roller

You need to borrow:

• spray e q u i p m e n t (for painting)

Building supplies 4
 JX
^—^—\
elt tape
f

Listening 1 Listen t o a n d read the beginning of a c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n a client

a n d a b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t answer.
1 W h i c h speaker is t h e client? (A / B)
2 W h i c h speaker is t h e b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r ? (A / B)

A: Can y o u t e l l m e a b o u t w a l l i n s u l a t i o n ?
B: Sure. T h e r e are t w o t y p e s of w a l l i n s u l a t i o n : c a v i t y a n d s o l i d . B o t h types
provide thermal and acoustic insulation.
A: W h a t ' s t h e difference?
B: Let me e x p l a i n . Sometimes w a l l s are s o l i d , so t h e i n s u l a t i o n is o n t h e
o u t s i d e of t h e w a l l . T h i s is s o l i d w a l l i n s u l a t i o n .

2 Read t h e rest of t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a n d p u t it i n t h e correct o r d e r Then

l i s t e n a n d c h e c k y o u r answers.
I | Yes, exactly.
^ Sometimes walls have t w o p a r t s : an i n n e r w a l l a n d an o u t e r w a l l . C a v i t y w a l l
i n s u l a t i o n means t h a t t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l is inside t h e w a l l .
[Tl A n d c a v i t y w a l l insulation?
I | A h , OK. So s o l i d w a l l is o u t s i d e a n d c a v i t y w a l l is inside?
I 11 see. T h a n k y o u .
I | W h a t a b o u t pipes?
I | OK, I u n d e r s t a n d . A n d w h a t t y p e s of i n s u l a t i o n d o y o u use for c a v i t y w a l l
insulation?
I | O u r c o m p a n y uses t h r e e t y p e s of c a v i t y w a l l i n s u l a t i o n t o fill t h e gap: foam,
m i n e r a l w o o l , o r p o l y s t y r e n e beads.
I | For pipes, w e n o r m a l l y use felt tape o r f o a m t u b i n g .

3 Are these statements true (T) o r false (F)? C o r r e c t t h e false statements.

1 Solid w a l l i n s u l a t i o n is used t o p r o v i d e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n . (T / F)
2 Felt t a p e is used as c a v i t y w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . ( T / F)
3 C a v i t y w a l l i n s u l a t i o n goes b e t w e e n t h e i n n e r a n d o u t e r walls. (T / F)
4 Foam t u b i n g is used t o insulate pipes. (T / F)
5 P o l y s t y r e n e beads are used t o i n s u l a t e pipes. ( T / F)

32 4 Building supplies
 Language

Used to/Used as/Used for

Used to is followed by a verb. Solid wall insulation is used to provide thermal insulation.

Used as/used for is followed by a noun or Polystyrene beads are used a s cavity wall insulation.
adjective + noun. Felt tape is used for pipes.

4 C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h to, as o r for.

1 Foam t u b i n g is used i n s u l a t e pipes.
2 Foam t u b i n g is used pipe insulation.
3 P l a s t e r b o a r d is used cover the inner wall.
4 Wall ties are used h o l d t h e i n n e r a n d o u t e r walls together.
5 P o l y s t y r e n e beads are u s e d cavity wall insulation.

5 L o o k at t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s o n page 32. Listen again t o r e c o r d i n g 26 i n 2 and answer

these questions.
1 L o o k at i l l u s t r a t i o n 1. Is i t s o l i d w a l l i n s u l a t i o n o r c a v i t y w a l l
insulation?
2 W h a t t h r e e m a t e r i a l s are used i n c a v i t y w a l l i n s u l a t i o n ? ,
or
3 W h a t t w o t y p e s of i n s u l a t i o n are u s e d for pipes? or
4 W h i c h w o r d i n t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n means cavity?

Speaking 6 W o r k i n pairs a n d have t w o t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n s . Student A l o o k at t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s page. S t u d e n t B l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n page 69.

Student A
1 You w o r k for a supplier. Here is an e x t r a c t of y o u r e m a i l t o a customer.
Phone t h e c u s t o m e r a n d t e l l h i m / h e r t h a t Supamat 56 is o u t of stock.
D e l i v e r y is next week. Supamat 87 is i n s t o c k . You c a n d e l i v e r t o m o r r o w .

9
Thank you for your order for insulation materials, as follows:
Mineral wool glass Supamat 56 (200 mm x 6 m x 1130 mm) - 10 rolls
Mineral wool glass Supamat 87 (200 mm x 6 m x 1130 mm) - 7 rolls
Please note your order number is B23451K.

2 T h e r e is a p r o b l e m w i t h t h e c u s t o m e r ' s order. A n s w e r his/her call.

Building supplies 33
 Problems o n site

I
A
1\ ]{
/ WET
-1 PAINT

Listening 1 fljj__E___ L i s t e n t o t w o engineers t a l k i n g o n a b u i l d i n g site. W h a t d o t h e y say

a b o u t these things? Choose t h e c o r r e c t answer i n italics.
1 concrete, second floor: liquid / solid 5 scaffolding: light / heavy
2 concrete, first floor: liquid / solid 6 g r o u n d : too soft / too hard
3 p a i n t : wet / dry 7 toolboxes: too big / too small
4 c o n c r e t e aggregate: too fine /
too coarse

Vocabulary 2 Choose t h e adjective i n italics t h a t d o e s n ' t go w i t h t h e n o u n .

1 soft I hard / coarse g r o u n d 4 fine / soft / coarse aggregate
2 liquid / heavy / we/ scaffolding 5 wet / /me / /zguitf p a i n t
3 dry / /?of / soft c o n c r e t e 6 big / heavy / soft t o o l b o x

Language

Too/Not enough

W e use too + adjective to say that s o m e t h i n g is more t h a n y o u want it to be. The ground is too soft.

W e use not + adjective + enough to say that y o u want s o m e t h i n g to be The aggregate is not fine enough.
more t h a n it is.

3 C o m p l e t e t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h t h e w o r d s i n t h e box.

coarse coffee deliver order soft

Problems, p r o b l e m s . I need a ( n ) (1)

W h a t ' s up?
T h o m s o n ' s is here w i t h t h e aggregate. T h e y say t h e g r o u n d is t o o
(2) for t h e t r u c k . T h e y c a n ' t (3) t o t h e j o b site.
I see. W h a t ' s y o u r plan?
We're p u t t i n g mats d o w n . E v e r y o n e is h e l p i n g .
Good.
A n d a n o t h e r t h i n g . I t h i n k it's t h e w r o n g aggregate. It's n o t ( 4 )
e n o u g h . Can y o u call T h o m s o n ' s a n d check t h e (5) ?

4 Use t h e adjectives i n 1 a n d 2 t o d e s c r i b e 1-6.

1 steel: 4 gravel:
2 wood: 5 sand:
3 glass: 6 paint (on a wall):

Speaking 5 W o r k i n p a i r s . Make a list of p r o b l e m s o n site. Use too a n d not enough. Then

discuss s o l u t i o n s .
A: The ground is too soft for the scaffolding. A: The gravel is not coarse enough.
B: We need timber to make mudsills. B: We need to order new gravel.

4 Building supplies
 • say what colleagues do/are doing ai
the moment
• give and follow directions

5 On site • talk about the weather

• give reasons using because of
• talk about food

On-site subcontractors

Listening 1 Listen t o five people. W h a t d o t h e y do? T i c k / t h e c o r r e c t boxes.

