两者并列

1. 词与词的并列 （unnecessary punctuation)

A and B

A, and B—X

A, and, B—X

2. 句⼦的并列

SVO and SVO.

SVO, and SVO. (两个句⼦分别有主语）

I love you, and you love me.

SVO and VO. (两个句⼦共用⼀个主语）

I love you and/ but hate her.

SVO, and VO.

S-subject主语

V-verb 谓语

O—object 宾语

I love you.

3. Or 引导词与词两者并列的特殊情况

A or B—两个不同事物并列

Apples or bananas

A, or B—同⼀个事物的不同表达⽅法

（A=B）

草莓， or ⼠多啤梨

樱桃， or 车厘⼦

La Vuelta, or Tour of Spain

Rock en español, or Rock in Spanish

三者及以上（and, or, 词， 句⼦遵循同⼀个公

式）

A， B， and C

A， B， C， and D

A， B， C (asyndeton—连词省略）

I came, I saw, I conquered.

A and B and C (polysyndeton—连词叠用）

Adjs并列

普通情况(有连词） ：adj1 and adj2 noun

Adj1, adj2, and adj3 noun

特殊情况（⽆连词）： adj1 adj2 noun (分情

况）

I have a lovely white cat. （不同类别—不加逗

号—层层修饰） —99%

I have a black, white cat. (相同类别—加逗号—

并列） —1%

相同类别加逗号—同义词（语境之下） , 反义

They feature strong, bold lines

Seemingly ugly, somewhat handsome Actors

SV形式插⼊语—宾语从句的变体

I claimed that we should go hiking tomorrow.

We, I claimed, should go hiking tomorrow.

句末插⼊语 , : — ( )

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, the most sacred

city in Galicia.

句中插⼊语 （标点成对出现）

My teacher, So a ，loves hiking.

S, 插⼊语， VO
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S--插⼊语—VO

S （插⼊语） VO

假插⼊语

I like famous writer Milan Kundera.

I like famous writer, Milan Kundera.

President Biden

Professor Snape

假名词=可数名词⽆冠词⽆复数+专有名词

=adj+noun=可数名词和专有名词之间没有标

I like the famous writer, Milan Kundera.

I like the（特指） famous writer Milan

Kundera.

I like a （泛指）famous writer, Milan Kundera.

第⼆课

1. Sentence placement

2. Punctuation: semicolon, colon

单句排序做题顺序：先读被排序句（语义+排

序线索） —》推断被排序句前后可能的信息

—》扫读⽂段寻找推断目标
排序线索—信号词

1. 代词，定冠词+名词—就近指代—回⽂段

找到代词、定冠词+名词的指代对象，被

定位句放在指代对象之后

she

It

The book

2. 逻辑词—语义逆推—根据被定位句的语义以

及逻辑词提示的逻辑关系推断被定位句前⼀句

的内容

However， SVO.

Besides, SVO.

3. 具体的动词—时序性排列， 时序性推断
Do, make, get, have—抽象动词

guzzle—eat voraciously

nibble嗫嚅

Despite all the information he got, Donald

Trump still _committed__ irrevocable,

incorrigible, and unforgivable mistakes.

4. 抽象词（noun) —归纳：回⽂段找到所有能

够被抽象词归纳的细节，被定位句放在所有细

节之前或之后

Several factors(抽象） argue in favor of this

expanded role. —》细节

Lavender can cure different kinds of stress

5. 被定位句中⽆明显信号词，回⽂段找信号词

（前两句）

多句排序：通读⽂段（语义，信号词）—》判

断哪两句逻辑关系更强

1. 先排所挑选的两句话之间的顺序—排除

2. 思考两句话之间的黏连程度 （两句话之间

能否加⼊别的信息） —排除

名词的拼法
 1. ⼈名：full name 在前， （ast name 在后，

代词在后）

So a Wang

Wang/ she

2. 地名： 全名（地名+⾏政区域） 在前， 地

名在后

Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain

Santiago

semicolon

1. 基础作用：断句 (99%)

SVO；SVO. =SVO. SVO.

