LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY) Calcaneus – largest bone of the tarsus

The lower extremity refers to the
part of the body from the hip to the
toes. The lower extremity includes
the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and
the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot
Talus – irregular form, highest in position
1st cuneiform – largest cuneiform
2nd cuneiform – smallest cuneiform

ANATOMY
FOOT
- Consists of 26 bones
Tarsus – bones of the ankle
Metatarsus – bones of the instep
Phalanges – bones of the toe
For descriptive purposes:
Forefoot – metatarsals and toes
Mid foot – cuneiform, navicular and cuboid
Hind foot – talus and calcaneus.

◾ Phalanges: 14
SESAMOIDS
In the normal foot, the sesamoids are two pea-

◾ Metatarsals: 5
shaped bones located in the ball of the foot,
beneath the big toe joint.
1st metatarsal – shortest and thickest
2nd metatarsal – longest
5th metatarsal – presents a prominent
tuberosity.

◾ Tarsals: 7
 CONGENITAL CLUBFOOT

• Clubfoot describes a range of foot

abnormalities usually present at birth
(congenital) in which your baby's foot is twisted
out of shape or position.
• In clubfoot, the tissues connecting the
muscles to the bone (tendons) are shorter
than usual

Tarsals – five irregularly shaped bones of the

midfoot that form the foot's arch. The tarsal
bones are the cuboid, navicular and medial,
intermediate and lateral cuneiforms.

Metatarsals –five bones (labeled one

Called TALIPES EUINOVARUS
through five, starting with the big toe) that make
3 VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL
up the forefoot.
ALIGNMENT:
1. EQUINUS - Plantar flexion and inversion of
calcaneus.
2. ADDUCTION – medial displacement of the
forefoot.
3. SUPINATION – elevation of the medial
border of the foot
* Take note that no attempt should be made to
change the abnormal alignment of the foot.
CALCANEUS
• The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest of
the tarsal bones in the foot. It lies at the back
of the foot (hindfoot) below the three bones
that make up the ankle joint.
• These three bones are the: Tibia (shinbone)
Fibula (smaller bone in the lower leg)
SUBTALAR JOINT
• The subtalar (ST) joint is an articulation
between two of the tarsal bones in the foot:
the talus and calcaneus.
• The joint is classed structurally as a
synovial joint, and functionally as a plane
synovial joint.
• The ST joint allows for rotation of the foot,
clinically known as inversion and eversion
of the foot.
ANKLE
• The ankle joint is a hinged synovial joint that
is formed by the articulation of the talus,
tibia, and fibula bones.
• Together, the three borders (listed below)
form the ankle mortise.
• The articular facet of the lateral malleolus
(bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms
the lateral border of the ankle joint.
LEG
The lower leg is comprised of two bones, the
tibia and the smaller fibula

KNEE
The knee is one of the largest and most complex
joints in the body. The knee joins the thigh bone
(femur) to the shin bone (tibia).
 Usually included in routine examination of knee
joint for detection of:

◾Loose bodies (joint mice)

◾Split and displaced cartilage

INTERCONDYLOID FOSSA ◾Flattening/ underdevelopment of the lateral

The intercondylar fossa ("intercondylar notch," femoral condyle.
IN) is a groove at the distal end of the femur, AKA: tunnel positions/view
housing important stabilizing structures:
cruciate ligaments and meniscofemoral REMEMBER: C.B.H.

◾CAMP-COVENTRY METHOD
ligaments

◾BECLERE METHOD

◾HOLMBLAD METHOD

PATELLA
• The patella is the largest sesamoid
bone in the human body and is located
anterior to knee joint within the tendon of the
quadriceps femoris muscle, providing an
attachment point for both the quadriceps tendon
and the patellar ligament.
PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT
• The patellofemoral joint is where the back of
your patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone)
meet at the front of your knee.
• It's involved in climbing, walking on an
incline, and several other knee movements. It's
also the joint affected by a common injury
called "runner's knee."
TANGENTIAL PROJECTIONS
Used to demonstrate VERTICAL FRACTURES
of patella and to investigate the articulating
surfaces of femoropatellar articulation.
REMEMBER: S.M.H.
◾SETTEGAST METHOD
◾MERCHANT METHOD
◾HOUGHSTON METHOD – demonstrates
subluxation of the patella and patellar fx.
FEMUR/THIGH BONE the hip bone (the crest of the pelvis).
The femur is your thigh bone. It's the longest,
strongest bone in your body. It's a critical part of 2. Pubis. The lower, posterior part of the
your ability to stand and move. hip bone.

3. Ischium. One of the bones that helps

form the hip.

PELVIS
The pelvis is a basinshaped structure that
supports the spinal column and protects
the abdominal organs. It contains the
following:
Sacrum. A spade-shaped bone that
is formed by the fusion of 5 originally separate
sacral vertebrae.

PELVIS PARTS
1. Ilium. The broad, flaring portion of Pelvis serves as a base for the trunk and a girdle
for the attachment of the lower limbs.
- consists of four bones : two hip bones. the
sacrum. and the coccyx.

The pelvic girdle is composed of only the

two hip bones.

The hip bone is often referred to a the os

coxae, and some textbooks continue to refer
to it as the innominate bone. The most
widely used term is hip bone.

UPPER FEMORA
The upper (proximal) end of your
femur connects to your hip joint. The
proximal end (aspect) contains the:
Head. Neck.
PELVIS UPPERFEMORA ACETABULUM
Compose of Pelvic Bone and Proximal The acetabulum is the cup-shaped socket on the
Part of Femur. lateral aspect of the pelvis, which articulates
with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
HIP BONES
1. The hip joint is the junction where the hip
joins the leg to the trunk of the body. It is
comprised of two bones: the thigh bone or
femur and the pelvis which is made up of
three bones called ilium, ischium, and
pubis.

2. The ball of the hip joint is made by the

femoral head while the socket is formed
by the acetabulum.
ANTERIOR PELVICBONES
• It consists of three bones; ilium, ischium and
pubis.
• These three bones are also known as the
innominate bones, pelvic bones or coxal
bones.
ILIUM
The ilium (/ˈɪliəm/) (plural ilia) is the
uppermost and largest part of the hip bone