(1) building (2) roofer (3) architect (4) c r a n e (5) plumber

inspector operator

test electrical s y s t e m s /
maintain crane

erect scaffolding

co-ordinate specifications

install d r a i n a g e systems

c h e c k buildings

install roofing systems

lift e q u i p m e n t

d e s i g n buildings

M a t c h a - g t o 1-7 t o c o m p l e t e t h e conversations.
1 I ' m l o o k i n g for Susan.
So, w h a t d o y o u do?
Excuse me. I ' m l o o k i n g for t h e supervisor.
W h a t a b o u t maintenance? Do crane o p e r a t o r s m a i n t a i n t h e i r
cranes?
Do y o u k n o w w h e r e M a n u e l a n d Carlos are?.
Are y o u l o o k i n g for Ken?
W h a t does A h m e d do?

a) T h e y ' r e o v e r t h e r e . T h e y ' r e t a k i n g a break.

b) He's s i t t i n g o v e r there. Look, he's w a v i n g .
c) She's i n t h e t i m b e r y a r d w i t h Janet. They're c h e c k i n g s t o c k .
d) He's a n e l e c t r i c i a n .
e) Yes, I a m . Is he here?
f) I ' m a b u i l d i n g inspector. I c h e c k systems i n new b u i l d i n g s .
g) I n general, yes. B u t m e c h a n i c s h e l p , t o o .

36 HI O n site
Present s i m p l e a n d p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s

We use the p r e s e n t s i m p l e to talk about things / test electrical and plumbing systems. (That's my job.)
in general. H e designs buildings. (That's his job. He's a n architect.)
We use the p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s to talk about I'm testing the fire alarms.
things that are h a p p e n i n g now. He's checking the stock.

3 T i c k / t h e sentences t h a t are t r u e for y o u . R e w r i t e t h e o t h e r sentences so t h e y

b e c o m e t r u e for y o u .
1 Q I'm sitting in a classroom.
2 Q I'm not listening to the radio.
3 Q I w o r k o n b u i l d i n g sites.
4 Q I'm wearing a helmet.
5 Q I use c o m p u t e r s .
6 O I'm d r i n k i n g tea.
7 Q I ' m p l a n n i n g m y next holiday.

4 C o m p l e t e t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m of t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s .
A: H i , Geoff. G o o d t o see y o u .
B: Same t o y o u , Tony.
A: So, w h y ( 1 ) (you/visit) t h e site? You n o r m a l l y (2) (stay)
i n y o u r office.
B: Well, (3) (I/look) for M a n u e l . I have a r e p o r t for h i m .
A: I see. I t h i n k (4) (Manuel/have) his l u n c h at t h e m o m e n t .
B: A h , OK. Do y o u k n o w where?
A: (5) (he/train) s o m e n e w a p p r e n t i c e s today. (6)
( t h e y / w o r k ) w i t h scaffolding i n B u i l d i n g 4.
B: OK, t h a n k s .
A: You're w e l c o m e .

Speaking 5 W o r k i n p a i r s . Practise t h i s t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n , t h e n create y o u r o w n

conversations using the prompts.

A: W h e r e are y o u ?
B: I ' m i n t h e office.
A: W h a t are y o u doing?
B: I'm w o r k i n g o n a d r a w i n g .

1 o n site / t e s t i n g e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t
2 i n the restaurant / meeting a client
3 in the supplier's warehouse / collecting timber

Writing 6 W r i t e d o w n five t h i n g s y o u d o e v e r y week.

/ install heating equipment. I write reports ...

O n site 37
 Directions
Listening 1 Listen to a d r i v e r asking for directions from Sparky's Electrical Supplies
and follow t h e r o u t e o n t h e m a p .

2 C o m p l e t e these expressions for g i v i n g d i r e c t i o n s w i t h the w o r d s i n the box.

T h e n l i s t e n again a n d c h e c k y o u r answers.

exit miss on past tell

1 Can y o u me w h e r e M i l l Street is?

2 Take t h e first
3 Then drive the hospital.
4 M i l l Street is t h e s e c o n d street t h e left after t h e t u n n e l .
5 You can't t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n site.

3 L o o k at t h e m a p in 1. Read these d i r e c t i o n s f r o m M i l l Street c o n s t r u c t i o n site to

Brigg's T i m b e r Yard a n d p u t t h e d i r e c t i o n s i n t h e c o r r e c t order.
^] Go u n d e r t h e r a i l w a y b r i d g e .
Q Go t h r o u g h t h e t u n n e l .
• It's o n t h e left.
3 T u r n right.
|T| Go d o w n M i l l Street t o t h e m a i n r o a d .
I | T u r n left at t h e r o u n d a b o u t .

4 Look at the map in 1 again. You're at Brigg's T i m b e r Yard. Listen to the

d i r e c t i o n s . Are t h e y c o r r e c t o r i n c o r r e c t ? Correct t h e d i r e c t i o n s as necessary.
Example: / incorrect - The hospital is on your left.

Speaking 5 W o r k i n p a i r s . Practise giving d i r e c t i o n s u s i n g t h e m a p in 1. Start at the c i t y hall.

A: Can you tell me where the supermarket is?
B: Yes. Go past the police station. Turn right. Go past Sam s Paint Shop and it's on
your right.

38 5 On s i t e
 Listening 6 _ _ r ' _ _ B Listen t o t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n and m a r k t h e site manager's o f f i c e i n A.

Questions: Can you help me?'/Where's the site manager's office?/How do 1 get to the conference room?

Answers: Go along the corridor./Take the lift./lt's the second door on the right/Go through the fire doors./Go
up the stairs./When you come out of the lift, turn right/It's opposite the lift./lt's next to the ... .

Speaking 7 W o r k i n p a i r s . Take t u r n s g i v i n g d i r e c t i o n s . S t u d e n t A l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n
t h i s page. S t u d e n t B l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n page 69.

Student A
L o o k at these floor plans. Y o u are at R e c e p t i o n . A s k S t u d e n t B h o w t o get t o t h e
following.
1 t h e site m a n a g e m e n t office
2 t h e first floor conference r o o m
3 t h e s u p e r v i s o r ' s office

10
general
purchasing accounts residential commercial
manager

conference
wc photocopying WC storage projects
room

lift lift

WC WC
ground floor
entrance

On site 39
 Weather o n site
Vocabulary 1 L o o k at p h o t o s A-F. Say t h e w o r d s a l o u d .

n 11

Listening 2 L i s t e n a n d m a t c h c o n v e r s a t i o n s 1-6 t o t h e w e a t h e r p h o t o s i n 1.

Reading 3 C o m p l e t e t h i s t e x t a b o u t e x t r e m e w e a t h e r a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n sites w i t h t h e
w o r d s in t h e box.

cold hot lightning wet wind

B a d w e a t h e r often c a u s e s l o n g
d e l a y s o n c o n s t r u c t i o n sites.
Building materials behave
differently, e q u i p m e n t n e e d s
protection a n d injuries are m o r e
c o m m o n . In (1) weather,
p a i n t a n d c o n c r e t e d r y t o o fast,
s a n d g e t s into m a c h i n e s a n d o t h e r
e q u i p m e n t , a n d injuries include
d e h y d r a t i o n a n d s u n b u r n . In (2)
w e a t h e r , a big p r o b l e m is m u d . S t r o n g (3) blows things
away. (4) c a n kill. A n d in (5) weather, w o r k e r s require
s p e c i a l c l o t h i n g a n d f i n g e r s stick to m e t a l , In e x t r e m e w e a t h e r , a c c i d e n t s a r e m o r e
c o m m o n . In s h o r t , w e a t h e r is e x p e n s i v e .

4 Read t h e t e x t i n 3 again a n d m a t c h t h e s e w o r d p a i r s f r o m t h e t e x t .

strong a) clothing
big b) wind
special c) delays
wet d) problem
long e) weather

5 On site
 Reading 5 Put t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x i n t h e c o r r e c t c o l u m n . Sometimes m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d
is possible.

cloud dehydration lightning mud rain snow sunburn sunny wind

Hot Cold Wet

Listening 6 L i s t e n t o five t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h i s table.

Conversation Weather Problem(s)

1 (1) (2)
2 (3) (4)
3 (5) (6)
4 (7) (8)

5 (9) (10)

Language

Because of
We can use because of to explain why w e can't do s o m e t h i n g How's it going?
or why something isn't possible. Well, we can't work on the roof at the moment.
Why not?
Because of the rain. It's too dangerous.
\ Ah, yes, OK.