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2. 连接复合并列 （多层次并列） —最外层并

列之间的逗号全部改成分号

A of X, Y, and Z; B which O, P, and Q; and C

Adj1, adj2 A; adj3, adj4 B; and adj5, adj6 C

3. 分号常见错误：连接信息既不是符合并

列， 也不是完整句

SVO； and SVO

SVO； who。。。

SVO； V-ing
冒号

1. 连接句⼦

SVO：SVO. (解释关系）

I’m exhausted: I’ve been continuously working

over 200 hours.

I’m exhausted; I’m hungry.

2. 连接句末同位语

（1）单⼀同位语(⼀对⼀），：— （）

SVO：noun.

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago： the most sacred

city in Galicia.
（2） 并列性质的同位语（⼀对多）—冒号，

双括号， 破折号均可引导， 但是逗号不可引

SVO（抽象词）：A， B， and C

I was excited to meet my relatives： my aunts,

uncles, and cousins .

冒号使用要求：冒号之前必须是完整句

冒号常见使用错误

1. SVO：and SVO （逻辑⽭盾）

2. SVO： that/ which/ who/ when (语义重复）

I claimed: that we should go hiking tomorrow.

第三次课

1. punctuation：dash, quotation marks (周围

的标点）

2. speci c requirement

Dash

连接完整句式的句中插⼊语 (双破折号， 双括

号可以， 双逗号不可以）

My teacher, So a, loves hiking.

My teacher, who once summited Mt.Everest,

loves hiking.
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I’m hungry—I have been fasting for one month

—but I don’t have anything to eat.

特殊用法

1. SVO—and SVO. =SVO, and SVO.

I like you—but I hate her.

I like you, but I hate her.

2. SVO— which

Last night I read 21 Lessons for the 21st

Century—which is boring.

SVO, which=SVO—which

3. SVO—介宾结构

I got perfect score in ACT—by hardworking.

4. 连接由连词引导的插⼊语

A, or B

My nephew—or Tom—had lunch with me

today.

My nephew—and his girlfriend— had lunch

with me today.
 Though it was not always smooth sailing—⼏乎

撞了礁⽯—the Min was more than adequate to

make the voyage.

though SVO—SVO—SVO

Though SVO—SVO—SVO

引号之后的标点—引号之后的标点要打在引号

之内

I claimed, “I’m exhausted.”

I claimed, “I’m exhausted,” but I still need to

nish my homework tonight.

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 引号之前如果可以加标点， 加什么，：

句末引语，=：

I claimed, “I’m exhausted.”

I claimed：“I’m exhausted.”

句中引语 只能用逗号

I claimed， “I’m exhausted,” but I still need to

nish my homework tonight.

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引号之前如果加标点，需要同时满⾜两个条件

1. 引号前：必须是实义动词

My nickname is “Master of English Grammar.”

2. 引号之中：必须是完整句

I claimed, “I’m exhausted.”

特殊情况—引号之内是⽂章标题

条件1必须符合， 条件2—引号之中只需要是

完整信息
长篇： War and Peace

短篇： “Joe Biden Tested Positive Again”

The front-page headline of The Washington

Post reported, “Joe Biden Tested Positive

Again.”

引号+unnecessary punctuation

插⼊语—删掉之后不影响句⼦结构的完整性,

删掉之后不影响句意的完整性
Even right now, Covid-19 is still __D_ all over

China. —

A. Prevalent0

B. Popular +

C. Ubiquitous (程度—appear everywhere)

D. Rampant (蔓延的， 猖獗的， 肆虐的）—

第四次课

1. Sentence boundary

2. Coherence —句间逻辑
Run-on sentence recti cation

SVO, SVO.

1. 改标点

SVO. SVO.

SVO; SVO. 解释关系之外的其他关系

————————————

SVO: SVO. (解释）

SVO—SVO. (解释）

SVO（SVO）. （解释）

2. 加连词
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SVO， 连词 SVO.

A. Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, and they were

very happy. 连词

B. Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, so they were

very happy. 连词

C. Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, hence they were

very happy. 错—adverb

D. Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, then they were

very happy. 错—adverb

连词的坑—伪连词 （seemingly连词， actually

副词）
正确答案—基础连词F(for) A（and) N(nor)

B(but) O(or) Y(yet) S (so)

⼲扰选项—伪连词

1. 转折（但是）：however, nevertheless,

nonetheless, notwithstanding

I’m tired. However, I still need to work.

2. 因果（因此）：hence, thus, therefore,

thereby, thereupon, consequently

I’m tired. Thus, I decided to go to bed earlier.

3. 时间顺承：then, next, later, nally

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既是连词又是副词（语义不同）

though

1. 虽然—让步—连词

Though I’m tired, I still need to work.

2. 但是—转折—副词

I’m tired. I still, though, need to work.

however

1. 连词=no matter what, no matter how

much=⽆论如何
However you love me, I don’t love you.

2. 副词=但是， 转折

You love me. However, I don’t love you.

3. 变从句dependent clause

SVO，从句 SVO

I claimed that we should go hiking tomorrow.

(宾语从句）

This is Beijing, which is the capital of China. (定

语从句）
4. 将多余的动词变成非动词的形式 （变非谓

语， 直接删除）

（1）多余的动词是实义动词—变非谓语（v-

ing, v-ed)

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, smiling.

Beaten by the street gang, the boy was unhappy.

(2) 多余的动词是be动词—删除

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, the most sacred

city in Galicia.

快速解题法（how many—用⼏个⽅法）

⽅法数=句中总动词数-1
同向语义

1. 并列： besides, also, in addition,

additionally, moreover, alternatively—同⼀

事物的不同⽅面（态度⼀致）

I’m hungry. Besides, I’m thirsty.

2. 递进: furthermore, indeed, even worse—针对

同⼀个事物的同⼀个⽅面进⾏加深程度的探讨

Besides--I’m hungry. Besides, I’m thirsty.

Furthermore—I’m hungry. Furthermore, I’m

almost famished to death.

 3. 顺承—选不加词， 选DELETE

（1）语义顺承—顶针关系（上⼀句的最后⼀

个概念， 在下⼀句继续探讨）

知⽆不⾔， ⾔⽆不尽

Yesterday I went to a shopping mall. It was

lled with an avalanche of people.

（2） 时间顺承—时间先后then, later

I went to the mall. Then, I had lunch.

4. 举例（抽象—具体）：for example, for

instance, to be speci c, speci cally, minutely, in

particular, particularly
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5. 因果(果）：hence, thus, therefore, thereby,

thereupon, consequently, subsequently, as a

result

第五次课

1. Coherence—反向语义

2. 增减、修改句⼦

3. 定从

反向语义
1. 转折(然⽽）：however, nevertheless,

nonetheless, notwithstanding, despite this,

though(adv) , still, regardless —⽭盾

（con icts) —situational irony

I’m exhausted. Though, I still need to work.

2. 对比: on the other hand, on the contrary, in

contrast, by contrast, conversely—相反

（contrast)

I’m exhausted. On the other hand, you’re

invigorated.

I’m physically exhausted. On the other hand,

I’m mentally invigorated.

3. Instead, rather —对否定句的解释—前⼀句

必须有NOT的同义词 (⼲扰选项）
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I don’t want to go to school. Instead/ rather, I

want to go to the theme park.

加句⼦

1. 相关细节：能够解释前⼀句中的核⼼概

念、解释段落主旨

2. 承上启下：承接上下句的语义

Gustave Mahler毕⽣追求是要通过音乐来体现

⼈世间的痛苦。 （第七交响曲它就是马勒艺

术追求的最佳体现）

Mahler的第七交响曲是古典乐坛最受欢迎的作

品。

3. 抽象信息—归纳 (出题位置：段首、段末）
Several factors argue in favor of such an

expanded role.

4. 符合⽂段中时序性叙述顺序的细节 （ rst

person narrator⽂章）

————————————————————

删：

1. 重复性信息（段内简洁）

2. ⽆关信息

————————————————————

修改：修改内容只要能够使原⽂划线点更具体

⼀定修改
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限定与非限定定从

1. 外形

SVO which—限定

SVO, which 非限定

SVO—which

2. 语义

（1）限定：对先⾏词进⾏分类、缩小范围

（2）非限定：对先⾏词进⾏⼀般性特征描述
I love eating apples which are red.

