Ram Sharma Final

NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement

of
Graduation in Architecture
ARCHITECTURE
By Student
RAM SHARMA
Registration Number
0809AR191064
Under the Guidance of

Ar. Kamini Bandore
School of Architecture IPS
Academy, Indore
School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar, Indore, 452012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I with proud privilege take this opportunity to express my heartily gratitude

towards my guide AR. KAMINI BANDORE and AR. YASHIKA GARG
(Dissertation coordinator) for their valuable guidance for preparing this report.
This dissertation is a milestone in my academic career. I have been fortunate learn

theories and concepts which would have been impossible if I had not extensively
carried out the needed research. I am grateful to a number of people who have
guided and supported me throughout the research process and provided assistance
for my venture.
I would first like to thank my advisor, Ar. KAMINI BANDORE who guided me
in selecting the final theme for this dissertation. My advisor was there throughout
my preparation of the proposal and the conceptualization of its structure. I would
not have been able to do the research and achieve learning in the same manner
without her help and support. Her recommendations and instructions have
enabled me to assemble and finish the dissertation effectively.
I am also thankful to PROF. AR. MANITA SAXENA, PRINCIPAL, School

of Architecture, IPS ACADEMY, INDORE, for guidance and encouragement
during the course of this report.
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY & ETHICS
DECLARATION
I declare that the research entitled NEW

DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING is the bonafide work carried
by me, under the guidance of Ar. KAMINE BANDORE further declare that
this has not been previously formed the basis of award of any degree. diploma,
associateship or other similardegrees or diplomas and has not been submitted
anywhere else. I hereby, give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be
available for photocopy and inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to
be made available to otherorganizations
Name of student
Place: INDORE RAM SHARMA
Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2022

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Dissertation entitled DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING

CLADDING is the bonafide work of RAM SHARMA in partial fulfillment of the
academic requirements for the award of "Bachelors of Architecture Degree" This work is
carried out by her, Under my guidance and supervision.
Counter Signed Guide Name of guide
PROF.AR.MANITA SAXENA Ar. KAMINI BANDORE
PRINCIPAL
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
IPS ACADEMY, INDORE
Place: INDORE
Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2022

CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
-INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1-2
Aim… ...................................................................................................................... 1
Objective.................................................................................................................. 2
Methodology… ........................................................................................................ 2
Scope and Limitation… ............................................................................................ 2
What to study… ....................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2
- CLADDING MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES ............................... 3-4
Stability…………... ...................................................................................................... 3
Durability and freedom of maintenance ……………………………………………..3
Fire resistant3
Resistant to Shrinkage … ..................................................................................... ……4
Corrosion Resistance………………………………………………………………....4
Water Resistance……………………………………………………………………..4
CHAPTER 3
- AESTHETICAL PROPERTIES AND REQUIREMENT OF BUILDING
MATERIAL ........................................................................................................ 4-5
3.1 Shape … ........................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Color .................................................................................................................5
3.3 Texture … ....................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 4
- NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING ABROAD …...... 05-12
4.1 FIBRE-GLASS COMPOSITE PANEL … ................................................................................ 05
4.2 STONE COMPOSITEMATERIAL ............................................................... 07
4.3 BLEND OF GLASS-REINFORCED POLYMER………………………….08
4.4 PORCELAIN STONEWARE … ................................................................... 09
4.5 INTRINSIC REPETITION CLADDING ……………………………….….11
CHAPTER 5
-NEW DEVELOPMENT OF CLADDING IN INDIA…………………12-17
5.1 Stone Cladding … ............................................................................................ 12
5.2 Wood Cladding………………………………………………………………13
5.3 Aluminum Composite Panel –ACP …............................................................. 14
5.4 Brick Cladding ................................................................................................ 14
5.5 Tile cladding .................................................................................................... 15
5.6 Aluminum cladding ......................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 6
- NEW DEVELOPMENT IN CURTAIN WALL……………………….17-21
6.1Definition of Curtain Wall System … .............................................................. 17
6.2 Wall System………………………………………………………..…….….19
6.3 Components of a Curtain Wall……..……………..…………….……………20
CHAPTER 7
- TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION IN BUILDING CLADDING……...........22-61
7.1 According to the installation Process ....................................................................... 22
7.2 According to Constructional Material View………………….……………………34
7.3 According to Tolerance View………………………………………………………38
7.4 Evaluation of Basic Factors for Curtain Wall systems……………………………...45
7.4.1 Safety (Fire and Stability)…………………………………………………..45
7.4.2 Environmental Factor ……………………………………………………....55
7.4.3 Economic Factor………………………………………………………….57
CHAPTER 8
-CASESTUDY ............................................................................................... 60-62
Promega Processing Center …………………………………………………..……. 60
Phoenix OutpatientClinic,Phoenix…………………………………………………..61
Merritt Island, Florida………………………………………………………………….62
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 63
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 64-66
RESEARCH PAPER
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NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING
INTRODUCTION
Over the years cladding industry has been growing through sea changes. Along with a flood of
innovative materials and designs introduced in market, we can see the advancement in
technologies in application as well. Changes in use for different building types and market can
influence architects' attitude towards materials. Cladding of building is one of the most
inspiring, expressive and complex aspect of building. Wall Cladding is the application of one
material over another to provide skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather
elements or for aesthetic purposes. A decorative covering intended to make the wall look like
it is made of different material than actual material.
Choices of cladding have a significant role on the environmental performance of a building.

Wall Cladding scores in a number of ways protection against weather elements, maintenance,
insulation, durability, reduce the temperature variation of the inside building, improve acoustic
and fire performance are latest in the industry of cladding sector.
The cladding material have a large range but selection of material depends on the project type,
functionality and cost. So many wall cladding materials are going green and help the
environment.
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AIM
To find out the new development in building cladding with the advancement of material and
technologies.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective is to control the both indoor and outdoor environments through
responsive building facade in a ecological manner.
1) To identify the various design techniques and criteria based on the above process.
2) To study in detail about the upcoming facade systems.
3) To identify the amount of daylight available, the occupancy pattern, and the control
strategy which can affect all energy.
4) To understand to upcoming new technology in facade systems.
5) Scope and limitations
METHODOLGY
The report will be based on a study about new developments and technique in cladding.
Studying all this gives a broad perspective of present scenario. The references will be taken
from the research papers and some books based on different skin techniques.
SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

Architectural cladding helps to promote and improves the energy sector, control of indoor and
external environments, based on user interface.
There are lot of limitations in response to the Indian and other climate zones and also how to
implement this into commercial sector which might increase the cost of the project, so cost
factor must have to be considered.
WHAT TO STUDY
To study about new developments and technique in cladding. Studying all this gives a broad
perspective of present scenario.
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2. CLADDING MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES:
Stability: A cladding should have adequate strength to

support its own weight between point of support or fixing
to the backing material. Thin sheet materials suffer rapid
change in temperature and consequent expansion and
contraction, which may cause distortion and damage to
fixings or the thin panel material or both. The ideal
solution is to provide only one rigid support fixing to each
panel or sheet with one other flexible support fixing and
two flexible restraint fixings to allow for thermal
movement.
Durability and freedom of maintenance: - The

durability of material is a measure of the frequency and
extent of work necessary to maintain minimum functional
requirement and acceptable appearance. Various
methods are employed to maintain the appearance of
material for a long period of time. Cladding materials
should be such that they are durable and require least
maintenance.
Fire resistant :- The material that forms cladding to a

building are required to have properties of not supporting
fire by their combustibility or support the spread of fire
in the building. External claddings are treated as
"Unprotected areas" in the building regulations and as
such are excluded from the requirement of fire
resistance of wall element.
Resistant to Shrinkage: - Shrinkage is defined as an

undesirable change in size undergone by material as a
result of certain physic-chemical processes. For
instance metal shrink because of cooling and
crystallization where as ceramic material shrink due to
air shrinkage that take place in drying and fir shrinkage
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that occurs in firing. Amount of shrinkage varies from hundredths to several percent. It is
especially pronounced with timber, which are
susceptible to variation in air humidity the
cladding material chosen should undergo least
amount of shrinkage.
Corrosion Resistance: - It is the ability of a

cladding material to with stand destructive
attack by the environment. It depends on
composition and inner structure of the
material, state of stress, surface finish and
types of environment. Material whose
corrosion rate is 0.05-0.01 mm per year is
tremendous corrosion resistant.
Water resistance: - It is the ability of a

water-saturated material to retain its basic
physic-mechanical properties. It depends on
density of material and structure of pores.
Water absorption markedly affects their
weight, thermal conductivity, electrical
conductivity, linear dimension, volume and
various physic-mechanical properties.
CHAPTER 3
AESTHETICAL PROPERTIES AND

REQUIREMENT OF BUILDING MATERIAL
Aesthetic requirement of cladding material depends
with the shape, color, pattern and texture of the
materials.
3.1 Shape
The shape of building material is important both
aesthetically and functionally. The good proportion of
material should be the primary concern. The
geometry & proportion largely determine the
appearance of material.
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3.2 Color :-
Color is important in assessing the quality of finishing materials. Since color is one of the basic
factors of comfort, the choice of finishing materials must be governed not only by the color
characteristic of the material but also by the psychological effect created by the color,
attention should be paid to relationship between the color, surface finish and shape of given
material or product. Light and shade play an important role in the perception of color.
3.3.Texture:-
It is characterized by the surface roughness or
smoothness and perceive by the eye owing to
the distribution of light and shade caused by
the surface irregularities.
Material with rough surface diffuse light in

different direction so they look dull whatever
be the point of view. While that with the
smooth surface reflects light in a certain
direction and appears bright when viewed
from certain direction. Inspire of all these
factors one of the major element which contribute to the aesthetical quality of a facade is the
combination of the materials in the facade for e.g. A combination of stone cladding and plastic
cladding would look unnatural and would never be in harmony where as stone and timber
have always been regarded as matching materials. The combination of metal cladding and
concrete gives equally natural looks.
 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLADDING MATERIAL

The economic efficiency of a material is automatically evaluated in terms of total equipment
cost which includes the cost of manufacture, transportation, storage & maintenance
throughout the service life. A material is said to be economically efficient, if it offers adequate
structural and aesthetical properties at a minimum cost.
4.0 NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING ABROAD
4.1 FIBRE-GLASS REINFORCED CURED STONE COMPOSITE PANEL

WITH A CORE OF CRUSHED NATURAL STONE
AREA OF USE
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STENI Vision is a panel designed to be used as exterior ventilated cladding. It is suitable
for all types of structures, and also for use as interior cladding. STENI Vision is
particularly well-suited for areas where there is a lot of moisture.
ORIGIN
STENI Vision is manufactured by STENI AS in Larvik, Norway. STENI AS has developed
and manufactured unique façade panels since 1965.
SURFACES
It has a smooth surface (front) of printed electron beam
cured acrylic with up to a 10-year colour fastness
warranty. Choose from several standard prints or create a
custom motif. We use 6 colours CMYKLmLc in our print.
The colours can be experienced differently depending on
lighting conditions.
Therefore, samples should be evaluated in daylight to

obtain a correct impression. Standard gloss levels are matt (M), half matt (HM) or high
gloss (HG). STENI Vision is a white panel dyed throughout. The edges of the panel
are untreated, but can be delivered treated on request. The back of the panel is
untreated.
COMPOSITION
STENI Vision is a fibre-glass reinforced cured stone

composite panel with a core of crushed natural stone.
FORMAT
STENI Vision is available in a thickness of 6 mm.

