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Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents

November 2016
In book: Proceedings of the First Symposium SEGVAUTO-TRIES-CM. Technologies for a Safe, Accessible and Sustainable Mobility. R&D+I in Automotive:
RESULTS (pp.91-94) · Edition: 1 · Publisher: FUNDACIÓN GENERAL DE LA UPM · Editors: Francisco Aparicio Izquierdo, Luis Martínez Sáez, Juan José
Herrero Villamor
Project: SEGVAUTO-TRIES-CM

Authors:

Francisco Javier Páez

Coral Sevillano
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

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Symposium SEGVAUTO-TRIES-CM
Technologies for a Safe, Accessible and Sustainable Mobility
R&D+I in Automotive: RESULTS
17th – 18th November 2016, Madrid

Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measu

in real world accidents

Coral Sevillano1; F. Javier Páez Ayuso2

1
INSIA - UPM, Spain, c.sevi91@gmail.com
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310464310_Methodology_of_repair_cost_estimation_in_vehicles_based_on_the_deformation_measurements_in_r… 1/7
8/8/2021 (PDF) Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents
, p ,
2
INSIA - UPM, Spain, franciscojavier.paez@upm.es
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Introduction
Motorized road transport plays a central role in
European societies. But the advantages of it have
been achieved with a high cost, the human and
economic costs in terms of road accidents and people
killed and injured as a result of them.
There are many consequences of traffic accidents that
generate different components of the global cost, and
therefore all of them are likely to be included in an
estimation model. However, only a small number of
them are considered due to difficulties to obtain data
for their estimation.
There have been several reviews of the costs to
society of road traffic injuries. As far as methods for
estimating costs are concerned, a main review was
presented in 1994 by the European Commission, the
action COST 313 [1]. According to the COST 313
methodology, road accident cost components are
classified into several groups. One of these
components is the property damage cost.
Property damage costs should cover all damages (e.g.
street furniture, guard-rails, walls, vehicles etc.).
However, vehicle damages are often the only property
item valued, including insurance claims, surveyor fees,
and business lost due to the vehicle being out of
commission.
Probably in the field of vehicle insurance the study of
the repair cost of vehicles involved in road accidents is
the key point of the whole project, but unfortunately
there is not accurate information about the relationship
between a physical variable involved in an impact, as
the absorbed crush energy, and the repair cost.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the
relationship between reconstruction variables based
on the deformation measurements in real world
accidents (V and the energy absorbed by the car in
the crash), with the repair cost of the car. The main
result is a methodology to estimate quickly and easily
repair costs of vehicles involved in road accidents. It
can be applied by the insurance company in order to
include this parameter in the calculation of the
insurance price.
Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements
cases have been analyzed and included in the
database.
Firstly vehicle-to-vehicle collisions have been selected
from the NASS CDS database, taking into account the
following criteria: two vehicles involved, only the front
of the target vehicle is damaged, the reconstruction
information is fully completed, and the repair
information is included in the Audaplus© estimation
system. Finally four vehicle models have been chosen:
BMW Serie 3, Toyota Prius, Volkswagen Passat and
Volkwagen Jetta.
In order to carry out this study a group of
reconstruction variables have been identified from the
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@g
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Materials and methods
Real world accidents analyzed in this
contained in the Crashworthiness Da
(NASS CDS) database [2] (Figure 1). NAS
NHTSA (National Highway Traff
Administration, USA) an efficient an
resource with which to conduct road ac
collection. NASS CDS has detailed
representative, random sample of thousan
serious, and fatal crashes. Field rese
located across the country study about 5,0
a year involving passenger cars, light truck
utility vehicles.
Fig. 1: Interface of the NASS CDS data
Repair costs of vehicles involved in road a
estimated using the Audaplus© estimat
which uses data about costs of the vehic
the time necessary to replace it bas
manufacturer’s information.
A total number of 130 vehicle-to-vehicle c
been investigated selected from the N
database. All of them are cases where the
target vehicle is damaged including front-to
to-rear and front-to-side crashes.
Using the previous tools a new databas
created (CRASHCOST) including the re
variables (NASS CDS database) and the Adv
calculation (Audaplus© estimation system
A
 C 1  2  C 2  2  C3  2  C4  2  C5  C6  
L 2
Ea    2 2 2 2 2
5  B  C 1  2 C 2  2  C 3  2  C4  2  C5  C
  