I love eating apples, which contain a great

volume of vitamins and ber.

This is Beijing(专有名词） , which is the capital

of China.

This is Beijing which is the capital of China.

Last year I visited a city which is the capital of

China.

Last year I visited a city(先⾏词）, which（关

系代词） is the capital of China.

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定从的构造原理：关系代词⼀定在从句中充当

成分 （主语，宾语，状语）

This is Beijing, which(主语） is the capital of

China.

This is Beijing, which (宾语） I visited last year.

This is Beijing, in which (地点状语） I can

witness the pandemonium of traf c.

普通关系代词that, which—修饰物—在从句中

充当主语、宾语

I read a book which/ that is interesting.

(1) that: 前面不能有标点，不能有介词

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In, on, at…

(2) which: 万⾦油

⼈称类：who, whom, whose

1. Who—只能修饰⼈—关系代词在从句中做

主语

I met a girl who is beautiful.

2. Whom—只能修饰⼈—关系代词在从句中做

宾语，或放在介词之后

This is the girl whom I met yesterday.

This is Ainsley, from whom I have learnt a lot.

3. Whose—X的—修饰⼈、物—和所修饰的名

词⼀起在从句中做主语、宾语

Last night I read a book whose plots were

intriguing.

This is Ainsley, whose experiences inspired me.

This is Ainsley, whose experiences I admire.

副词性关系代词：where， when， whereby=

介词+which--在从句中充当状语 （从句已经是

完整句）

where=in which, at which —地点状语

This is Beijing, where I can witness the

pandemonium of traf c.

when=at which (⼏点）, on which(某天）， in

which (某月， 某年， 某季节）—时间状语

Right now is 8PM, when we are supposed to

have fun.

whereby=by which/ through which —⽅式状语

I love using my Apple Watch, whereby I can

monitor my calories burning and sleeping every

day.

定从关系代词的省略：限定性+关系代词在从

句中做宾语
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I read a book which I bought yesterday.

This is the girl whom I met yesterday.

SVO V-ing (后置定语）

I looked at a boy standing over there. (男孩站）

=I looked at a boy who stood over there.

SVO, v-ing （伴随状语）

I looked at a boy， standing over there. （我

站）
反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself

1. 做宾语 （自⼰对自⼰做动作）

I killed myself.

He killed me.

I assured myself.

2. 做同位语—强调“亲自” —反身代词前后不能

有标点

Joe Biden himself went to McDonald’s.

种类：条件if, 让步although, 时间when, 原因

because, ⽅式by, 伴随v-ing…

If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to work.

前置状从， SVO.

If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to work.

SVO，后置状从.

SVO 后置状从.

I will not go to work if it rains tomorrow.

前置状语, SVO.

By hardworking, I got perfect score in ACT.

SVO, 后置状语

SVO 后置状语

SVO—后置状语

I got perfect score in ACT by hardworking.

， 状语、状从做插⼊语，

—状语、状从做插⼊语—

（状语、状从做插⼊语）
普通状语：状语省略主语，并且状语的动作发

出者（逻辑主语）和主⼲的主语⼀致

By hardworking, I got perfect score.

When entering the classroom, I saw Tom

chasing Jerry.

考点识别：

1. 状语之外， 主⼲划线（划线点和标点⽆

关）

2. 主⼲之外， 状语划线

3. 主⼲和状语同时划线
 独立主格—特殊的状语—状语部分不省略主

语，并且状语的主语和主⼲的主语不⼀致

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, their faces were

lled with the smile of self-ful llment.

Pilgrims arriving in Santiago(独立主格） , their

faces were lled with the smile of self-

ful llment.

Pilgrims arrived in Santiago, their faces with the

smile of self-ful llment （独立主格） .

普通状语 SVO， v-ing

独立主格 S1VO， S2v-ing/ v-ed

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