Production width is 1,195 mm. Standard width is 1,195
mm. Panels are manufactured to maximum length of
3,190 mm. Other formats available on request.
UNIQUE PROPERTIES
 STENI Vision is a highly resistant material that maintains its technical properties
under extreme climatic conditions. These panels have excellent resistance against a
variety of chemicals. Unique properties include:
 Unique and creative designs and expressions

 High durability with up to a 60-year functional warranty
 Elastic and bendable
 Robust with high impact resistance
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 Water impermeable and stable in humid and cold climates
 Easily washable surface that can withstand high-pressure washers up to 100 bar
 Flame retardant, surface fire class rating: B-s1, d0
4.2 STONE COMPOSITEMATERIAL

https://www.steni.com/news/2022/we-launch-a-new-collection-steni- vision-standard/
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15069-new-cladding-products-for-spring-2021
Material - Steni Vision façade cladding made of stone composite material and it can be
used both internally and externally with all
kinds of buildings. Steni facade panels come
with white edges as standard. It is from
(Norwegian manufacturer). They provide the 14
standard patterns and the three gloss finishes
and range of different colors and expressions,
such as nature and metal. Steni Vision is
available in three glosses.
What is Different?
“Natural materials are completely unique, so no two panels are alike. Take, for example,
the popular Bianco Carrara marble, a widely used and much-loved material. The
downside is that it is expensive and bad for the environment. It is not a renewable
resource. Marble also presents a number of technical
challenges. It is not uncommon for marble façades to
have to be regularly replaced due to discoloration,
pollution etc. Here comes the Steni panel featuring a
printed Bianco Carrara design. Both the material and
installation costs are significantly lower. Wood requires
maintenance, and metal can suffer from discoloration,
corrosion and metal fatigue.”
Features & Benefits

 the design on the façade panels is highly durable.
Many other materials fade or change quickly and
unevenly due to light and stresses from nature
 The installing of façade facade panels is cheaper
than others available in the market.
 It is also quicker than using many other façade
materials.
 The panels are virtually maintenance-free and come with a 60-year warranty.
 Both the material and installation costs are significantly lower.
 With you can combine function and quality with creativity.
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Steni Vision are available in three glosses:
Matt Semi- Matt High Gloss
4.3 BLEND OF GLASS-REINFORCED POLYMER AND

GRAPHITE-INFUSED POLYSTYRENE.
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15069-new-cladding-products-for-spring-2021
A system by Alside, Ascend mimics a woodgrain texture in a blend of glass-reinforced

polymer and graphite-infused polystyrene. The units are lightweight, With tall exposures
and the deeply grained look of real wood, ASCEND captures the high-end aesthetics
today’s homeowners demand. But with ASCEND, installation is quicker and easier than
that of fiber cement, engineered wood and other composite panels. offered in 20
fade-resistant colors, and utilize a self-aligning stack lock that eliminates the need for
caulking or flashing and reduces installation time. ASCEND has been recognized by the
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
Features & Benefits
 Installation is quicker and easier than that of fiber cement, engineered wood
 can often be installed by fewer laborers working at a time.
 ASCEND captures the high-end aesthetics
 Combines beauty, performance and easy installation for the best overall
value on the market.
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4.4 PORCELAIN STONEWARE https://www.caesar.it/azienda/
 https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15069-new-cladding-products-for-spring-2021
https://www.caesar.it/soluzioni-tecniche-in-gres-porcellanato-caesartech/
Porcelain stoneware is a very compact material with great characteristics, made with
mechanical pressing and firing at very high temperatures taking cues from terra-cotta
and concrete, this Ceramic Caesar porcelain collection offers seven neutral hues with
variegations that create a handcrafted, artisanal look. Available in matte or satin finishes,
the tiles come in both smaller and large-format tiles, from 9" square to 47" square.
FEATURES
 Loose-lay flooring system that can be

installed without glue or grout, reducing time
and costs. Suitable for temporary uses and
where it is necessary to preserve the
pre-existing flooring, This solution that allows
you to create temporary floors , renovating
the appearance of the rooms without
undertaking heavy and costly renovation
works.
The system is made up of single-caliber porcelain stoneware slabs ,
squared and rectified, to which a lower covering in cork is applied (a natural
material that acts as acoustic insulation and solves slight problems of irregularity
of the substrate) and a perimeter border in PVC (with anti-shock
function). PORCELAIN STONEWARE panels can be installed directly on the
pre-existing surface.
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The need to carry out operations which involve the creation of floors to cover
the pre-existing surface, without removing it or damaging it in any way, is
increasingly widespread. This need arises, for example, in the renovation of
historic buildings or in the case of rented premises, in the context of showrooms,
temporary shops, shops, fairs, events and shows. In these contexts,
PORCELAIN STONEWARE responds to the most varied technical and economic
needs with an innovative installation solution without glues and grouts, without
dust and dirt and without acids for post-laying washing, offering flooring that can
be walked on immediately.
 Floating floors: the ideal solution for work environments
In offices, management centers, banks, data

processing centers and in many other
workplaces, there is a continuous increase and
updating of the technological and plant
equipment, with the consequent need
to update the wiring or maintenance : from
the electrical networks to the telematic ones,
up to the heating and air conditioning
systems. For these intended uses, even in
outdoor settings, the use of raised floors from
the Porcelain stoneware range is ideal, in
which the walking surface, made up of easily
removable panels for inspection, is raised from the screed, and the technical
compartment which you are going to create can have a variable height from a few
centimeters to a meter.
Raised panel
1) Superior ceramic coating
2) Support core: sulphate or

chipboard
3) Bottom lining
4) Perimeter edge
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Substructure
5) Adjustable columns
6) Crossbars
7) Seals
8) Sound absorbing cloth
 The floors for the creation of tactile paths by Caesar are based on a system made
up of surfaces with reliefs already used internationally, specially designed to be
easily perceived underfoot or by means of a
white stick, the Caesar tactile paths are visually
contrasting with the remaining flooring and are
installed on the walking surface to allow blind
and visually impaired people to orientate and the
recognition of places and sources of danger, as
required by current legislation .
Caesar's tactile floors are made up
of surfaces with reliefs , perceptible when
walking, to allow the blind and visually impaired to orient themselves in places
and clearly recognize obstacles and any other sources of danger along the way.
4.5 INTRINSIC REPETITION CLADDING

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Architectural-cladding-with-intrinsic-repetition-On-the-left-a-buildi
ng-composed-by-a_fig1_351440370
In the present paper we take a slightly different perspective. We aim at special
shapes which facilitate mould re-use, but look very much like free-form shapes
and should be sufficient in terms of possible shape varieties for the architectural
application. This amounts to a search for surfaces where one has a precise or
nearly precise agreement of local surface shapes at the size of a panel. This
depends on the type of material one is using
Page | 12
Figure 1: Architectural cladding with intrinsic repetition. On the left, a building composed
of a repeated shape that is isometric to a Weingarten surface. For this kind o√f
shapes, if dealing with
Figure 2: Isometric deformations of a spherical patch. All these surfaces can be cladded
by bending panels formed on the same spherical mould. A sample building designed
with these surfaces is shown in fig. 1.
Flexible cladding materials, N panels can be formed with approximately N moulds and
applied over the surface by isometric bending. On the right, a building made of surfaces
isometric to the same sphere. In this case, all panels can be formed on a single mould
and bent on the surface.
5.0 DEVELOPMENT OF CLADDING IN INDIA

1) Stone Cladding
2) Wood Cladding
3) Aluminum Composite Panel -ACP
4) Brick Cladding
5) Fiber Cement Cladding
6) Tile Cladding
7) Aluminum Cladding
8) Steel Cladding
9) Glass Cladding
10) Porcelain cladding
11) uPVC cladding
5.1 STONE CLADDING

Stone cladding is a popular material for both interior and exterior applications. Derived from
the earth, natural stone is favored for its organic nature, tonal variations and imperfections.
It’s also a highly durable material and versatile with many stone types, formats and finishes
available.
Page | 13
THE PROS OF NATURAL STONE CLADDING
 Its extreme durability and long lifespan

 The extensive range of stone types, colors and
formats
 Complimentary to other materials such as
concrete and timber
 It is weather and fire resistant
 Can be scratch and abrasion resistant
 Easy to maintain long-term
THE CONS OF NATURAL STONE CLADDING
 A more expensive material than some other cladding products

 Can be labor intensive and time-consuming to install
 Can trap moisture behind the material if poorly installed which therefore could damage
the stone
 Requires a structural substrate, which can then add an extra cost
5.2) Wood Cladding
Wood has been used as a cladding material for a very long time. Wood cladding is an exterior
finish for a structure which is made from wood. It can provide a seamless transition between
building and surrounding greenery, or a welcome contrast within an urban environment.
Wood is undeniably beautiful and aesthetically versatile, slotting into almost any
environment. Compared to others, wood cladding is also a more environmentally-sustainable
building material, storing harmful greenhouse gases from the atmosphere during its life cycle.
The Pros of Wood Cladding
 Wood is one of the most eco- friendly materials

available.
 Wood cladding is easy to repair and replace if it’s
damaged:
 It is easy to repair and replace if it’s damaged:
 Biodegradable: Even if wood ends up in a landfill, it
will decay to a compost-like substance.
The Cons of Wood Cladding
 It need more maintenance as need to repaint or re-stain your wood cladding every 3-7
years on average depending on the finish or wood type you select.
 Weather impact, it can rotten the wood if not maintained
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5.3) Aluminum Composite Panel –ACP
 Aluminum composite panel is one of the widely used cladding material. Due to its
lightweight nature and flexibility, it can be easily installed. An aluminum composite
panel is a building material that features a foam core surrounded by an outer aluminum
skin.
The Pros of Aluminum Composite Panel