7 L o o k at a u d i o s c r i p t 33 o n page 76. U n d e r l i n e because of in t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s .

8 M a t c h q u e s t i o n s 1-5 t o reasons a-e.

1 W h y c a n ' t y o u w o r k o n t h e roof?
2 W h y d o y o u need m o r e sheeting?
3 W h y c a n ' t y o u w o r k outside?
4 W h y c a n ' t y o u use t h e crane?
5 W h y d o y o u need sunglasses?

a) Because of t h e sand. We need t o c o v e r t h e m a c h i n e s .

b) Because it's t o o c o l d . We need b e t t e r c l o t h i n g .
c) Because of t h e s u n . It's v e r y b r i g h t .
d) Because of t h e r a i n . It's t o o dangerous for t h e roofers.
e) Because it's t o o w i n d y . It's difficult t o h a n d l e t h e loads.

Speaking 9 Imagine y o u w o r k o n c o n s t r u c t i o n sites all over t h e w o r l d . Give examples of

p r o b l e m s different t y p e s of w e a t h e r c a n cause. Discuss these w i t h a p a r t n e r .
A: One big problem on building sites is rain.
B: Why?
A: You can't work on the roof in the rain. It's too dangerous. And the ground is
too soft for big trucks.
B: And the paint can't dry.
A: Yes, good point.

On site 5 4
 Food

Vocabulary 1 Read c o n v e r s a t i o n s 1-6 a n d m a t c h t h e m t o p h o t o s A-R T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e

conversations w i t h the words in the box.

biscuits coffee milk noodles sandwiches soup

1 A: W h a t have y o u got?
B: C h o c o l a t e (1) . Want one? You l o o k h u n g r y .
A: Yes, please. A n d y o u ' r e r i g h t . 1 a m h u n g r y .
B: T h e r e y o u go.
A: Thanks.

A: W h a t are y o u d r i n k i n g ?
B: Orange j u i c e . W o u l d y o u like some?
A: No, t h a n k s . I always d r i n k (2) w h e n I'm t h i r s t y .

A: There's a t a k e a w a y d o w n t h e r o a d .
B: W h a t d o t h e y do?
A: (3) Different k i n d s , like cheese a n d t u n a . A n d t h e y also do
o t h e r snacks.
T h a t s o u n d s like j u s t w h a t I need.

A: W o u l d y o u like s o m e (4) ?
B: Yes, please.
A: H o w d o y o u take it?
B: W h i t e w i t h sugar, t h a n k s .

A: W h a t are y o u eating?
B: C h i c k e n (5)
A: A h . I have fish w i t h rice.

A: It's c o l d today.
B: Yes. B e l o w zero, I t h i n k .
A: W h a t ' s i n t h e flask?
B: (6)
A: Smells great. Is i t chicken?
B: Yes.

Speaking 2 W o r k i n pairs a n d p r a c t i s e t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s i n 1. W h a t d o y o u u s u a l l y have for

l u n c h ? W h a t are y o u h a v i n g today? Discuss w i t h y o u r partner.

3 W o r k i n s m a l l g r o u p s . You're o n a b u i l d i n g site. It's l u n c h t i m e . Ask y o u r

colleagues w h a t t h e y ' r e h a v i n g for l u n c h .

42 5 On site
 • identify w a r n i n g s i g n s

6 Health a n d • c o m p l e t e a v e h i c l e safety checklist

• explain injuries

safety • talk about waste disposal colou

codes

Warning signs
Vocabulary 1 L o o k at t h e s e signs. W h a t d o t h e y mean? C o m p l e t e t h e sentences for signs 1-6

©q®<d©o
w i t h the words in the box.

a harness a mask ear protection gloves

protective clothing safety glasses

1 You must w e a r . 4 You m u s t w e a r .

2 You m u s t w e a r . 5 You m u s t w e a r .
3 You must w e a r . 6 You must w e a r .

2 Here are s o m e o t h e r signs. W h a t is t h e difference b e t w e e n these signs and t h e

'A 'A A A
signs i n 1?

— \
Danger Caution Warning Stand clear 1 Warning

A A A A
Scaffolding incomplete 1 Slippery surface of suspended load Falling objects

Caution Caution Warning Caution

Overhead cables Trip hazard Fork lift trucks Guard dogs on patrol

Read t h e s e sentences. W h a t sign is needed? L o o k at t h e signs i n 2 a n d w r i t e t h e

sign l e t t e r f o r 1-8.
1 T h e r e are m e n w o r k i n g o n t h e roof today.
2 T h e n e w s e c u r i t y c o m p a n y uses dogs
3 T h e r e are p o w e r cables near t h e fence
4 There's a l o t of d e b r i s o n t h e g r o u n d
5 We're e r e c t i n g t h e scaffolding t h i s a f t e r n o o n
6 We're u s i n g t h e c r a n e today.
7 We're m o v i n g t h e t i m b e r today.
8 There's o i l o n t h e g r o u n d

6 Health and safety

 4 Use clues 1-9 t o fill i n t h e squares. W h a t h e a l t h a n d safety a d v i c e d o y o u read
in t h e c o l u m n ?
Clues:
1 overhead ••••••
2 surface ••••••••
3 falling. •••••••
4 suspended. • •••
5 hazard • •••
6 stand • ••••
7 lift t r u c k • •••
8 dog • ••••
9 safety. •••••••
Listening 5 L i s t e n t o eight c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d m a t c h t h e m t o t h e signs i n 2.
1 Conversation 1 a) A
2 Conversation 2 b) B
3 Conversation 3 c) C
4 Conversation 4 d) D
5 Conversation 5 e) E
6 Conversation 6 0 F
7 Conversation 7 g) G
8 Conversation 8 h) H

L o o k at these p h o t o s . W h a t are A - E called? L i s t e n again a n d c h e c k y o u r

answers.

Speaking 7 W o r k i n p a i r s . W h a t o t h e r safety signs d o y o u know/see o n site? Discuss w i t h

y o u r p a r t n e r . Take t u r n s t o say w h a t t h e signs mean.

Health and safety 6 4

 Site safety
Vocabulary 1 L o o k at t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n . Circle t h e h e a l t h and safety p r o b l e m s y o u see.

2 You are an inspector. L o o k at t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n i n 1 again. T i c k (/) g o o d o r

cross (X) b a d for 1-6 i n t h i s r e p o r t . T h e n w r i t e t h e p r o b l e m for each u s i n g t h e
w o r d s i n t h e box.

boots children fall helmet ladder mask oil skip trip welding

RB Johnson
Construction Good Bad Problem(s)

1 Waste

2 PPE

3 Access

4 Vehicles

5 Signs

6 Equipment

Speaking 3 W o r k i n p a i r s . C o m p a r e y o u r r e p o r t s i n 2.

4 Find a n e w p a r t n e r . Take t u r n s t o d e s c r i b e a p r o b l e m o n a c o n s t r u c t i o n site. Is

t h e p r o b l e m i n t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n i n 1?

46 6 Health and safety

Vocabulary 5 L o o k at t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n . Say t h e w o r d s a l o u d . T h e n close y o u r b o o k , d r a w an
i l l u s t r a t i o n of a f o r k lift t r u c k a n d label i t .

Listening 6 Listen t o this c o n v e r s a t i o n . W r i t e the vehicle n u m b e r t h e n complete

t h e c h e c k l i s t w i t h a t i c k (/) o r cross (X).

Fork lift Daily Inspection Checklist

Vehicle number:

Documents
Seat belt
Mirrors

Battery
Fluids
Lights

Tyres

/ = OK
o>
X = action needed
Tuesday

7 L i s t e n again a n d d e s c r i b e t h e t h r e e p r o b l e m s w i t h t h e v e h i c l e .

Speaking 8 W o r k i n p a i r s . Student A l o o k at t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s page. Student B l o o k at

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n page 70.

