Normal science, the practice of scientists working within a shared paradigm, focuses on solving

puzzles that the paradigm guarantees to have a solution. It is not about discovering new facts or
theories but rather increasing the scope and precision of the existing paradigm. While normal
science occasionally produces novelties of fact or theory, these are usually inadvertent by-
products and often require a paradigm change to be recognized and assimilated. Kuhn uses
historical examples from physics, chemistry, and astronomy to illustrate how normal science has
been guided by paradigms like Newton's laws, the phlogiston theory, and the Ptolemaic system.
He concludes that normal science is a highly cumulative and successful enterprise, but it also sets
the stage for scientific revolutions by revealing anomalies and creating crises that lead to
paradigm shifts. These revolutions are necessary for scientific progress and knowledge
advancement, as they allow for the exploration of new ideas and perspectives suppressed by the
dominant paradigm. These shifts in thinking can ultimately lead to breakthroughs in
understanding and pave the way for further innovation and discovery.