 High dimensional stability- the composite panel does
not present deformations in its dimensioning, The
material remains stable whatever its size without
losing its properties
 Fully recyclable - panel can be fully recycled and
reused.
 Light as a feather - The low density of aluminum makes
it the ideal material for facades
 Quick and easy assembly- Easy to install. The assembly of aluminum composite panels
are designed to assembly of facades in a quick and easy way
 Maintenance and Cleaning: They are easy to maintain and clean. Periodical dusting of
panels is required for maintenance
 Durability: The panels have to be replaced after 20 years.
The Cons of Aluminum Composite Panel
 Water-Resistant - Proper waterproofing has to be

done; otherwise, panels may become weak against rain
and humidity.
 Less Fire Resistant - They have less resistance against
fire and may burn in extreme cases of fire. However,
nowadays fire-rated panels are available which are
chemically treated.
 Resistance against Ultra – Violet Rays- Aluminum
composite panels do not have good resistance against
UV rays hence fading of color occurs after a certain
period of time.
 They are susceptible to sent during storms and hurricanes
5.4) Brick Cladding
When it comes to building exteriors, cladding brick is a good option for reasons beyond just
aesthetics. Exposed brick cladding gives the feel of traditional earthy architecture that was
seen in most parts of the world at some point in time.
The Pros of BRICK Cladding
Page | 15
 Insulation - Brick cladding provides buildings with
enhanced insulation from both noise and heat
loss, which is particularly useful for properties in
busy urban environments.
 Appearance - Brick cladding can make a property

look more aesthetically pleasing. Brick wall
cladding is also available in various colors to
match the other features of a building.
 Longevity - Because brick slips are made out of

real clay brick, they will last for many years as long as they are installed correctly by a
professional.
 Fire resistant – Clay bricks are offer greater protection against fire and heat, depending
on how they are constructed and applied.
The Cons of Wood Cladding
 Repairing damaged -Repairing damaged cladding is often not a viable option and you
may be left with no choice other than to replace the affected fascia.
 Impact on Environment -The downside of using bricks as exterior wall cladding
materials is the negative impact they have on the environment. Bricks are baked in
kilns, which require large amounts of energy.
5.5) TILE CLADDING

Made up of ceramic or vitrified material, these tiles are used to increase durability, are
weather-resistant, and easy to clean. These are applied to existing material in the interior or
exterior walls that protect it from weather changes, moisture, and dampness.
The light-weighted tiles with grooves can bond well with the existing material and retain its
quality for decades.
 Porcelain Tiles are well suited for the exterior walls as they are fired at very high
temperatures and can withstand extreme heat and cold. This helps them to retain their
freshness for a long time as compared to other materials.
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PROCELAIN TILE USED IN LIVING ROOMS
 Ceramic Tile protects the walls from fungus and mould. Vitrified, anti-skid and matte
finish tiles can be used on the outdoor floor to avoid slips and accidents.
Ceramic tile used in bathroom Ceramic tile used in living room
 Slate Tiles are yet another suitable choice for cladding the exteriors since they are
stain-resistant and non-porous.
Slate tile used on floor Slate tile used in kitchen

Slate tile used in bathroom
 Versatile- The tile cladding is very versatile as it can be used on exterior with same
aesthetic in interior – kitchen, bathroom or living room and outside etc.
5.6 ALUMINUM CLADDING

Iis costly when compared with vinyl cladding units. But aluminum cladding
guarantees more durability and longer life than the vinyl cladding. These units are
subjected to less maintenance or replacement over the years. Aluminum cladding
is used mainly for basement and storage walls of the building. High quality and
treated aluminum cladding are used for large commercial buildings and
structures.
The Pros of Aluminum Cladding
 It is available in different sizes, shapes, and finishes.
Page | 17
 It is a good option for basement or storage walls. It can be even applied to the
walls of large commercial buildings after treatment.
 It is a low-weight material, and therefore its installation is easy too.
 It does not require much maintenance either.
 It is a flexible option and can be easily bent into any shape, thus even an arch can
be formed with the help of aluminum cladding.
It can be recycled and reused. Thus, it is eco-friendly too.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 What are Curtain Walls?

The exterior of a building is important for the structural integrity of the building, while
protecting the building’s interior. Curtain walls is one of the ways to protect your building
from harsh outdoor elements. Unlike other building materials, a curtain wall system is
thin and lightweight, usually aluminum and glass. These walls are not structural, and by
design, they are only able to carry their own weight, while transferring the load of wind
and gravity to the structure of the building. The design makes it air and water resistant, to
Page | 18
ensure that the interior of the building remains airtight.
Fig.1: Curtain Wall System
Fig.2: Curtain Wall Construction

Functions of Curtain Walls in Buildings
Elimination of Water Penetration
Water penetration is the fundamental function of a facade. Here bringing a completely
impermeable sealed curtain panel system is not possible. Hence two stages of
prevention are placed. Primary level where complete defense of water is conducted and
if that fails a secondary level where a direction to let percolated water to drained out has
to be provided.
Air impermeability
This function is more of an environment concern to reduce the emission of
carbon dioxide due to rate of heat loss or gain within the external and internal
environment.
Resistance to wind, thermal and acoustic action
Wind actions are transferred by the cladding system to the building floors which act as a
linear support. Building cladding systems formed of large panels are usually one-way
spanning. Each floor level therefore supports one level of wind load on a building.
Page | 19
Thermal insulation function which is strictly necessary for a facade in order to reduce
energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Insulated materials are provided to both
opaque as well as transparent areas. Acoustic Insulation too is necessary between the
inside and the outside environment mainly city centered building. Massive structural
elements possess higher acoustic insulation like masonry or concrete structures.
Solar levels
This can be reduced by providing a selective solar control coating on one of the surfaces
of the glass. This coating is called selective because solar radiation of different
wavelengths is selectively allowed to pass through the coating: visible wavelengths of
light are allowed to pass more freely than infrared wavelengths. For example, spaces for
exhibitions or displays of materials can undergo degradation due to ultraviolet radiation.
For this a UV-inhibiting film can be applied to the surface of glazing.
6.2 Types of Curtain Wall System

Curtain wall systems are factory pre casted systems. They are bought to the site and
assembled. These are of two types based on the way each component is assembled.
 Stick Curtain Wall System
 Unitized Curtain Wall System
-Stick Curtain Wall System

It involves its components to be assembled piece by piece on the building at the site.
These are mainly installed in low rise building or small regions. This is because, to reach
higher elevations exterior access is essential. For this additional requirements like
scaffolding, cranes etc. will be required. The above system gains the advantage of low
shipping cost as onsite adjustments are possible. But the time and labor consumption is
recorded to be high.
- Unitized curtain wall systems

It involves assembling by means of interlocking units that are bought from the factory.
The whole components are bought together as a single unit from the factory. Individual
installation of each component are not necessary as in sticky curtain wall system. The
size of the unitized curtain walls are dependent on the floor to floor height of the building.
Hence it is essential to keep in mind the mode of transportation and installation while
planning the depth of facade. This system is mainly used in high rise building. This does
not require exterior supports like cranes or scaffolding. Only mini cranes or a temporary
hoist can be held over floor to keep it help during installation. This system gains
advantage of faster construction and higher quality because of factory manufacturing.
Page | 20
But it gains high shipping charge as mentioned due to requirement of larger protection
during transportation.
6.3 Components of a Curtain Wall

The complete unit consist of the following structural elements
1. Transom
2. Mullions
3. Vision Glass
4. Anchor
Fig.3: Detailed Components of a Curtain Wall System
Fig.4: Mullions and Transoms
5. Transom or horizontal rails are horizontal members on the curtain wall panel. The
mullions or vertical rails are anchored to the edge slab or beam. These are mainly
involved in supporting the dead weight of the curtain wall. In conventional or sticky
curtain wall system each system has to be placed one after the other. High quality
check and precision in required for the installation. But in unitized system the
factory product comes as two units alone which has to connected.
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Panel Framing details of Curtain Walls
Unitized system is identified by the split mullions and the transforms that are evident in
the panel perimeters as shown in figure..
Fig.5: Unitized Curtain Wall

In case of sticky curtain wall, there is no sort of splits all forms a single unit. During
Longer spans, there will be a need for intermediate transom which would essentially split
the entire vertical panel into two. In order to prevent condensation, mullions and transom
are thermally broken. This prevents cold bridging.
Weather Tightness of Curtain Walls

The weather tightness mainly deals with the issue of water permeability. In order to avoid
this impermeable insulating units (glazed units) are employed. In addition to which a
gasket is provided which leads to a rebate. Any water that moves into the gasket is lead
to the rebate which in turn is drained out through the transom joints or mullions ends.
Support Conditions of Curtain Walls

As discussed curtain wall systems are hung from top which are laterally supported at
different floor levels. Most of the supports are held at the edge beams. Hence it is
essential to have a highly stiffened edge beam in order to avoid larger deflections. These
vertical deflections could disturb the whole curtain system. So proper edge beam
provision would prevent damage to the curtain wall and cladding system particularly
when it is highly glazed. As an alternative steel strong backs can be provided so that they
can span between the perimeter columns and hence it is not necessary to connect to the
edge beams or floor slabs. The strong backs are mainly hot rolled sections.
Structural Behavior of Curtain Walls