Student A

Read t h e list of faults for v e h i c l e GH675 a n d e x p l a i n t h e m t o Student B. T h e n

make notes a b o u t t h e faults for v e h i c l e JK893.
Documents
Seat be

/ = OK
Mirrors

Battery
Lights

Fluids
Tyres

X = action needed
Seat

GHfc75 X / / X / X X

Health and safety 6 47

 First aid
head

chest elbow
eye

back

hand
finger

knee
thumb

foot
ankle

Vocabulary H j ^ x H L i s t e n t o six c o n v e r s a t i o n s a b o u t i n j u r i e s o n site and m a t c h 1-6 t o a-f

to c o m p l e t e the sentences.

1 He s p r a i n e d a) his a r m .
2 He b r o k e b) his back.
3 He b u r n t c) h e r finger.
4 He h u r t d) his h a n d .
5 She c u t e) his ankle.
6 The pallet c r u s h e d f) his knee.

Language

Past simple: be

We use the past simple of b e to talk about the past. 1/He/She/It was/wasn't In the site manager's office yesterday.
We/You/They were/weren't here this morning.

Past simple
We use t h e p a s t s i m p l e t o t a l k a b o u t a c t i o n s a n d s i t u a t i o n s t h a t s t a r t e d a n d f i n i s h e d i n t h e past.

To form the past simple of regular v e r b s , we add - e d to the verb. / sprained my ankle.
The pallet crushed his hand.

Some verbs do not form the past simple with -ed.They are irregular He fell off the scaffolding, (fall •> fell)
(e.g. go > went, buy • bought, meet -* met, etc.). He broke his arm. (break -> broke)

2 Read t h i s e x t r a c t f r o m a n a c c i d e n t r e p o r t a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e v e r b s i n t h e past
s i m p l e . W h i c h v e r b s are regular?

ACCIDENT REPORT
Name: Michel Kempinski Date: 7th November L o c a t i o n : Mill S t r e e t
' RB Johnson
T h i ' i -n Construction
Description Of incident: 1 was in the site manager s Of fee yesterday. I here
was a problem with some waste management paperwork^. The site manager told me to
cheeky the skjps in the gard. I counted the skips and found there were Onlg six, not eight.
Then I saw the accident. Warrg tried to lift a skip wrt-h his Crane. The load was too heavg
and the Crane tipped over. I t Crashed into the scaffolding that we erected gesterdag.
Four men were hurt. We called the emergenCg services. Theg sent twO ambulances.

48 6 Health and safety

 Vocabulary 3 T i c k / t h e items y o u need t o t r e a t a c u t finger.

a bandage | •

a roll of tape 1 n

Put these sentences for t h e t r e a t m e n t of a c u t finger i n t h e c o r r e c t order.

Q Clean t h e c u t u n d e r r u n n i n g water.
I | Cover t h e c u t w i t h a dressing o r plaster.
I | Put o n d i s p o s a b l e gloves.
[T| Wash y o u r h a n d s .
I | Dry the cut using a dressing or c o t t o n wool.

Imagine a w o r k e r c u t his finger yesterday. W r i t e d o w n h o w y o u t r e a t e d i t . Use

the verbs in the box to help you.

cleaned covered dried put on washed

Listening 6 L i s t e n and c o m p a r e . Is a n y t h i n g different t o t h e w a y y o u t r e a t e d t h e

finger in 5?
1
7 Listen to a health and -two rolls of (I)
safety officer o r d e r i n g s u p p l i e s
<me tube of <m-tiseptic ( 2 ) .
f r o m a m e d i c a l s u p p l i e r for t h e
•tUree boxes of (3)
first aid k i t and c o m p l e t e t h i s list.
« couple of packers of (V)
a bottle of (S")

Speaking 8 W o r k i n p a i r s a n d take t u r n s . Choose one of t h e i n j u r i e s i n 1. Tell y o u r p a r t n e r

a b o u t t h e i n j u r y a n d e x p l a i n h o w i t h a p p e n e d . Your p a r t n e r explains w h a t t o d o
using t h e phrases i n t h e box.

call an ambulance get the first aid kit go to hospital see the doctor
take an X-ray

A: I cut my finger on some broken glass.

B: OK. I need to get the hrst aid kit. First, I need to clean the cut...

Health and safety 6 49

 Waste disposal
Vocabulary 1 Read t h i s w a s t e d i s p o s a l n o t i c e a n d w r i t e t h e n a m e of t h e c o n t a i n e r for
items 1-7.

WASTE DISPOSAL
Please follow these waste disposal procedures.
Containers are colour coded as follows:

Biohazard - food, plants

G y p s u m - plasterboard and gypsum products

H a z a r d o u s - contaminated wastes such as asbestos,

paint tins, tar

I n e r t - concrete, rubble, tiles, bricks, debris

M e t a l - clean metal

M i x e d - general waste

W o o d - clean, untreated timber

1 manuals: 5 o l d sheeting:
2 left-over food: 6 tarmac:
3 b r o k e n steel pipe: 7 painted wood:
4 paint tins:

2 Mr'Th'B L i s t e n a n d check y o u r answers to 1.

Speaking 3 W o r k i n s m a l l g r o u p s . Talk a b o u t w a s t e d i s p o s a l i n y o u r area.

A: We have three skips. One is for debris, one is for paint and one is for
general waste.
B: What about glass?
A: Glass goes in general waste.

50 6 Health and safety

 Partner files

1 The construction industry

Finding out more Speaking exercise 3 page 6

Student B

Read t h e s e l e t t e r s t o S t u d e n t A. W r i t e t h e l e t t e r s S t u d e n t A says. W h a t d o t h e
l e t t e r s mean?

PPE HV kg POL

PPE = p e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i o n e q u i p m e n t
HV = h i g h v o l t a g e
kg = k i l o g r a m
POL = p e t r o l , o i l , l u b r i c a n t s

2 Trades
T r a d e s a n d training S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 7 p a g e 13

Student B

Read a b o u t a t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t e i n D u b a i , U n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e s (UAE) a n d u n d e r l i n e
t h e key i n f o r m a t i o n .

The institute is 24 years old and has over 1,000 students.The first year of training
is general and includes training on basic tools and equipment, health and safety
and algebra. In the second year apprentices specialise in one trade: construction
electrician, painting and decorating, concrete specialist, heating, ventilation and
air conditioning technician, i n d o o r plumbing, roofing o r residential glazing.The
training takes three years t o complete and includes on-the-job experience.

3 Heavy equipment
Controls and S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 3 p a g e 24
equipment

4 Building supplies
Materials S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 1 0 p a g e 31

Student B

Read t h e list o n t h e o p p o s i t e page. T h e i t e m s are i n s t o c k i n t h e s t o r e r o o m . A n s w e r

S t u d e n t A's q u e s t i o n s . T h e n ask t o b o r r o w t h e i t e m s y o u n e e d .

68 P a r t n e r files
 A: Do you have three 12-metre extension cables?
In stock:
• 1 2 m extension cable - 1 B: Yes, we do. We have seven in stock.
• 15 m extension cable - 10 A: What about conduits?
• 5A/250V plug - 30
B: Yes, we have conduits. What type?
• 15 mm flexible metal c o n d u i t - 1 0 |H
• 25 mm flexible metal conduit - 30 l*v
A: Can I borrow ...?
• 3 G power cable - ^-l l*V
• 18 mm x 30 m PVC insulating tape - ^0 rOtlS B: Yes, no problem.
You have:
• spare red paint
• spray equipment (for painting)

You need to borrow:

• a paint brush

4 Building supplies
Insulation Speaking exercise 6 page 33

Student B

1 You are a customer. Read t h i s e x t r a c t f r o m a s u p p l i e r ' s e m a i l . A n s w e r t h e p h o n e .

Thank you for your order for insulation materials, as follows:

Mineral wool glass Supamat 56 (200 mm x 6 m x 1130 mm) - 10 rolls
Mineral wool glass Supamat 87 (200 mm x 6 m x 1130 mm) - 7 rolls
Please note your order number is B23451K.