 6   C 1 C 2  C 2  C 3  C 3  C4  C4  C5  C 5
(1)
Next, the velocity change for each
determined using the following equation:
2  1  (E a1  E a 2 )
Vi 
 1 1
M1  (1   2  MM 2)
(2)
2/7
8/8/2021 (PDF) Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents
reconstruction variables have been identified from the
NASS CDS database: deformation measurements, ki
2
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Copy link
Delta V (V), and the crush energy in the front of the 2 2
k h i
i
target vehicle. These variables have been included in
the CRASHCOST database. Where:
 Mi : mass of vehicle “”i”.
NASS CDS reconstructs traffic accidents, and
 ki : radii of gyration.
estimates the energy absorbed by the McHenry`s
 hi : perpendicular distance from
method [3]. It is necessary to measure the deformation
action of the PDOF (principal
of the car to obtain the absorbed energy due to the
force) to the center of gravity of the
final deformation in the front of the target vehicle with
the McHenry´s method.
Finally, using the residual deformation (C1
the selected cases (NASS CDS database
For taking measurements of the damage area,
and applying equations (1) & (2), the re
commonly referred to as “taking crush measurements”,
variables have been estimated (Eai, Vi).
the measuring techniques commonly used are largely
based on the measuring protocol outlined in Tumbas
and Smith’s paper [4], (Figure 2). The procedure
considered takes six equidistant points along the
frontal of the target vehicle and at the same height (C1
to C6).

Fig. 3: Residual deformation from a selected c

CDS database.

After the reconstruction variables calcula

Fig. 2: Measuring protocol outlined by Tumbas and Smith’s.
costs of vehicles will be estimated with
Software, from Audatex (Figure 4). It is a
Solera Group, the world leader in claims m
Audatex offers a wide variety of services a
with the aim of helping the work of those
the sector of the automotive aftermarket a
companies, experts and expert cabine
companies mechanical, workshops and
workshops.

The calculation required to compute the change in

velocity, V, from the vehicle deformation requires two
steps. Firstly, the energy absorbed (Ea) is calculated
based on the residual deformation (Figure 2). The
equation used to calculate this energy is the following
(1), where “A & B” are stiffness coefficients defined by
McHenry more than three decades ago [3], and “L” is
Fig. 4: Audaplus© Software home
the width dimension of the damage area.

Sevillano, C. et al.

 Collision Deformation Classification (

Audaplus© tool has an accessible and intuitive [5].
interface, selecting parts damaged by 3D drawings  Injuries for the occupants.
according to the actual model, so the location and  Pictures of the car after the impact.
identification of vehicle parts is easy.

Using Audaplus©, initial parameters have to be

defined: the price of the workforce as 50€/h; vehicle
model; the paint scale as AZT scale, manufacturer
scale or Cesvimap scale.

Once the vehicle has been identified, the principal

page or "plate navigation" lets access by links to Fig. 6: CRASHCOST database templ
different areas considered in Audaplus© database per

vehicle (Figure 5). Results and discussion

Only repair costs in the front of the target v
been evaluated in this study These costs
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8/8/2021 (PDF) Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents
been evaluated in this study. These costs
several reconstruction variables conside
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study, mainly:Copy link
 Collision configuration: front-to-front,
and front-to-side crashes.
 V total and V lateral.
 Ea: absorbed energy.

Results for vehicle models chosen are s

following figures (Figures 7 to 12).
Fig. 5: Audaplus© Software interface.