Past studies have showed that curtain walls seem to be resistant against lateral
forces mainly earthquake, but there is measurable amount of damage caused. Even
though damage can be repaired, there is economy loss and delay in business activity.
Curtain walls are considered as structural elements of a building. As it acts as a
partition between exterior and interior environment of the building, it has a role in
transmission of loads acting for structural stability. It transmits wind induced loads to
the primary structure. It also resists the seismic accelerations keeping the occupants
comfortable. Other than this it has to resist gravity loads coming over it. When
considering the durability of the building, curtain walls play an efficient role in
adapting to different temperature ranges. This is because of the case in high rise
Page | 22
building, as the number of floors the temperature seems high and would be a risk
factor for the occupants working in those floors. It is also required to have resistance
against water penetration and hence stop corrosion.
7.0 Technology evaluation in building cladding

7.1 According to the installation Process
In curtain wall installation process, there are categories of anchoring the
curtain wall to the building skeletal structure which includes the welding
process known to be a traditional method, drilling and the bolting process by
using chemical or mechanical expansion anchors. In the welding process steel
plates are welded together with a movable anchor clip, the welded plates are
embedded to the concrete slab. For the last 20years, the use of slotted anchor
channels embedded in concrete has grown steadily as a method for large
curtain wall projects. High performance anchors are normally constructed
using hot rolled channel sections with I-anchors, stud, rebar tail welded or
bolted to the backside of the channel. The channel is typically installed at the
edge of or the top of the slab before concrete is poured. When curtain wall is
ready for installation, brackets made of either steel or aluminium is connected
to the cast-in channel with matching T-head bolts and nuts (Yakin, 2008). The
welding and bolting process is mostly applicable to Stick type, Unitized
Page | 23
Spandrel curtain wall type. Drilling and bolting process is on the other hand is
achieved by drilling a hole on a cut toughened glass unit, 4 units are brought
together with one hole drilled for inserting the steel clamps. The typical assemblies
for the drilling and bolting type comes in „one point assembly, two point assembly
either in vertical or horizontal assembly, and finally four point assembly‟. Moreover in
drilling and bolting process, current techniques for glass curtain wall connection
includes: Standard bolt-weight of the glass is taken by the area around the hole,
Patch plate bolt-weight of glass is take by bonding and friction against patch plate,
Simple counter bolt-weight of the glass and loads are concentrated around the
countersunk hole, Stud assembly Bolt- weight is taken by stud and other areas taken
by countersunk holes, the Pilkington Planar system-flexible washer placed at the
contact points with supporting structure allow the bolt to move in relation to the
support, and articulated bolt-no bending or twisting moments are taken from the
glass, all seen in figure 37.
Figure 30: Curtain Wall Connections (Peter. R., and Dutton. H., 1995).
Page | 24
Type A-Stick Type Anchorage Installation View for Shun Hing Plaza Building
Figure 31: The Connection of Mullion and Transoms in Stick Type (Drawn by
author).
Picture 25: The Installed Mullions and Transoms for the Stick Curtain Wall in
Shun
Hing Plaza (Wong, W. M. R)
Picture 26: An Image of the Mullion and Transom Erection (Wong, W. M. R).
Page | 25
Figure 32: The erected mullions and transoms supported by inclined
instrument to provide stability for the placement of the glass units and Brackets
used for stick curtain wall type in Shun Hing Plaza (Drawn by Author)
.
Type B- Unitized Type of Anchorage Installation View for Al-Jawhara
Tower, Kuwait
Figure 33: A Typical Point Detail for Anchoring a Modular Unitized Curtain Wall
to Floor Slab for Al-Jawhara Tower in Kuwait (Drawn by Author).
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Picture 27: The detail fixing of unitized curtain wall for Al-Jawhara
tower (iku® intelligente Fenstersysteme AG. 2008).
Figure 34: Anchoring View for Unitized Unit of Curtain Wall for
Al-Jawhara Tower
(iku® intelligente Fenstersysteme AG. 2008).
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Type C- Panelized Type of Anchorage Installation View for Burj
Tower, Dubai In the case of burj tower, it had variety of
functions, different panels have been
applied to the building according to variable sizes.below is an image
indicating the panel units:
Page | 28
Figure 36: Tower exterior wall prefabricated panel types Made for
Burj Tower in
Dubai (Peter. A. W, Gregory L. S, Mohamed. S, Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill.
2007)
Type D- Spandrel type of anchorage view for Philip Morris

Operation center USA
Sectional axonometry of cladding showing the anchorage
connection
1-whit kynar- painted aluminium trim, 2-clear anodized aluminium
panel, 3-exterior aluminium venetian blind, 4-clear
insulating glass, 5-operable vent, 6-tin tube radiator.
7-insulation, 8-recessed motorized shades,
9-aluminium mullions, 10- power and telephone
underfloor ducts, 11-natural cleft slate base
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Detail of window sill and operable
ventilation panel
1-25mm double-glazed unit; 2-
185x65mm extruded aluminium
transom; 3-extruded aluminium
snap-on cap and pressure plate with
weepholes; 4- ventilator panel consists
of 3mm aluminium sheet, 50mm rigid
fiberglass insulation, 3mm aluminium
sheet and framed flyscreen behind;
5-underscreen operator; 6-curved
aluminium spandrel panel with 75mm
rigid fiberglass
Figure 38:shows typcial detail of anchoring in a spandrel curtain wall

type (Brookes, A, and Grech, C., 1996).
Detail of vertical joint between spandrel
panels
1-185x65mm extruded aluminium

mullion; 2- steel r.h.s.; 3-150mm
aluminium anchor angle cleats;
4-structural steel frame; 5- extruded
aluminium snap-on cap and pressure
plate; 6-3mm aluminium outer sheet of
spandrel panel; 7-75mm rigid fiberglass
insulation
Figure 39: Indicates the Anchor Bolting Position Towards Floor Slab Philip
Morris Center U.S.A (Brookes, A, and Grech, C., 1996).
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Type E-Structural Sealant Glazing Type of Anchorage View for Willis Faber
Dumas Building
Figure 40: Anchorage Fittings of Curtain Wall with Partial Section (Michael, W.
1996)
Type F-Structural Glazing Type of anchorage view for Sendai Media Center
3-Ø35mm stainless-steel
tension cylinder
5-laminated safety glass fin:
19mm toughened glass
7-stainless-steel glass fixing piece
10-galvanized steel ventilation
grating 11-110/110/10mm sheet
angle
18- silicone joint
19- heating/ventilation duct
Figure 41: The Anchoring from Curtain Wall to Slab Connection in Media
Center Sendai (12 Construction Detail-High rise2008)
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Figure 42: Planar Glazing System of Spider Bracket Connection in Structural Glazing
Curtain Wall Type (12 Construction Detail- High rise 2008)
Structural Glazing Anchorage View of Parc de La Villette, Paris
Figure 43: Anchorage Detail of Articulated 4-Point „H‟ Connector (Michael, W.

1996).
Figure 44: Anchoring Detail of Steel Bolt Clamping to the Glass by Point Fixing in the Joint
(Schittich, C., et al, 1999)
Page | 32
Table 3: Evaluation of Curtain Wall System According to Anchorage View
Curtain Anchorage Process involved Plate and bolt Anchor Effect
wall types view figure on curtain
illustration walling
Stick type Steel Bolting process on One sided
for Shun plates welded channel plate anchor plate to
Hing Plaza fixed to (Bracket) with screw mullion, not
Building, concrete nuts fastened on the strong enough to
China slab from plates. Bracket is resist extreme
the top adjustable conditions,
and side of instead two
the slab to sided anchor
connect will be
mullion preferable due to
severity of
building height
Unitized Overlappe Bolting process on The anchor
Type for d steel overlapped steel plate. points are two in
Al- plate fixed Screw nuts fixed to number in
Jawhara to the anchor plate for easy which each has
Tower, concrete fixing of unitized been bonded by
Kuwait slab with curtain wall unit overlapping
adjustable through welding
space for to make anchor
tolerance strong for unit
fixing
Panelized Embedded Bolting process The anchor
type for anchor involved with bolts fixed from the
Burj plate on and nuts screwed to side of the
Tower, the side of the slab side for panel curved slab
Dubai the curved fixture Fixing to the from floor to
slab channel is made with floor makes it
T-head bolts, which strong for the
can move along the unit installation
length of the channel
for final positioning
Page | 33
Table 3 Continued: Evaluation of Curtain Wall System According to AnchorageView
Curtain Anchorage Process involved Plate and bolt Anchor Effect
wall types view figure illustration on curtain
walling
Spandrel The curtain Bolting process The effect of
Panel type wall system This process this type of
for Philip here steel involves bolts and anchoring is
Morris fins and nuts screwed to strong because
Center, plates are anchored plates there is a
USA & anchored to for curtain wall balance in the
Office the concrete fixing profiling and
building slab along glass cut width
Düsseldorf the and height, the
,Germany insulated curtain wall sits
area on the slab with
anchor plates at
the side of the
slab for
connection.
Structural Punched Drilling and The anchor
Sealant steel plates bolting process is fixing is not
Glazing are fixed in involved through strong but
Type for 3 positions patched small medium to resist
Willis and from slab holes, placing any for that will
Faber bottom to punched plates on affect the curtain
Building, top, glass glass and screwed wall. The
England mid-point with bolt and nuts difference with
& Ezic joined with with silicone bond stick is that the
Premier glass fins curtain wall sits
building, and plate on the slab from
Girne, floor to floor.
North
Cyprus
Structural 1-2-4 point Drilling and The effect of
Glazing H connector bolting process by anchoring here
Type for (Spider drilling a hole in is that it is
Parc de La bracket) is each glass sheet strong enough to
Villette, connected and clamping it to resist any for
Paris and to a a stainless steel 2- due to structural
Media structural 4 point H elements joined
Center, steel rod or connector together to bond
Sendai truss system (articulated bolt) the curtain wall
which is together.
connected
to vertical
steel tubes.
Page | 34
7.2 According to Constructional Material View
The constructional materials used for curtain walling are many which include
precast concrete, aluminium, metal, steel, polyvinyl wall paper, stone, wood
and glass, e.t.c. All these materials possess different characteristics in terms of
their natural occurrence. Metal a primary structural material in curtain walls,
thus not the most evident; a large portion of the wall may be sheathed in a
non-metal material but metal will be the supporting element. The carbon steel
is usually used in the form of structural shapes and thin sheets of 6.2mm or
less. The least expensive carbon steel is the hot-rolled as curtain wall material
though it has to be protected from the weather by galvanizing, phosphatizing or
painting. Low-carbon alloy of stainless steel with chromium content at last 12%
resist weathering, water and moist acids. No additional surface protection is
needed for stainless steel unless regular cleaning, though it is expensive. Due
to this it is used primarily as cladding for regular steel, or for extrusions
designed to enclose a reinforcing sub-structure. Highly polished stainless steel
is not recommended because it reflects any unevenness in the surface;
brushed and matte polished finishes is preferred. Aluminium with alloys of
manganese,
Page | 35
magnesium and silicon are used normally as curtain wall material, alloys with copper
are unsuitable. When aluminium is exposed to air and its alloy is coated with oxide,
the layer damages and a new layer is formed. The oxide gives aluminium a dull light-
gray appearance; anodized enamel and synthetic fiber are used as solutions
(Sarviel, 1993).
Thus, glass and aluminum profile is used in most case for stick and unitized
curtain wall system. Panelized curtain wall system uses almost all the above
mentioned materials for curtain walling. In spandrel all the materials are used
with the exception of polyvinyl wallpaper due to the continuous run of the
curtain wall system. Structural sealant glazing normally involves the use of
glass and steel for the connection. In structural glazing the glass is dominant
and steel as structural member for holding the glass. According to the given
examples of the buildings in this research from evaluation of material, mostly
glass, aluminium and steel were used for the curtain wall systems.
Stick type Shun Hing plaza: The Shun Hing tower has a thin slab with rounded
corners which is clad in a green reflective glass; aluminium is used for the
mullion and transom.
Unitized type Al-Jawhara Tower: The type of material used for the curtain wall
is the blue coated reflective glass due to the typical climate around the region
and also the aesthetic to influence the facade appearance. The framing is also
made from aluminium.
Page | 36
Panel type Burj Tower: In Burj tower, the curtain wall material is the extruded
aluminum mullions with a natural silver anodized finish, polished stainless
steel external mullion cover/fin, patterned stainless steel spandrel panel with
insulated back-up, and high-performance insulated glass; the glass itself is an
insulating unit consisting of two pieces of clear glass with a 16 mm air space.
The outer piece of glass has a high-performance silver metallic coating
deposited on its inner surface and the inner piece of glass has a metallic low
emissive type coating on its surface, also facing the air space. The selection of
the high performance silver reflective glass, along with the bright stainless
steel of the spandrel panels also tends to emphasize the verticality of the tower
as well as providing surfaces to reflect the changes in its environment (Peter,
Gregory, Mohamed, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. 2007).
Spandrel type Philip Morris Operation Center U.S.A and Office building
Düsseldorf, Germany: The material for the curtain walling is aluminium sheet
and clear glass merged together with aluminium mullionsone on top of the
other. In the office building in Germany, material used for the curtain wall is
timber wood for mullions and louvers, then clear double glazed glass as the
panes.
Structural Sealant Glazing type Willis Faber Dumas building at Ipswich: The
material for the curtain walling system consists of two glass components: a
wall skin formed from sheets for 12 mm toughened glass (armour plate) and
vertical fins fixed perpendicularly to the skin to provide lateral resistance to
wind loads. These are formed from 19 mm armour plate.
Page | 37
Structural Glazing type Parc de La Villette,paris and Media Center in Sendai:
The materials used for Parc de La Villette building is the improved toughened
clear glass which has been glazed and supported by stainless steel rod
connector. In Sendai Media center, the glass material is a laminated
toughened layer; glazed double skin glass extends up over the edges of the
structural floor slabs. The outer skin consist of clear or translucent glazing and
opaque aluminium panels.
Table 2: Evaluation of Curtain Wall System According to Constructional MaterialView