2 Your boss w a n t s 17 rolls of Supamat 87, n o t 7. P h o n e t h e s u p p l i e r a n d change

t h e order.

5 On site
Directions Speaking exercise 7 page 39

Student B

Look at these floor plans. You are at Reception. A s k Student A h o w t o get t o t h e

following.
1 t h e general manager's office
2 the purchasing department
3 the toilet

site
accounts residential commercial
management

conference
photocopying storage supervisor's projects
room
reception

lift lift

entrance

P a r t n e r files 69
 6 Health and safety
Site safety S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 8 p a g e 47

Student B

L i s t e n a n d m a k e notes a b o u t t h e faults for v e h i c l e GH675. T h e n read t h e list of

faults for v e h i c l e JK893 a n d e x p l a i n t h e m t o Student A.

c
>.
CD 01
in
ID CO E

Tyres

Docu
Light

Mirro
CD

Fluid
/ = 0K

Seat

Seat
e
to
X = action n e e d e d m

GHb7S
X • • X X • /

7 The c o n t r a c t o r ' s office

Projects S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 5 p a g e 55

Student B

L i s t e n a n d take notes a b o u t S t u d e n t A s b u i l d i n g . T h e n look at t h i s p h o t o a n d read

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e Burj Khalifa. Tell Student A a b o u t t h e b u i l d i n g .

The Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper in Dubai. It is 8 2 8 metres high a n d
has 160 floors. The total floor area is over 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 m . The building 2

contains offices, a hotel and s w i m m i n g pools, as well as 9 0 0 residential

apartments. There are 2 4 , 3 4 8 w i n d o w s and 2 9 0 9 steps. The Burj
Khalifa contains more than 3 3 0 , 0 0 0 m of concrete and 3 9 , 0 0 0
3

tonnes of steel rebar.

Taipei Id
He-i'^M-: CO

r W b e r o£ s+epS: t$> —
Race, record-- W

7 The c o n t r a c t o r ' s office

Shapes S p e a k i n g e x e r c i s e 8 p a g e 57

1.33 m 65 cm
67 cm r

4.83 m 330 mm
3.65 m
45 cm

500 mm

2 mm
6.38 m
4 mm
6 mm

A: What are the dimensions A: What about the radius?

of the rod? B: The radius is ... .
B: It's 3.65 metres long, ....

P a r t n e r files
P e a r s o n E d u c a t i o n Limited
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T h e publishers a n d a u t h o r w o u l d like to t h a n k the following
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fotostock (D). S u p e r S t o c k : Tetra Images (E); Stockbroker
(B). 5 S h u t t e r s t o c k . c o m : Katy89. 6 Shutterstock.
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Contents
Unit Topic Vocabulary Skills
Ecology and its sub-disciplines Reading: ecology and the ecosystem
The ecosystem Speaking: explaining how the food chain works
Food chains Listening: definition of ecology and explanation of its
Human ecology sub-disciplines
Writing: a short report about ecology

Improving and protecting land Reading: why land is important for us; forms of pollution
Improving and protecting air Writing: a short essay about the sources of pollution in their
own areas and the possible solutions

Stone Reading: stone, timber, brick, cement and concrete

Timber Speaking: presenting the main features of traditional
Brick building materials
Cement and concrete Listening: disadvantages of timber frame; cement and concrete
Writing: advantages and disadvantages of traditional
building materials

Steel Reading: steel, glass, metals, plastic and synthetics

Glass and metals Speaking: explaining your opinion about modern building
Plastic materials
Sustainable materials Listening: the main characteristics of a steel building and
the ecological advantages of plastic materials

Mapping Reading: explanation of different types of maps; the

Sketch stage and working different stages when designing a project; AutoCAD; town
drawings planning; the aims of Master Plan
AutoCAD Listening: about AutoCAD ; town planning in history
Rendering
Town planning
Master Plan

Foundations Reading: building elements

Walls Listening: about floor
Floor Speaking: explaining which kind of stairs you would choose
Roofs for your home and why
Stairs Writing: a short paragraph about stairs

Construction machinery Reading: modern methods of construction and construction

Safety signs machinery; safety measures, materials and equipment
Steel
1 Read the text and complete the sentences with words from the text.

Steel is resistant to corrosion, rusting and general

deterioration. It can be used both for exterior as well as
internal infrastructure. Compared to conventional
concrete buildings, steel buildings offer a longer
lifetime and they cause less harm to the environment
thanks to the resistance and durability. Because steel
buildings are usually pre-fabricated or made in sections
and parts that are assembled on the construction site,
they are cheaper than conventional buildings.

The quantity of carbon contained in

steel determines whether the alloy is
hard or soft. Nowadays steel buildings
are often appreciated for their design.
In fact, the flexibility of this material
allows different forms and shapes. More
than any other building material, steel
has a high strength-to-weight ratio. This
means that it is easy and cheap to span
large distances elegantly eliminating
columns. Thanks to this, it is easier to
subdivide and customise office- and
warehouse space.

1 Steel can be used both for the exterior and the interior of a building.
2 Steel is to corrosion , rusting and general deterioration.
3 Steel buildings have a longer compared to conventional concrete buildings.
4 Steel buildings are usually than buildings.
5 It is easy and cheap to span large elegantly.
6 By eliminating , it is easier to subdivide and customise office and warehouse space.

2 Read the text again and match the words to their definitions.

1 rusting a D a composite metal made by mixing other metals together

2 flex ib ility b D the period of time for which a building is expected to last
3 all oy
,
c D when a metal becomes reddish brown because of ai r and wate r
- deterio ratio n d D to change the appearance or characteristics of something acco rding to
:::: "e ime someone's taste or needs
~ :0 cJstom ise e D becoming worse in quality or condition
f D being bent easily without breaking

14
Glass and metals
3 Read the text and match each paragraph with a heading.
A Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of metal s
B Transparent buildings: problems and possibl e solutions
C An interesting experiment

1
Glass is a fashionable material in contemporary
architecture . Transparent buildings and structures
are very popular in contemporary architecture.
Structural glass components such as columns and
beams are often required, but this material seems
structurally unsafe becau se of its brittleness. For
this reason a new construction technique has been
developed using:
• very long overlapping glass segments to create
glass beams. These are made by bonding the
segments adhesivel y;
• a small stainless steel profile that has been added
to the layout of the glass beam to reinforce it.

2
To prove that glass stru ctures can be as safe as
reinforced concrete, an experi mental tra nspa rent
pavilion has been designed (w ith dimensions 9 x 9 x 3 .6 m 3 ) that combi'les 2 "1Ur'lOe
Many different kinds of glass and glass systems have bee n used . The outerMost ana ;:ne [r'o e- 2:,2f2C -~SJ 2(~g
glass units have been tempered and som eti mes la min ated and some glass I-Jas a 'so De2~ C02:ec ,', :~ se ar
co ntrol glass to reflect some of the unwanted sunshin e outwards . In other cases g ass :-2: ca- :2 -sa:::::
electrically and glass panes free of iron oxide have been used to make t he inside ign;: 'IO'S -2 : _'2

3
Painted, stainless , hot dip galvanised and weather resistant steel, as we ll as alu minium, have a so JeS- _5::;:::
for supporting structures . Aluminium has some advantages (it is light, resistant to corrosio n and eas) :0 ,',c'-
but al so some di sadvantages (its thermal expansion and conductivity are high and it ha s low elastic nOC ' _5
and fire resistan ce). Stainless steel also offers some advantages (it has good fire res istance an d it is easj ;:0
keep) but its high price is a major disadvantage . Both hot dip galvanised and painted steel are not as expe nsive,
but they are difficult to work on site and are not resistant to corrosion .