From the “plate navigation” page, the area of the

vehicle is selected. The color car leads to structural
and external areas; and the see-through car leads to
the engine, the radiator, and mechanical parts. The
dark front area of the color car includes structural front
parts, like crossbar, stringer and so on, and the clear
front area includes front bumper, headlight, fog light
and so on. Fig. 7: VW Jetta repair costs versus

Audaplus© tool uses all the images obtained from the

NASS CDS database to calculate repair costs of a
selected car. These photos let evaluate actual
damages suffered by the vehicle and make photo
expert opinion.

It is the most difficult topic in this study, the

identification of which parts of the car have been
damaged and which ones have to be replaced. Both
Fig. 8: VW Jetta repair costs versus absorb
exterior and interior damaged parts have been taken
into account. The structure of the target car is
analyzed and then Audaplus© is applied to make the
repair cost calculation, including the price of the
workforce and the cost of painting tasks too. This
procedure has been applied to 130 vehicle-to-vehicle
collisions.

Using the previous tools the new CRASHCOST

database has been created (Figure 6). The template
includes information about:
 Identification number.
 Brand, model yea. Fig. 9: BMW serie 3 repair costs versu
 Collision configuration.
 V: longitudinal, transversal y total.
 Ea: absorbed energy.

Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements

Conclusion
This study has developed a retrospective m
to estimate easily repair costs of vehicles
road accidents with the front zone invo
residual deformation measurements (C1 to
on Tumbas and Smith’s protocol, it i
estimate V and absorbed energy for
involved in an accident. Both reconstructi
show a significant correlation with repair co

Fig. 10: BMW serie 3 repair costs versus absorbed energy. It can be applied by the insurance compan
include this parameter in the calculat
insurance price.

Besides, these repair costs could be inc

cost benefit analysis (CBA) adding this

accident databases.
References
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310464310_Methodology_of_repair_cost_estimation_in_vehicles_based_on_the_deformation_measurements_in_r… 4/7
8/8/2021 (PDF) Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents
References
[1] Alfaro, J. L. et al. “Socio-economic cost of
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citationaccidents: finalCopy
report
linkof action COST 313”. Co
the European Community, 1994.
Fig. 11: Toyota Prius repair costs versus V. [2] NASS CDS database. Retrieved from http
nass.nhtsa.dot.gov/nass/cds/SearchForm.aspx
[3] McHenry, R. R. et al. “A Revised Damage A
Procedure for the CRASH Computer Program”.
861894, 1986.
[4] Tumbas et al. “Measuring Protocol for Qua
Vehicle Damage from an Energy Point of View”
880072, 1988.
[5] Society of Automotive Engineers. “Collision
Classification”. SAE J224 MAR 84 Recommend
1992.

Fig. 12: Toyota Prius repair costs versus absorbed energy.

Analyzing the relationship between V total/absorbed

energy versus repair costs, it is possible to estimate
these costs based on residual deformation
measurements in vehicles with the front zone
damaged.

Front-to-front crashes are the most costly for the repair

task; in front-to-rear crashes, repair costs are lower;
and front-to-side crashes show irregular costs
tendency because of the influence of the collision
angle or the side area where the car crash es.

The lateral component of V is relevant in the

estimation of repair costs. To similar values V total, if
V lateral is higher the absorbed energy is higher too,
causing more damage and therefore the repair cost
rises.

Finally, the high repair cost of passive safety systems

produces deviation in the estimation because
sometimes if the passenger passive safety system is
activated, it is necessary to replace the airbag and the
dashboard too.

Citations (0) References (3)

A Revised Damage Analysis Procedure for the CRASH Computer Program

Article
Oct 1986
Raymond R. McHenry · Brian Mchenry

View Show abstract

Socio-economic cost of road accidents: final report of action COST 313

Jan 1994
J L Alfaro
Alfaro, J. L. et al. "Socio-economic cost of road accidents: final report of action COST 313". Commission of the European
Community, 1994.

Measuring Protocol for Quantifying Vehicle Damage from an Energy Point of View
Jan 1988
Tumbas
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8/8/2021 (PDF) Methodology of repair cost estimation in vehicles based on the deformation measurements in real world accidents

Tumbas et al. "Measuring Protocol for Quantifying Vehicle Damage from an Energy Point of View" SAE Paper 880072, 1988.
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