Curtain wall types Material view Materials Effect on curtain walling
Stick type -Shun Green Glass- Specially designed to reflect solar
Hing Plaza reflective glass radiation in day time from entering the building
Building, China and aluminium which is suitable. Aluminium is good conductor
of heat and its alloy oxidize when exposed to
atmosphere by damaging the layer forming
dull-light gray color unless it is coated
but it is suitable
Unitized Type for Blue reflective A Double Glazed reflective glass used to emit
Al-Jawhara glass and solar radiation in day time, help to reduce the
Tower, Kuwait aluminium effect of condensation on glass surface through
air space thus it is suitable; aluminium has been
coated and built in together with glass as awhole
unit, it is suitable.
Panelized type for Silver metallic Insulated reflective glass conserve energy in
Burj Tower, insulating and out of the building, stainless steel capping
Dubai glass and used outside curtain wall mullion is suitable
stainless steel; since it does not corrode, unexposed aluminum
Aluminium mullion from weather wont subject to heating
and oxidizing which makes it suitable
Spandrel Panel Clear glass and With hot subtropical climate, so clear glass is
type - Philip aluminium; unsuitable but the fiber glass shades made is
Morris Center, Timber wood helpful. Aluminium panel and mullion is
USA & Office suitable because it will not be heated up due to
building its resistance in Virginia. The timber wood used
Düsseldorf, for office building is highly sustainable but has
Germany low strength especially at edges, it can be
attacked by natural hazards, the double glazed
glass is suitable due to typical maritime climate
in Dusseldorf
Page | 38
Table 2: Evaluation of Curtain Wall System According to Constructional
Material View (Continued)
Curtain wall types Material view Materials Effect on curtain walling
Structural Sealant Dark smoked Toughened glass with fins is strong enough to
Glazing Type - Toughened withstand changes because it has undergone
Willis and Faber glass, steel intense heating and cooling process. In Willis and
Building, England Faber building, steel plates for holding the
& Ezic Premier suspended glass is not strong enough to
building, withstand certain forces while in Ezic building
Girne,North the 2 point spider bracket steel is more strongerin
Cyprus holding the glass, the glass used is limited
which is suitable.
Structural Glazing Laminated The toughened glass achieved a regular
Type for Parc de Toughened distribution of toughening stresses to reduce
La Villette, Paris glass, deformation effect and each glass sheet is heat
and Media Center, stainless steel soaked to minimize the risk of spontaneous
Sendai fracture due to sulphur and nickel content.
Stainless steel point connector is reliable for
curtain wall to support the glass units.
7.3 According to the Tolerance View
A tolerance is a permissible amount of deviation from specified or norminal
dimension. It must not be confused with clearance as it is a space distance
purposely between adjacent parts such as between the building frame and the
curtain wall to allow movements or anticipated size variations, to provide
working space or for other reasons.Tolerances are allowable variations, either
in individual component dimensions or in building elements such as walls or
curtain walls installation (Brenden, 2006). Construction tolerances for curtain
walls systems recognize that building elements cannot always be placed
exactly as specified due to certain caused factors such as temperature change
and nature of the materials used, but establish limits obtained can vary to help
ensure the finished building envelop to function well as designed. Steel
strcutural frames for curtain walls in high building scale have tolerances of
±9.52mm(Kazmierczak, K., AIA, CSI, CDT, ASHRAE, LEED-AP, NCARB.
2008).
Page | 39
Type A-Stick type tolerance view
This tolerance includes three directional components (i.e.in-and-out;
left-to-right; and up-and-down). Since the mullion connection must be located
very close to the theoretical position, a three-way adjustment capability is
necessary for a prefabricated curtain wall system. The generally acceptable
construction tolerances are listed below.
(1) In-and-Out: + 19.05mm for low-rise and up to + 50.8mm for high-rise.
(2) Left-to-Right: + 19.05mm.
(3) Up-and-Down: + 19.05mm to + 25.4mm. For a 20 story building with one
mullion length per story, the accumulated tolerance could reach +63.5mm for a
mullion length tolerance of +3.18mm.
Page | 40
According to Ballast (2007, p.191), the maximum deviation of mullions from
plumbs or horizontals from levels should not exceed ±3mm in 3,660mm or
±6mm iin any single run.
Figure 45: Tolerance View Indication for Mullions (Kent, D, 2007, p.192-196)
Figure 46: Tolerance View between Vertical and Horizontal Mullion Along the Connection
Joint. The Sectional Drawing Shows the Mullion Cap Screwed to theMain Mullion (Drawn
by Author).
Page | 41
Figure 47: Tolerance View for the Typical Stick Curtain Wall of Shun Hing Plaza
(Drawn by Author).
Type B-Unitized type tolerance view for Al-Jawhara Tower, Kuwait
Figure 48: Unit Module of Unitized curtain wall, also the Allowable Tolerance Given between
Transitions of 2 Glass Units (iku® intelligente Fenstersysteme AG. 2008)
Page | 42
Type C- Panelized Type of Tolerance View
Figure 49: Tolerance View of Panel Unit for Burj Tower.
Although in theory there is no real restriction on the length of panel, in practice this is
normally limited to 4–6 m because of problems of lifting, handling and fixing of units.
Maximum widths of panels depend upon the method of production. For manual
spraying this is normally limited to 2 m. Where windows are incorporated within a
panel, a minimum mullion width of 200 mm is recommended. Tolerances in panels
are similar to those used for precast concrete, but should not exceed ±3 mm for
small panels (Brookes, 1998). The glazing panels in Burj tower, up to 6.4m tall, are
hung off 25,000 Halfen cast-in fixings and slot together with no need for extra
sealant. Because the Burj tower has a curved exterior of up to 150mm, there is no
tolerance for installation or construction-errors.
Type D- Spandrel Type of Tolerance view
Detail of vertical joint between spandrel

panels 1-185x65mm extruded aluminium
mullion; 2- steel r.h.s.; 3-150mm aluminium
anchor angle cleats; 4-structural
steel frame;
5-extruded aluminium snap-on cap
and pressure plate; 6- 3mm aluminium outer
sheet of spandrel panel; 7-75mm rigid
fiberglass insulation
Figure 50: Tolerance Gap for the Allowance of Resistance in Incoming
Instability
Effects (Brookes, A., and Grech, C. 1996)
Page | 43
Type E- Structural Sealant Glazing Type of Tolerance View
Figure 51: shows the tolerance view of the glass movement in case of climate factor or load
force, tolerance is situated at the transition from glass to glass by silicone bonding. Willis
Faber and Dumas Building (Michael, W. 1996).
Type F- Structural Glazing Type for Tolerance View
Figure 52: The Tolerance View of Structural Glazing Curtain Wall and Image View
of Spider Bracket Fixed to Glass with Silicone Bond (Peter. R. and Dutton 1995) and
(Grimshaw. N, Powell. K, and Moore, R. 1993).
Page | 44
Table 4: Evaluation of Tolerance View for Curtain Wall System
Curtain wall types Tolerance view Tolerance Tolerance Effect on
illustration curtain walling
Stick type for Situated at 3 points The tolerance allows
Shun Hing Plaza of the mullion. suitable expansion during
Building, China expansions of aluminium
and glass panes but
curtain wall will subject
to loose members.
Unitized Type for 2 points which Tolerance has been set
Al-Jawhara include the transom since it is a whole unit. It
Tower, Kuwait end at the top, is suitable due to accurate
mullion side by measurement;
side standardized according to
placement ground
Panelized type for No tolerance, A curved exterior of up