4 Read the text again and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 Glass is very popular in contemporary architecture.
2 There is no way to create a glass structure that is as safe as reinforced concrete .
3 A transparent pavilion has been recently designed as an experiment that uses some innovative idea s.
4 There is only one type of glass in this pavilion.
5 Glass has also been used for supporting structures.
6 Hot dip galvanised steel is not resistant to corrosion.

5 Match the words with their definitions.

1 outermost a 0 a metal made from steel that does not rust
2 stainless steel b 0 f ragility
3 ga lvanised c 0 external
4 brittleness d 0 flat sheet of gl ass
5 pane e 0 coated with zinc to protect it fro m rust

15
Plastic
6 Read the text and then choose the correct option.

Plastic products offer a number of ecological advantages: they save resources, have a low
maintenance cost and can be recycled. Furthermore they contribute to save energy (plastic
foams are used for thermal insulation in many applications). Plastic is also useful for noise
protection and insulation .
The main fields of application of these materials are pipes,
insulation, wall covering, flooring (both in houses and in public
areas) and, quite recently, window frames (made of PVC).
PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride and it is the plastic which
has seen the most rapid growth in recent times in industry.
PVC is often used in piping systems because of its good
chemical resistance to corrosive fluids. PVC pipes are used for a
great number of applications: to drain waste, for natural gas distribution,
for electrical and communications wiring, for municipal water.
As it is the newest primary construction material and entirely man-made, plastic is
extremely versatile. Improvements made through research have increased its acceptance
among designers, contractors and building code officials.

1 Plastic products save ... 4 The ... fields of application of these materials
A industry. are in flooring.
B materials. A alternative
C resources. B main
C useful
2 Plastic insulation is also useful for ... protection.
A recycled 5 PVC has good ... resistance to corrosive fluids .
B resources A physical
C noise B public
C chemical
3 PVC is the plastic whose use has grown more ...
A recently. 6 PVC pipes are used for ... gas distribution.
B slowly. A natural
C primary. B chemical
C piping

7 Read the text again and answer the questions.

Wh at are the advantages offered by plastic 4 What are the main fields of application
orodu cts? of plastic?
ow can pl asti c save energy? 5 What does PVC stand for?
3 hat is plastic insulation useful for? 6 What are PVC pipes used for?

8 Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of each material.

Steel Glass and Metals Plastic

- ,2 ntages
Sustainable materials
9 Read the text and answer the questions below.
Due to the rise in global population and prosperity over the last few decades, one of the consequences of
this phenomenon has been the increase in volume and variety of the materials used (such as raw materials,
food, manufactured products and waste) with a consequent increase in the transport distances. This has
created a series of negative effects on the environment, especially different kinds of pollution, leading to
an ecological emergency and growing preoccupation about health. This is why the aim of eco-design is to
create buildings with low ecological impact, where people can live in a comfortable, healthy way.
This is possible by using building materials that are traditionally considered eco-friendly and -sustainable:
timber from forests that have been certified; quickly renewable plant materials (such as straw or bamboo) ;
some typical traditional materials such as brick, stone, clay and cork; non-toxic, renewable and recyclable
materials (natural paints, waxes and varnishes) . Waste materials can also be reused as a resource for
construction purposes.

1 Wh at has happened to population and wealth in the last few decades?

2 Wh at has been one of the results of this?
3 Wh at is the aim ~f eco-design?
4 Ca n you name some eco -friendly and sustainable materials you have found in the text?

10 Work in pairs: what is your opinion of modern building materials? Which would you use if you could
build your own house? Tell your partner about it using the information given in this unit.

I ml7~cl'«.tm;dI
='loy /'cebl/ _ _____ _ _________
:eam / bi:m/ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
c :-::tIeness /'bntlnes/ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __
.:.)a:ed / butrd/ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __
=-~ :o mise j'kAst8mmz/ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __
.: ± ain waste /t8 dreIn werst/
':=ability / ,djmrd'brlrti/ _ _ _,_ _ _ _ __
::=~:lTanc e
:."=: ciip galvanised /hnt drp 'gcelv8narzd/ _ _ __ _ _
_-=:: ar8n/ _ __ _ _ _ __ ~_ _ __ __ _ ~
~ -J:..:.t
outermost /'aut8m8ust/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
outwards /aut'w8dz/
-------------
overlapping / 8UV8'lcepIIJ/ _ _ _ _ _ __
pane / pem/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
pipe / pmp/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
rust / rA st/ _ _ _ __
to span / t8 spcen/ _ _ _ __
stainless steel /,stemI8s 'sti:l/ _ _ _ ______ _ __
straw / str'J:/ - - - - - - - - -,- - - - -,
strength to weight ratio / streIJ8 t8 welt 'reII8u/_ ___~
window frame /'wrnd8u

17
Mapping
1 Read the text and fill
• because they offer a great amount
• images taken from different elevated positions
• offe r cultura l informat ion about countrie s
J
in the missing sentences from the box.
-

• spec ifi c subj ec ts such as population den sity

• they ex plain differences in elevation
- -

Maps are a useful method of illu strating a lot of

information into a format that people can understand
and learn from . Mapping is the job of a mapmaker or
cartograp her.
Th ere are d ifferent types of maps that give different
types of information:
• Physical maps show landforms, mountains , deserts and
lakes . (1) through
hypsom etri c tints or changes in colour. Topographic maps
show the sh ape and elevation of th e land through contour
lines .
• Political maps (2) (such
as their borders and main cities) and some physica l characteristics (like oceans, rivers and lakes).-
• Thematic maps give information about (3) , natural resources,
climate, primary imports and exports. Some specialised thematic maps show information that can be
usefu l to analyse different kinds of trends.
In short, maps are very important (4) of information in a very
sm all space .

Photogrammetry is a measurem ent technology that can determine the three-dimensional coordinates of
points of an object using different photographic (5) ___ . This kind of
techn ology is used in different fields , such as topographic mapping, engineering, architecture, police
invest igation, geology and archaeology and also in movie post-production . This measurement technology
provides high pe rformance , w ide application and accurate measurements , and it is easy and quick to use .

2 Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1 What do physical maps show and exp lain ? 4 Can you explain what ph otogrammetry is?
2 What kind of information do political maps offer? 5 Which fields is it used in ?
3 What kind of information do thematic maps offer?

3 atch the words with their definitions.

a D one or two numbers or letters indicating a particular point on a map
b D something useful that can be used to increase the weal th of a cou ntry
c D tendency, a development of events
d D the shape or outlin e of an object
e D height above the sea level
Sketch stage and working drawings
4 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

Designing a project involves a number of vital stages: sketch design, design development and working drawing.
During the design development stage all kinds of helpful information are gathered, so that materials and methods propcs=·]
i for the project can be checked. The working drawing stage is the most demarc :i;;

- I because every project is unique as far as design and assembly of the parts ~'=
,I concerned . At this stage all the architectural drawings, schedules and specifica[.c--:s
required for building consent are prepared. Sometimes all this material is also need:::
I I to get prices from builders. In some cases 20 or more commonly 3D formats are us&c

to describe the building . The builders will need working drawings, consisting of plars
. , ! I sections, elevations, details, schedules, specifications and other consultants' documents.
~
~
"~,,
",."
~ During this stage all the architectural drawings are produced using the most recer':

(fD .r_ computer design software, which is very

similar to th e software used by other
consultants. This way all the information
r '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ;

"= r:= can be coordinated easily. It is important

to make very precise drawings because
1- they must conform to all the latest
building standards, otherwise the council
will not give building consent. Another reason is that this wi ll help builders
know as much information as possible , thus reducing their guesswork.
Engineering graphics are very important for engineers because it is the

~
language with which they think and communicate. Years ago the AutoCAD ~
replaced the old T-square and , more recently, the 3Dparametric solid modelling
software has been used to learn graphics.
----------
1 The first stage when designing a project is sketch design.
2 The specifications necessary for obtaining building consent are drawn up
during the working drawing phase.
3 Builders will never provide a price until they have these documents.
4 These documents help builders to work as accurately as possible.
5 Building consent to start work on building depends on the accuracy of th ese drawings.
6 AutoCAD is the latest form of software in this field.