Burj Tower, curtain wall system to 150mm leading to no
Dubai is compacted tolerance, movement is
--- tight
Unavailability of
tolerance is permissible
for curved shapes
Spandrel Panel Tolerance in Tolerance allows suitable
type for Philip between aluminium expansion during
Morris Center, mullions and temperature changes
USA & Office timber mullions which occur in
building glass connection aluminium and glass
Düsseldorf,Germa point panes.
ny
Structural Sealant The tolerances on Since it is all glass
Glazing Type for all holes will be ± 1 suspended, the effect of
Willis and Faber mm, so it is along 2 tolerance lies at the glass
Building, England and 4 meeting point fins and the patched hole.
& Ezic Premier of glass which is
building, Girne, patch screwed and
North Cyprus silicone bonded
between open
space of the glass
Structural Glazing Modular glass cut Tolerance effect in glass

Type for Parc de for city of science thickness is less than
La Villette, Paris building2025x2025 0.05mm and at the
and Media Center, mm setting a cross diagonal point of the
Sendai line which leaves a glass Drilled hole
tolerance gap tolerance ±0.1mm
Page | 45
7.4 Evaluation of Basic Factors for Curtain Wall systems
The basic factors for curtain wall system in this research involve safety factor,
environmental factor and economic factor. The examples of the collected
buildings will be evaluated according to the given factors. Stick Type An
evaluation of Shun Hing Square building in China as an example of stick type
is as follows.
7.4.1.Safety (Fire and Stability)
Safety of stick curtain wall has to be considered in terms of fire incident and
stability against stress which may affect the curtain wall together with its own
weight. From evaluation of Shun Hing Square building in China as an example
of stick type, the material used for the mullion and transom is aluminium profile
which subjects to rapid expansion in high temperature, but it is classified as fire
protection material in fire cases as incombustible. Aluminium melts at about
660°C which can be attained during fire, so it is suitable . In case of fire attack
a backup wall is required or the use of suitable infill panel with independent fire
resistant fixings. The height of the tower is another disturbing factor for the
stability of the curtain walls whereby the mullion is in pieces fixed one after the
other, stress are formed on mullion through transmitted wind forces due to
increase in severity to the height of the building and the weight of glass panes.
The mullion will exert a deformative moment and finally failing. Therefore, it is
not suitable for stabilty case.
Page | 46
Figure 53: An Example of the Stability Effect of the Stick Curtain Wall. The Defectshave been
Marked. The Mullions have Experienced Deformation Due to İnconsistent Stresses
(Chew, Y.L.M. 2006 p. 325)
Environmental Factor (Sun, Wind, and Water Penetration)
For Shun Hing Tower in Shenzhen city, situated in the subtropical part of
China. Shenzhen has a humid subtropical climate. The weather is generally
temperate and mild in the autumn; winters are mild as the South China Sea
buffers its climate, so cold snaps are not common. In the spring Shenzhen is
relatively dry, and then it has a hot and humid summer, occasionally hit by
typhoons from the east, but the temperature rarely reaches over 35 degrees
Celsius.
Sun (solar radiation): The effect of solar radiation in and out of the building is
due to type of curtain wall cladding. Material used is reflective glass for units;
aluminium for the supporting mullion and transoms. From the evaluation of
typical climate the reflective glass is suitable to arrest the solar rays from
entering the building in the day time and with the green coating on the glass
surface, certain amount of heat will be retained to warm the building in the
nights and in winters. Exposure of aluminium to weather conditions without
coating occasionally will lead to damage of layers due to the humidity.
Page | 47
Wind: The effect of wind is high in the region based on the height of the
building; wind pressure is extreme which will eventually result to failure of the
typical curtain wall system. The effect of stick curtain wall in this building will
lead to a sway movement of building skeleton.
Water penetration: The problem of water leakage is likely to occur since the
tightness in the curtain wall components is loose. The designed curtain wall
system is liable to allow water penetration.
Economic Factor (Cost and Management)
The construction technique for most stick curtain wall type is cheap, but the
result that reveals itself after construction is very costly. The Shun Hing Tower
for example is a very 9th tallest in the world, the fixing of the curtain wall
component took long period during construction, more workers were involved
for the curtain wall fixing and also machineries because of the high structure,
this has created double –expense in the installation. In the maintenance point
of view, the effect of poor workmanship in some part of the curtain wall will
create uneasy handling of the curtain wall, cleaning the glass is another effect.
High maintenance is required for this type of system
Unitized Type
The unitized curtain wall of Al-Jawhara Tower in Kuwait evaluation in terms of
basic function is as follows.
Safety (Fire and Stability)
Fire: In the case of fire incidence, protection of the facade from fire and smog is
by increasing pressure of water spraying. The curtain wall system need to be
protected from fire by the use of fire resistant substance to increase the rate of
efficiency in the curtain wall system. The stabilty of the unitized curtain wall
Page | 48
the unit pieces is not detached and each unit in a specified module. The unit
has two anchoring points to hold it from top and bottom which make it more
stronger and also compact.
The Kuwait region has a desert climate, hot and dry. During the summer, which
lasts from May to September, the weather is hot. With high temperatures
ranging from 45°C to 48°C, residents are advised to stay out of the sun during
afternoons. In the winter months, from October until April, the temperature
cools down to an average of 15°C to 20°C and sometimes goes as low as 0°C
at night. Slight rainfall is experienced mostly during spring and winter.
Sun (Solar Radiation): The harsh temperatures in the Kuwait region has lead
to the curtain wall design of unitized units in form of reflecting solar rays from
entering the building by the use of reflective dark blue glass that has been
double glazed to about 1.5W/m². This will help to prevent unwanted heat gain
into the building.
Wind: The curtain wall system is designed as a whole which is compact
enough to control the air movement in and out of the building of 32 floors. Air
tightness is incorporated to the units. The curtain wall system will have less
effect with the wind pressure.
Water Penetration: The curtain wall is compacted subjecting to water
tightness, little or no water will be able to penetrate into the system, and thus
the region is also hot and dry in which less rain is experience. In case of
humidity from the sea, the glass is double glazed having air space to prevent
the water from condensation at night times in winter.

Page | 49
The cost of the curtain wall system is a little more expensive than the stick type
since a whole unit is produced in the factory and brought to site for installation.
With the unique unitized facade concept applied through a self-cleaning
mechanism, a belt carrying the wiper is running inside the vertical profiles of
the unit. The width of the wiper is 5 m, which is moved by a 24 V motor unit.
Maximum system height is 50 m for one wiper.
Maintenance is easy in term of cleaning mechanism for the building as several
systems are installed on top of one another. Water and detergent are sprayed
on to the facade at the touch of a button, and then the wipers clean the facade
automatically. The glass unit is changeable from inside the building if
necessary for maintenance purpose if it is damaged.
Panelized Type
The panelized type evaluation of Burj tower in Dubai is as follows according to
basic functions.
Fire: The effect of fire attacking the curtain wall system will result to melting
process since aluminium is used and stainless steel as capping from the
outside, precautionary measures taken for the building is through the use of
fire resistant substance to retard the melting point rate, so it is suitable. The
stability of the curtain wall system is strong enough to resist hazardous forces
due to the long term design of the curtain wall and the nature of compact panel
systems. With the anchoring at the slab edges from slab to slab increases the
stability.
Page | 50
Dubai has an arid subtropical climate due to its location within the Northern
desert belt. The skies over Dubai are generally completely blue with little cloud
cover. Dubai weather is generally hot and humid with a high daily average of
sun hours. The weather in Dubai can bring short and irregular rainfall between
December and March. Average daily temperature is over 40°C.
In Burj tower, each panel joint is weathertight, but designed to permit
movement due to temperature change, wind, seismic events, and long-term
movements of the structure.
Sun: The extremely hot and humid environment in Dubai, being both desert
and coastal marine, influenced the design criteria and material selection high
performance insulated silver reflective glass, along with the bright stainless
steel of the spandrel panels. The insulated unit glass consists two pieces of
clear glass with a 16 mm air space, outer piece of glass has a
high-performance silver metallic coating deposited on its inner surface and the
inner piece of glass has a low emissive type metallic coating on its surface,
also facing the air space The combination of coatings results in a glass that
permits over 20% of the visible light into the building while allowing less then
16% of the associated heat.
Wind: The height of the building is high where by wind force are extreme as the
building goes higher, the prefabricated panel joints are interlocked at tight
grounds to prevents excess wind pressure from entering. The effect of
curvilinearity in the building will also help the reduction of wind force affecting
Page | 51
Water penetration: Joints are tightened against water infiltration into the curtain
walls, and relative to typical weather, curtain wall panels have been designed
to prevent condensation process, little or no rain is experienced.
The cost of the curtain wall installation is very expensive due to the
incorporation of several materials together as well as the transportation
process to the site and the use of machines and workers for the installation
process. Maintenance of the curtain wall will be very difficult due to different
degrees of curved surfaces and height of the building. Certain workers have to
be hired to clean and maintain the building with extra money.
Spandrel Type
The spandrel type evaluation of Philip Morris Operation Center in Virginia,
U.S.A and Office Building in Düsseldorf, Germany is as follows.
Philip Morris Operation center in Virginia, U.S.A
Fire and stability: In fire case for spandrel type of curtain wall system of
anodized aluminium sheet Anodic oxide layers will provide a minor increase in
the fire protection of aluminum constructions (Furneaux, R.C). The melting
point of the oxide surface increases from approximately 650°C to
approximately 2000°C. The aluminium panel and mullion absorbs heat slowly,
therefore it is suitable and durable to withstand certain amount of flammable
attack. For the stability of the curtain wall system, since aluminium has been
mostly used, the addition of anodic oxide to aluminium has made it stronger
apart from its tensile strength (200Mpa). The careful modulation of the glass
panes and the aluminium panels and mullions is suitable in stability case.
Page | 52
Office Building in Düsseldorf, Germany
Fire and stability: The effect of fire on the curtain wall system will be high since
wood combust easily with fire contact. The curtain wall system is not suitable in
fire cases but certain precautions could be used to prevent fire such as
sprinkler system, placement of insulation like fire rated plaster board or over
sizing members to allow loss through charring. For stability, the wood used is
timber for the mullion and its strength is parallel to its grain, if too much load is
exerted it will crack and eventually break at the grain. Timber has a
dimensional stability so if it not calculated well; failure happens leading to
complete failure of the curtain wall system.
Philip Morris Operation center in Virginia, U.S.A
The city of Richmond, Virginia has a humid subtropical climate with moderate
seasonal changes. Mild days and cool nights in March-spring, summer can be
hot 32°C with high humidity. In winters, temperature are mild with light snow
fall up to
-2°C January.
Sun: The intensity of sun changes seasonally so solar radiation will enter the
building through the clear double glazed insulating glass but the effect of
computer-controlled translucent fiber glass shades behind the glass will lower
the intensity of solar rays from entering the building, still the clear glass is not
suitable for sun control.
Wind: The curtain wall system is stable enough against wind forces due to
continuous ribbon run of the curtain wall system and it partially sits on slab.
Page | 53
Water penetration: The system is water tight in all aspects such as
double-glazed glass, anchoring and good insulation.
Page | 54
Office Building in Düsseldorf, Germany
The city of Dusseldorf climate is often known as maritime, due to the warm,
westerly sea breezes that regularly blow in from the North Sea and beyond,
with this moist air raising the overall levels of humidity. The winter weather in
Dusseldorf can be chilly, particularly at night-time, while by day, the skies are
frequently overcast.
Sun: The effect of sun towards the curtain wall system will affect the timber
mullion causing shrinkage unless it is coated with a pigment. The sun is mild in
the area so the timber is suitable in solar radiation cases.
Wind: The curtain wall system in Dusseldorf building is similar to Philip Morris
Operation Center in Virginia, only that the material is different for the mullion;
the effect of wind will not affect the curtain wall system because of the
modulation of the units and building height.
Water Penetration: The water can easily seep through the timber mullion
therefore damaging it because of the typical climate in that area. It is not
suitable.
The cost of curtain wall construction for Philip Morris Operation Center is a little
bit higher than the cost of Office Building in Düsseldorf because of the
differences in materials but the common thing shared between them is the
curtain wall type and sustanability of material used for the curtain wall. The
construction in general is expensive. The maintenance process is high
because it involves the frequent cleaning of aluminium to avoid oxidation and
as for timber,it has to be sprayed, polished, protected from sun, rain and so on.
Page | 55
Structural Sealant Glazing Type
The structural sealant glazing curtain wall type evaluation for Willis Faber and
Dumas building in United Kingdom and Ezic Premier Resturant in Girne, North
Cyprus is as follows according to basic functions.
Willis Faber and Dumas Building in United Kingdom
Fire and Stability: The curtain wall system is suspended toughened glass in
which brass patch connectors was used in holding the glass units with silicone
bonded between transitional space of glass so in fire case the silicone and
brass patch will melt leading to failure in curtain wall system. The stability of the
curtain wall system is through internal glass fins attached to the main glass but
such type of curtain wall system is not strong enough to withstand extreme
force effects. The anchoring point of view has to be stronger to have a stable
curtain wall.
Ezic Premier Resturant in Girne, North Cyprus
Fire and stability: In this curtain wall system, two-point steel connector was
bolted to the toughened glass. The two-point connector connects to the glass
fin from the interior of the building and in case of fire attack similar effect will
occur since the construction system is similar to Willis Faber and Dumas
building in United Kingdom only that Ezic premier curtain wall system is more
safer since it is hung from floor slab to floor slab and not suspended. The
stability effect is suitable in terms of wind cases and other hazardous forces
due to the floor height.
7.4.3 Environmental Factor (Sun, Wind, and Water Penetration)
Willis Faber and Dumas Building in United Kingdom
Page | 56
London has a temperate marine climate where by the city hardly sees extreme
high or low temperature, normally moderate temperature is experienced. Warm summer
with average temperature of 21ºC and winters are chilly with temperature of 5 to -
8ºC.
Sun: The effect of solar radiation towards the curtain wall system is low due to
typical weather and 12mm toughened coated glass. The amount of light is
controlled through the gray coated reflective glass. In structural sealant glazing
type normally coloured or mirrored is used. The coated glass will store a
certain amount of heat to warm up the building in night times.
Wind: The effect of wind toward the curtain wall is low due to the curvilinear run
of the facade and the glass fin holding the structure.
Water penetration: water leakage likely to slip through the silicone bonded
joints in between glass panes. This is a major problem for structural sealant
glazing system.
Ezic Premier Resturant in Girne, North Cyprus
The north Cyprus has an extreme Mediterranean climate with hot dry summer
and relatively cold winter. The average annual temperature for Girne is about
20ºC. Summers are hot with July and August averaging over 30ºC. The coldest
months are January and February with an average temperature of 10ºC. The
sea temperature is the warmest in the Mediterranean, ranging from a mean
average of about 16ºC in January, to 32ºC in August.
Sun: The intensity of sun is high in north Cyprus during summers, so the
Page | 57
toughened glass is not suitable since solar ray will penetrate into the building
thereby discomforting the interior atmosphere and in winters, effect of solar
rays are
horizontal. The solar radiation will result to the expansion and contraction of
the curtain wall system leading to short term sustenance. Coating from the
exterior glass surface will reduce the solar radiation intensity.
Wind: The effect of wind is low due to floor height and the anchoring process
used for the curtain wall installation.
Water penetration: There is water infiltration effect likely to occur in the typical
curtain wall installation technique similar to Willis Faber and Dumas building.
The cost of the curtain wall system is expensive since mostly this type of
installation technique is mostly used for prestigious buildings for aesthetic
quality of the facade. Maintenance is difficult in the joint spaces due to wearing
away of silicone and since 98% of the curtain wall is glass, certain cracks may
occur which will result to another replacement.
Structural Glazing Type
The structural glazing type evaluation for Parc de La Villette- City of Science
and Industry, Paris is as follows according to basic functions
Fire and safety: The issue of fire case is less since the curtain wall system is
toughened to a certain degree which will retard the melting effect and fire
resistant substance has been used on the structural members holding the
glass curtain wall. The stability effect is directly transferred to the structural
member from the glass pane to the cross bracing and onto the tubes to the
Page | 58
The typical Paris climate is maritime climate due to the close proximity to
ocean, sea and estuaries. The climate shares a characteristic with
Mediterranean and continental climate which lies in between the two. Paris has
warm and pleasant summers with average high temperatures of 25°C; winter
is chilly with temperature around 3°C. Mild temperature is in spring and
autumn. Rain falls throughout the year and rare snow fall.
Sun: The effect of sun toward the system is moderate or even low due to
typical climatic location. The curtain wall system is suitable because fewer
amounts of rays will go in.
Wind: The curtain wall system is able to resist lateral wind load acting on it; the
reason is due to the cross-bracing of pre-stressed steel rods with one-two-four
point connector. The system is suitable for wind load due to the structural
members holding the curtain wall system.
Water penetration: The effect of water leakage is similar to that of the structural
sealant glazing since normally silicone is used to bond the transitional spaces
of the glass panes. The effect here is not suitable.
The typical curtain wall system is very expensive because many structural
member are put together to form the curtain wall system. The maintenance of
the curtain wall system is low since it will require a long time before it is done
because of its long- term sustenance.
Page | 59
A summary of the analysis according to basic factors of all the curtain wall
types of the examples will be given in Table 5 to indicate the ability of the
curtain wall types in terms of good, moderate or poor quality, expensiveness or
cheapness; demand in maintenance whether high, moderate or low. This is
based on the given evaluation being explained already in 2.2.1 to 2.2.6.
Table 5: Summary of Evaluation of Basic Functions for Curtain Wall Types

Curtain wall Safety factor Environmental factor Economic factor
types Fire Stability Sun wind Water cost Manag
leakage e-ment
Stick type High
Shun Hing Good Weak Good Weak Weak Cheap Main-
Plaza tenance
Building, Needed
China
Unitized Type Low
-Al-Jawhara Good Moderate Good Good Good Moderate Main-
Tower, expensive tenance
Kuwait needed
Panelized type Modera
-Burj Tower, Good Good Very good Very Expensive te
Dubai good good Main-
tenance
Needed
Spandrel type
Philip Morris Modera
Center,USA Good Good weak Good Good Expensive te
Office Less Main-
building Weak Weak expensive tenance
Düsseldorf,Ge Needed
rmany
Structural
Sealant
Type.Willis Weak Weak Good Weak
and Faber High
Building, Main-
England & tenance
Ezic Premier, weak Expensive Needed
Girne, North
Cyprus
Less
weak Good weak good
Structural Low
GlazingType- Good Very good Good Very Weak Expensive Main-
Parc de La good tenance
Villette, Paris Needed
&Media
Center, Sendai
Page | 60
CHAPTER 9 CASE STUDY
9.1 Promega Processing Center,Fitchburg
SIZE AND SCALE
At 126,000 square feet and 44 feet high, the Kepler Center is massive, but there was a
desire to try to downplay its size visually so as not to overwhelm. Bricks were used to
illustrate character and add depth. The bricks were used in concert with large windows
and multiple types of CENTRIA metal panels to create a textured detail that was large in
scale.
Insulated Metal Panels
with a variety of shapes and colors with unmatched performance. The Formawall
high-performance building envelope system consolidates six wall components into one
product creating distinct architectural wall profiles to match any building design.
Features and Benefits

 Choose vertical or horizontal installation to fit your building's style.
 Concealed clips, fasteners, and sealants with insulated metal vertical joints.
 Panels feature a pressure-equalized side joint to help prevent water infiltration.
 Pressure-equalized end joint available with optional Seal Plate.
 Factory foamed in-place, minimizing the potential for gaps within the panel.
Page | 61
 Panels integrate with most glass wall, window and louver systems.
 Panel modules are available in a variety of sizes.
CASE STUDY 2
9.2 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Phoenix Outpatient
Clinic,Phoenix, AZ
For the new five-story, 280,000-square-foot outpatient facility, architects used their
experience on more than 30 VA facilities to reflect veterans’ health needs and promote a
relaxing environment. The design team turned to the trusted expertise of CENTRIA for a
sustainable, multi-material facade to reflect Arizona’s vibrant colors.
Concept Series single-skin wall panels feature concealed fasteners and a common-lock
joint that allows the panels to be integrated with each other and the CASCADE metal
panel system. Learn more about these single-skin rainscreen panels.