5 Find the synonyms of these words in the text.

1 step 5 papers
2 controlled 6 newest
3 cost 7 essential
4 technique 8 estimation

6 Write the questions for these answers.

7 4 ---------- ?
During this stage all kinds of helpful information They consist of plans , sections, elevations ,
are gathered. details, schedules , specifications and other
2 consultants' documents.
Because every project is unique. 5 7

- - - -? Because it is the language with wh ich engineers

2D or more commonly 3D formats. think and communicate.
6 7

The old T-square.

AutoCAD
7 Read the text and answer the questions below.

At the beginning of the 1980s Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs drastically cut the needs of
draftsmen. Today students in universities do not learn drafting techniques, they learn computer-aided
design instead. But what exactly is CAD and what is it used for? CAD is software which allows the use of
computer technology for the development of design and design documentation. It is used to design curves
and figures in two-dimensional space or curves, surfaces and solids in 3D objects.
CAD has a great number of applications: automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace industries, industrial
(in the design of tools and machinery and throughout the engineering process from conceptual design
and layout of products) and architectural design (of all types of buildings) , prosthetics and also computer
animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. Moreover, it is used for the
creation of photo simulations often
required in the preparation of
Environmental Impact Reports.
The objects and features created are

I_I
adjustable and modern CAD can also
allow rotations in 3D, so that the
designed object can be viewed from any
---
angle.
Nowadays CAD systems exist for all the
major platforms and no special
hardware is required for most CAD
---
software (except for some systems that
do graphically and computationally-
intensive tasks and require a modern
graphics card) . The human-machine
interface is usually via a computer
mouse or a pen and a digitizing or
graphics tablet. The advantages of CAD
are lower product development costs T·A32

and a greatly shortened design cycle.

1 What does CAD stand for? 6 Is there any need for special hardware if you
2 What is it exactly? What is it used for? use CAD?
3 Wh en did a drastic change in design take 7 Can you explain what the 'human machine
place? interface' is?
4 What was the consequence of this change ? 8 What are the main advantages of this design
5 Can you name a few CAD applications? program?

8 1\ 4 Listen to Tony Davies talking about AutoCAD and fill in the missing words.
1 CAD is the designer use of computer for the design of objects .
2 It is genera lly used by product designers , engineers, architects and decorators.
3 CAD is main ly used for the detailed engineering of physical
4 It is also used for the whole of the engineering , from theoretical des ign to th e layout of
products .
5 CAD allows the to be viewed from any angle and it can be quite helpfu l as texture and
colours can be easily manipulated.
6 No special hardware is required for most CAD

20
Rendering
9 Read the text and reorder the words below to make accurate sentences describing the processes of
rendering.

The process of generating an image from a model by means of computer graphics is known as 'rendering' . It is an
engineered program, based on disciplines connected to light physics, visual perception, mathematics and software
development. It is a method used by architectural illustrators to create two-dimensional images or animations from
a three-dimensional model (prepared scene) thanks to computer programs . These images or animations show the
characteristics of a planned architectural design. Scene files contain objects in a special language or data structure
(such as geometry, viewpoint, texture,
lighting, and shading information) to
describe a virtual scene. The data is then
passed to a renderi ng program to be
processed.
Rendering software can be used to create
life-like images for presentation, marketing
and design analysis. It is used in
architecture, video games, films and TV
visual effects and also in real estate sales
for experimenting with building design or
to make decisions before a building ' is
created.
There is a wide range of different kinds of
renderers. They may be integrated into
mod~ lling and animation packages , stand-
alone, or be free open-source projects.
In the case of 3D graphics pre-rendering is
used for creating films, whereas real-time
rendering is often used in producing 3D
video games.

1 is / engineered / illustrators / program / used / by / an / arc hitect ura l / Renderin g

2 Architectural / use / illustrators / rendering / animations / create / two-dimensi onal / to / images / or

3 for / This / is / used / presentation, / software / and / analysis / marketing / design

4 for / It / used / be / design / experimenting / can / building / with

5 the / Pre-rendering / used / in / is / industry / film

6 the / 3D / production / For / of / video / real-time / rendering / is / games / used

'0 Read the text aga in and decide if the statements below are true (T) or fal se (F).
1 Re ndering and computer-generated graphics are the same t hing.
2 W hen using rendering illustrators create 3D models from 2D images.
3 Rendering is used in the fashion industry.
4 Th e images produced by rendering software are very realistic.
5 Re ndering software is also used for designing houses before they are built.
6 Fil ms are created using real-time rendering techniques .

21
Town planning
11 Read the following text about planning. What is it? What do planners typically do?
Planning is a balancing act between constructing modern communities and conserving our natural and built
heritage to create sustainable places where people can live, work and play. It implies decisions about
transport, facilities, the development of new shops, schools, dwellings, parks, etc. It supports our ongoing
use of the environment.
Some of the things that planners do include:
• developing and creating affordable housing;
• regenerating socially-deprived areas;
• requalifying historic buildings;
• creating policies for managing the traffic and improving energy efficiency;
• discussing with communities about how to improve their quality of life.

12 n 5 Read and listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

agricultural centre Renaissance human rational situated streets tow ns

The first stable (1) _ settlements appeared

when agriculture replaced nomadic existence. The first
cities were centres for commerce, politics, defence and
distribution of (2) surplus. The earliest
examples of planned cities in history were in modern-day
Iraq and India. In these cities some (3)
were paved and there were both commercial and residential
streets,
The first examples of cities in the West were in Greece
and in Italy. Many European (4) are still
based on schemes that date back to the times of the
Romans, who put all the streets at right angles, set out in a
square grid. During the Middle Ages there was no trace of
(5) urban planning in Europe. Cities
grew a rou nd a fortress or a fortified abbey. Most of them
were (6) on high defensible ground
and their plans followed the irregularities of elevation
contours. They offered protection both to urban city and
rural inhabitants during enemy attacks.
Things changed again during the (7)
A great number of important artists created beautiful
buildings in many cities which were accurately designed
by architects and city planners.
In Florence , for example, radial streets extend ed outward
from a defined (8)

13 Read the text again and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).
The fi rst cities were centres for commerce, politics and defence.
2 - he earli est exa mples of planned cities in history are in the West.
3 " 2'1 European towns date back to the times of the Romans.
v'Jar) plann ing was extremely important during the Middle Ages.
: es 'n Europe grew around a fortress or a fortified abbey during the Middle Ages.
6 _' ~ g : ne Re aissance ra dia l st reets extended outward from a defined centre in Flore nce.

22
Master Plan
14 Read the text and answer the questions below.

A Master Plan is a document describing how a city is developed and how it can develop in the future. It is
written by city planners and experts after examining the land.
Here is an example of the aims of a Master Plan:
• to create a structure for the best quality
City Centre;
• to create the best possible environment
for all users ;
• to find key problem areas;
• to treat improvements as priorities;
• to create an attractive area for
businesses;
• to develop existing resources.
Modern city planning is increasingly
concerned with the social and economic
aspects of city living.
The process of city planning usually
involves a series of surveys and studies,
development of a land-use and
transportation plan, preparation of a
budget, and the approval of a unified
Master Plan by various agencies or legislative bodies. C ity planners ha\'e ro tackle problems of traffic.
pollution, security, fire and sanitation services, limitations and other regulations. and the problems of
funding. In recent years planners have worked closely with comm unity groups \\'ho wanted ro take part in the
plannin'g of their own neighbourhood.

1 Who writes a Master Plan? 4 What does modern city plann ing invol .'e?
2 What does it include? 5 What problems do city plan ners have to tackle?
3 What are its aims? 6 How are trends in recent yea rs?

15 Find the synonyms of these words in the text in exercise 14,

1 specia list 4 suggestions
2 i nspecti ng 5 enhancements
3 structured 6 restrictions

MY GLOSSARY
border / b:J:dg(r)/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ hypsometric tint /,hipsgu'mernk tl11t/ _ _ _ _ __
Quilding consent /,bIldll) bn'sent/ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ongoing /,Dn,ggUlI)/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
co conform / tg bn'fJ:m/ - - - - - - - - - - - open-source /'gupgn 's:J:s/ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
.:onsultant / kgn'sAltgnt/ ______________ paved / peIvd/ _ __
.:ontour /,kDntug/ prosthetics / pms'8enks/
'::emanding /dl'mo:ndll)/ __________________ real estate /,ng\ I'steIt/
'::eprived /dl'prarvd/ sanitation / ,srem'teIJn/
---- -
.:.:-aftsman /,dro:ftsmgn/ schedule /'Jedju:l/
.::.welling /'dwehl)/ _ _ shading /'J eIdIl)/
~c engineer /tu: ,end31'nrg(r)/ stand-alone /'strend g,lgun/
':'':'''1ding /,fAndn]/ _ survey /'s3:vel/
~~d / gnd/ _ _ _ _ to tackle / tg 'trekl/
'~es s\Vo rk /'gesw3:k/ __

23
Foundations
1 Read the text and then answer the questions below.

The foundations, walls, floor, stairs and roof are some of the building
elem ents that all types of building have in common.
Foundations are structures that transfer weights from walls and columns
to the ground. There are two types of foundations: shallow foundations
and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are usually embedded a
m etre into the soil, whereas deep foundations are embedded m ore in
depth. They are recommended in case of very large design loads, a poor
soil at shallow depth or site constraints, such as property lines. There are
different types of deep foundation s and they can be m ade of tim ber,
steel and reinforced or pretensioned concrete.
Geotechnical engineers design foundations to ensure that they have an
adequate load capacity with limited settlement. When designing
foundations, it is also important to consider scour (when flowing water
removes supporting soil from around a foundation) and frost heave
(when water in the ground freezes and forms ice lenses).

1 Wh at are foun dat ions? How many types of 4 What do geotechni cal engineers
found ation s are there? design?
2 Wh at are the main featu res of shallow foundations? 5 What must be considered?
3 Wh at are the ma in featu res of deep foundations ? 6 What are scour and heave?

Walls
t"".-
. .
2 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).

Building walls support the superstructures of build ing (roofs and ceiling s), separate space and
give protection against intrusion and the weather. They usually have about three separate
components : structural elements, insulation , finish elements or surface .
Walls can be loadbearing or non load bearing depending on the ir providing structural support to
the bu ildi ng or not. Exterior loadbearing walls carry cei ling, roof or upper loor loads to the
foundation. Som e bearing walls are inside buildings : th ey support joists a~ id span an d transfer
loads down to the foundation . ~~~
r
Usually conventional house walls have an inner wooden framewo :ra: ~a/ Llpport part of the
house , but does not support wall coverings, windows and doors : :_~:2. ~s e BC rical wiring , plumbing ,
insulation, and other utilities.

1 Wal ls ca n defi ne and protect area s, support 2 S_:2-::~r_::_'~

of buildings and del ineate a space.
2 There are two kinds of struct ura l a Is.
3 Exterior boundary wal ls give pro' ec'::::- 2g2 -5: -:'_5:- ,,-: . ::,,:-2'.
4 Loadbearing walls can onl e e :e' :' ,',::; 5
,... ..... _ - ::: - .::. .::.,-- .... -:;:
on en ional ouse t a s us,,;:: ..........
) -- - --- --
Floor
3 () 6 Listen and complete the text with the words from the box.

elect ri ca l wood surface cover in g underfloor st reng th

Floor structure contributes to the general (1) of the building system. It is formed of a
steel I-beam frame with a horizontal upper (2) to which a number of adjace nt
composite floor panels is fastened firmly.
Floors consist of a subfloor for support and a floor (3) used to give a good walking
surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has (4) wiring, plumbing, and may
provide other services bu i It in, like (5) heati ng.
There is a wide variety of floor covering materials: carpet, ceramic tiles, (6) floor ing ,
laminated wood or stone.

Roofs
4 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).
Roofs can be divided in cut roofs, w here a carpenter measures, cuts and places every length of wood needed
for the frame ; and fixed roofs , made of pre-built and assembled trusses. Trusses are custom-designed by
computer so as to adapt to the typical weather conditions of the house. As they generall y rest only on ou tside
walls, they leave the inside free to move walls and to accommodate different room sizes.
When the frame of the roof is ready, a waterproof membrane is placed over it and it is held in place by battens
(long pieces of wood) that are nailed into the truss and are the supporting syste m for the t il es. Ti les are the n
nailed to the wood. The top of the roof is finished off w ith ridge tiles that cover both sides of the roof 's top ro
of tiles. Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by a fasc ia. The fascia allows air to flo
safely through the membrane. To take away the water from the bui lding, guttering is attached to the ' ascia.
heat can go straight out of the roof, insulation is also necessary.
When designing the roof structure it must be remembered that all the load on the roof has to be lr2'1S~erTec :
the supporting beams, bearing walls, building foundation and the earth.

Trusses are designed to adapt to the typical weather conditions of the house.
2 Battens are long pieces of wood supporting the tiles .
3 The top of the roof is finished off with a waterproof membrane.
L Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by the guttering.

25
Stairs
5 Read the text and say what the stairs in the picture are like.

Staircases are powerful design

elements and an opportunity for
creative expression. They can be
spiral (twisting around a centre
pole with steps radiating out of it),
straight (they stretch from lower

circular (sweeping
to upper level in a broad
in one straight run),
curve from one level to another) or
~!~~llilillll~§~~
they can have other shapes. They
can be wide or narrow, steep or
gradual, return (dividing the run,
reversing direction 180 degrees at
a landing) or 'L' stairs (making a
90 degree turn at a landing).
Their design is influenced by
their function and their style
\'aries according to how their parts
are built and combined. Staircases
are built according to rules that
are im portant for safety, indicating
he heights of risers, depth and
\\idth of treads and placement of
handrails . The first measurement to take when building a staircase is the distance between the two
finished floors. This determines the height of the staircase. Its riser must not exceed 22 cm in residential
building_. The a\'erage width is 80 cm, and anyway it should not be less than 60 cm.

6 Work in pairs: use your own words to explain which kind of stairs you would choose for your home and why.

7 Think about the stairs in your house or a building you know well. Write a short paragraph answering the
questions below.
• What kind of stairs are they? • Would you replace them with another kind
• Do you think this is the best solution? Why/Why not? of stairs? Why/Why not?

MY GLOSSARY
average /'rev;:md3/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ row Ir~m/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
batten /'bretn/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ run IrAn/ - - -- - -
carpenter /,ko:pmt;::,(r)/ _ _ _ _ _._ _ _ _ __ scour /'skam(r)/ _ _
constraint Ibn'stremt/ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ settlement /'setlm;::,nt/ _____
electrical wiring II'lektnkl 'waI;::,rm/ _ _ _ _ _ __ shallow /'Jrej;::,u/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
embedded I lm'bedrd/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ span Ispren/ _ __
framework /,frermw3:k/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ firmly /,f3:mli/ _ __
guttering /'gAt;::,nl]/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ steep Isti:p/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
handrail /,hrendred/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ to stretch It;::, stretJ/
hea\'e I hi:v/ to sweep It;::, swi:p/
:-beam albi:m/ tile I taIl/
:o:s d:) Ist/ tread I tred/
.3..: c i::g IrendnJl trus s I trAs/
;-:c:;:; ji;:g pi \n111]/ turn I t3:n/
:-;c.ge ::':e nd:) [;:>Ii utility Iju:nlni
r:5e~ nil r waterpro of membrane /'w::l:t;::,pru:f 'membrem/ _ __

26