 Featuring concealed fasteners and a common-lock joint that allows the panels to be
integrated with each other and the CASCADE metal panel system.
 Installed vertically or horizontally with an unbroken appearance adding to the
product’s aesthetic versatility
 Wall panels may be installed in a variety of rainscreen applications to form a
complete wall system
 Designed to be used with CSC-1,2, or 3 attachment clips
Page | 62
CASE STUDY 3
9.3 Merritt Island, Florida
The design team worked with CENTRIA & FIVE-T-CO from the start to find the optimal
exterior panel solution for Gateway that would meet the long list of criteria and come in
the right custom color. In total, architects specified 85,898 square feet of CENTRIA
panels for the building envelope.
Intercept is a modular metal wall panel system that allows for design versatility by
incorporating different substrates, depths, tapers, slopes, curves, and perforations into
an easy-to-install rainscreen. Our modular metal wall panels deliver the protection you
are looking for in a rainscreen system with an architecturally pleasing exterior façade.
They are ideal for use in a variety of industries including healthcare, pharmaceuticals,
office buildings, retail and more.

 Compliant with regulations for air, water, structural, High-Velocity Hurricane Zone
(HVHZ) and AAMA 508.
 Living Future Declare Labels: Entyre, LVZL and RZR are red list approved and HLZ
is red list free.
 Solid metal substrate is non-combustible and compliant with NFPA 285, also
allowing for easy recyclability.
 Pair with MetalWrap to create a protective air, water, thermal and vapor barrier.
 Coil-coated aluminum provides color consistency & coverage in an infinite palette
with a 20-year finish warranty.
 Clean lines created with tight corner bends, while providing better structural
integrity.
 Simply installed without sealants and a low maintenance exterior design.
Page | 63
CONCLUSION
Many projects can take time from conception to completion. Co-ordination between the architect and
engineer in the early design stage is important to ensure the choice of cladding works well and
compliments the type of structure used, e.g curtain wall is matched correctly to the building structure
and anticipated wind loads. . The effect of knowledge on various ways or techniques on how to enclose
a building has been tackled in early years but with the help of technological changes towards industrial
revolution invented new techniques of a building cladding. The new techniques were quick and easy to
cover up a building. Light prefabricated materials were used for the construction such as Fibers,
aluminium panels and woods etc. The curtain wall system was constructed in a way that it carried no
weight other than its own weight but encloses the building structure. In spite of the curtain wall, some
techniques were made for installation of the curtain wall system. The curtain wall type with different
installation processes included the stick type, unitized type, panelized type, spandrel panel type,
structural sealant type and structural glazing type. Aluminum composite panels However even with
advances in technology where it has become more diverse and offers a range of finishes new materials
often prove better than it as a choice for public buildings, such as sports centers. However by coupling
it with a timber cladding system the two systems will interact and complement each other
creating a building with a modern yet natural look to it, especially in concrete buildings that are often
bulky and bland looking.
Page | 64
REFERENCES
Alibaba, Z. H. (2003). Ph.D Thesis: An Expert System for the Selection of Building Elements
During Architectural Design. Eastern Mediterranean University. Page 68.
Ballast, D.K. (2007). 2ed, Handbook of Construction Tolerances. John Wiley and Sons..
ISBN-0471931519. Pages 189-196.
Blaine, J. W.(2003). Unwrapping Modern Building Envelopes. Seattle Daily Journal and DJC.
Retrieved from World Wide Web on April 3, 2009:
http://www.djc.com/news/a-e/11151058.html
Brookes, A., and Grech, C. (1996). The Building Envelope and Connections, Architecture
Press, Oxford. [690.12 BRO C.1].
Brookes, A. J. (1998) 3ed, Cladding of Buildings, Construction Press, New York, ISBN
0-203-03900-9. Pages 159-179.
Brenden, K. (2006). Structure Magazine: Dynamic Issues Drive Curtain Wall Design.
Retrieved from World Wide Web on December 14, 2009:
http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/2006-8/C-SD-Curtain-Wall-7-18-06.pdf
Calgarian. (2007). Window Walls vs. Curtain Walls. Skyscraper Page Forum. Retrieved from
World Wide Web on May 30, 2009: http://forum.skyscraper-
page.com/show-thread.php?t=143090
Page | 65
Carbary, L. Thermal and Energy Modeling In Two Fenestration Systems in Hot and Cold
Climates. Indusry Scientist, DOW Corning Corporation. Retrieved from World Wide
Web on December 16 2009: http://www.glasswebsite.com/-
webinar/Ther-mal%20Presentation%20-%20Carbary.pdf
Centre for Window and Cladding Technology(CWCT). (2000-2001). Buildability- Construction.
Retrieved from World Wide Web on March 15, 2009:
http://www.cwct.co.uk/fa-cets/pack03/text01.htm
Centre for Window and Cladding Technology (CWCT). (2001), Curtain Wall Installation
Handbook: Chapter 3 Frames, Retrieved from World Wide Web on January 3, 2010:
http://www.cwct.co.uk/construction/installation%20- guide/INST-3.pdf
Chew, Y.L.M. (2006). 2ed Construction Technology for Tall Buildings. Singapore University
Press & World Scientific, Singapore. ISBN: 9810243383.
Chiheb, B. (2007). Influence of Glass Curtain Walls on the Building Thermal Energy
Consumption Under Tunisian Climatic Conditions: The Case of Administrative
Buildings. Renewable Energy, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 141- 156.
Ching, D.K.F., and Adam, C. (2001). Building Construction Illustrated 3ed. John Wiley and
Sons, Canada. ISBN 0-471-35898-3, Pages 22-25.
Page | 66
12 Construction Detail-Highrise (2008). Retrieved from World Wide Web on May 5, 2009:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2327926/12-Construction-Details-High-Rise-
Contemporary Glass Production. Retrieved on March 29, 2009 from World Wide Web:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass#Glass_ingredients
DJ‟s Cityscapes. (2008). Buildings: Shun Hing Square. Retrieved from World Wide Web on
December 11, 2009: http://metalbuildingreplicas.com/Buildings/shs-
quare/shsquare.html
Emphoris Corporation. (2000-2009). The Gateway II, Retrieved from World Wide Web on
December 23, 2009: http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=buil-
ding&lng=3&id=120938.
Fassaden Windows. (2009). Glazed Timber Curtain Wall. Retrieved from WorldWide Web
on April 13, 2009: http://www.fassadenwindows.com/
Furneaux, R.C. Anodized Aluminium for Facades. Alean International Limited. Banbury,
Oxfordshire, OX 16 2SP, England. Retrieved from World Wide Web on January 29,
2010: http://www.bath.ac.uk/cwct/cladding_org/- wlp2001/paper18.pdf
Futooh Al-Asfoor Consultant Engineers: Architects, Engineers & Planners. Retreived from
World Wide Web on January 11, 2010: http://www.futoh-alasfoor.com/02.htm
Page | 67
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NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement

Under the Guidance of

School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar, Indore, 452012

I with proud privilege take this opportunity to express my heartily gratitude

This dissertation is a milestone in my academic career. I have been fortunate learn

I am also thankful to PROF. AR. MANITA SAXENA, PRINCIPAL, School

I declare that the research entitled NEW

Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2022

This is to Certify that the Dissertation entitled DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING

Counter Signed Guide Name of guide

PROF.AR.MANITA SAXENA Ar. KAMINI BANDORE

Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2022

Scope and Limitation… ............................................................................................ 2

What to study… ....................................................................................................... 2

Durability and freedom of maintenance ……………………………………………..3

Resistant to Shrinkage … ..................................................................................... ……4

4.3 BLEND OF GLASS-REINFORCED POLYMER………………………….08

4.4 PORCELAIN STONEWARE … ................................................................... 09

4.5 INTRINSIC REPETITION CLADDING ……………………………….….11

REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 64-66

Choices of cladding have a significant role on the environmental performance of a building.

SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

Stability: A cladding should have adequate strength to

Durability and freedom of maintenance: - The

Fire resistant :- The material that forms cladding to a

Resistant to Shrinkage: - Shrinkage is defined as an

Corrosion Resistance: - It is the ability of a

Water resistance: - It is the ability of a

AESTHETICAL PROPERTIES AND

Material with rough surface diffuse light in

 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLADDING MATERIAL

4.0 NEW DEVELOPMENT IN BUILDING CLADDING ABROAD

4.1 FIBRE-GLASS REINFORCED CURED STONE COMPOSITE PANEL

Therefore, samples should be evaluated in daylight to

STENI Vision is a fibre-glass reinforced cured stone

STENI Vision is available in a thickness of 6 mm.

 Unique and creative designs and expressions

4.2 STONE COMPOSITEMATERIAL

Features & Benefits

Matt Semi- Matt High Gloss

4.3 BLEND OF GLASS-REINFORCED POLYMER AND

A system by Alside, Ascend mimics a woodgrain texture in a blend of glass-reinforced

Features & Benefits

 Loose-lay flooring system that can be

 Floating floors: the ideal solution for work environments

In offices, management centers, banks, data

1) Superior ceramic coating

2) Support core: sulphate or

8) Sound absorbing cloth

4.5 INTRINSIC REPETITION CLADDING

5.0 DEVELOPMENT OF CLADDING IN INDIA

5.1 STONE CLADDING

 Its extreme durability and long lifespan

THE CONS OF NATURAL STONE CLADDING

 A more expensive material than some other cladding products

5.2) Wood Cladding

The Pros of Wood Cladding

 Wood is one of the most eco- friendly materials

The Cons of Wood Cladding

The Pros of Aluminum Composite Panel

The Cons of Aluminum Composite Panel

 Water-Resistant - Proper waterproofing has to be