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RISK ASSESSMENT OF EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES IN WORKPLACES 工作场所爆炸性环境的风险评估

R.Lisi,M.F.Milazzo*墨西拿大学,墨
R. Lisi, M. F. Milazzo 西拿,意大利
•
University of Messina, Messina, Italy

e-mail: mfmilazzo@ingegneria.unime.it e-mail: mfmilazzo@ingegneria.unime.it

G.Maschio*意大利帕多瓦帕多
G. Maschio 瓦大学
•
University of Padova, Padova, Italy

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

The application of the Directive 99/92/EC deals with the safety and health protection of workers 指令99/92/EC的应用涉及潜在暴露于爆炸性环境的工人的安全和健康保护，并要求评估爆炸风险。 这
potentially exposed to explosive atmospheres and requires the assessment of explosion risks. These can arise 些可能是由于被列为主要危险的工业中典型的易燃物质的释放而产生的,但它们往往可能在处理易燃材
by the release of inflammable substances typical of industries classified as major hazards, but they often may 料的其他工业中产生。 在这两种情况下都需要对爆炸性环境进行风险评估，为此，本文提出了一种定
be generated in other industries where inflammable materials are handled. Risk assessment of explosive 量方法。 本文描述了基于概率风险评估的方法的主要方面，最后将其应用于案例研究。
atmospheres is required in both cases, for this purpose, in this article a quantitative approach has been
proposed. The paper describes the main aspects of the methodology, based on a probabilistic risk assessment,
and finally its application to a case-study.

1 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION

In the framework of the General Directive 89/391/CE, the term ATEX (from the French 在通用指令89/391/CE的框架内，术语ATEX（来自法国
Atmospheres Explosibles) is the name commonly given to the framework for controlling explosive Atmospheres Explosibles）是控制爆炸性气氛的框架以及用于此目的的设备和保护系统的标
atmospheres and the standards of equipment and protective systems used for this purpose. 准的名称。 关于控制爆炸风险，有两个欧洲指令：指令99/92/EC或
Concerning the control of explosion risk there are two European Directives: Directive 99/92/EC or
ATEX 137 and the Directive 94/9/EC or ATEX 95. ATEX137和指令94/9/EC或ATEX95。
According to this legislation the employer has the obligation to prevent the formation of 根据这项立法，雇主有义务采取所有必要的技术组织措施，防止爆炸性气氛的形成。 当无
explosive atmospheres adopting all the technical-organizational measures required. When the 法避免这种易燃云的形成时，必须防止点火，并将爆炸造成的潜在损害降至最低。 雇主必须
formation of such inflammable clouds can not be avoided, the ignition must be prevented and the 对可能形成爆炸性气体的区域进行分类。 然后，必须对爆炸性环境造成的风险评估文件（在
potential damage caused by an explosion must be reduced to the minimum. The employer has to 这项名为ATEX风险评估文件的工作中）进行编辑，并定期更新。 该文件必须符合意大利D.L.
classify the areas in which the formation of explosive atmospheres is possible. Then the document 81/08号法令所规定的最低要求,并且必须包括一节,其中使用具体方法评价风险。 还必须指
of evaluation of the risk due to explosive atmospheres (in this work named document of evaluation
出避免形成爆炸性气氛和点火源的措施，最后必须规定工作场所使用的设备的特性。
of the ATEX risk) has to be redacted and, periodically, updated. Such document must undergo to the
least requisites fixed by the decree law mentioned before the Italian D.L. 81/08 and must include a
section in which the risk is evaluated using specific methodologies. Measures to avoid the
formation of explosive atmospheres and ignition sources must also be indicated, finally the
characteristics of the equipment used in the workplace must be specified.
Concerning industries classified at major risk, Safety Reports include the risk assessment 关于被列为重大危险的行业，安全报告包括被列为重大危险的行业发生大规模爆炸的风险评
related to the explosions of great magnitude for industries classified as major hazards. The 估。 对低幅度爆炸造成的风险的估计,其特点是低幅度爆炸,可能涉及工作场所,已列入工作场
estimation of the risk due to lower magnitude explosions, characterized by lower magnitude, which 所风险评估文件和ATEX风险评估文件。 应用于工作场所爆炸风险评估的方法通常是定性的
could potentially involve workplace, is included in the document of the risk assessment of the （Benintendi等人）。 2006）或半定量（Pezzo等人。 2006). 使用定性方法往往会低估与小
workplace and in the document of evaluation of the ATEX risk. The approach applied for the 排放引起的易燃云爆炸有关的风险，特别是在密闭空间内。
explosion risk assessment in the workplaces is generally qualitative (Benintendi et al. 2006) or
semi-quantitative (Pezzo et al. 2006). The application of a qualitative method often causes an
underestimation of the risk associated with the explosion of flammable clouds arising from small
releases, particularly, in confined spaces.

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It is important to remember that the evaluation of risk should be completed with the 重要的是要记住，风险评估应该在判断其可接受性的情况下完成。 一些标准是必要的，判
judgement about its acceptability. Some criteria are necessary, the judgement is made on the bases 断是根据相对于技术知识的经验做出的。
of the experience relative to knowledge of the technology.
2方法学方法
2 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
在这项工作中，描述了爆炸风险评估的定量程序，它基于概率方法。 该过程的流程图如图
In this work a quantitative procedure for the assessment of the explosion risk has been 1所示。
described, it is based on a probabilistic approach. A flow-chart of the procedure is in figure 1.
The application of the procedure requires a detailed knowledge of the system (workplace and 程序的应用需要系统（工作场所和活动）的详细知识。 分析的第一步是危险区域的分类，
activity). The first step of the analysis is the classification of the hazardous areas this can be made 这可以通过考虑释放物质的数量和释放的可能性来进行。 在对点火概率，爆炸造成的潜在损
by taking into account the quantity of substances released and the probability of release. The risk 害和工人存在的概率进行量化后，风险评估将成为可能。 该程序是在评估风险可接受性的情
evaluation will be possible after the quantification of the probability of ignition, the potential 况下完成的。
damage caused by the explosion and the probability of the presence of workers. The procedure is
completed with the evaluation of the acceptability of the risk.

Description of the workplace and the 工作场所和活动的描述

activity

Identification of the substances and 物质和排放源的识别

the emission sources

Calculation of the rate of Estimation of the cloud 释放率的计算 云维度的估计

release dimension

Hazardous areas classification 危险区域分类

Identification of the ignition sources and 点火源的识别和点火概率的估计

estimation of the probability of ignition

Calculation of the consequence of the 爆炸后果的计算

explosion

Calculation of the probability of presence of 工人存在概率的计算

workers

ATEX RISK ATEX RISK

图1。 流程图，用于评估由于存在爆炸性环境而产生的风险。
Figure 1. Flow-chart for the evaluation of risk due to the presence of explosive atmospheres.
一些优点与使用定量方法进行风险分析有关。 它可以提高总的安全水平,与此同时,在有重
Some advantages are related to the use of a quantitative approach for risk analysis. It allows 大危险的工业中,该方法避免低估与爆炸性环境有关的风险,并为每种情况确定正确的预防和
an improvement of the overall safety levels, at the same time, in the case of industries at major 保护措施。
hazards, the method avoids the underestimation of the risk associated with explosive atmospheres
and to identify the correct preventive and protection measures for each case.

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2.1 Classification of hazardous areas 2.1 危险区域的分类

爆炸性气氛是指在大气条件下易燃物质与空气的混合物。 如果发生点火，燃烧会扩散到整
An explosive atmosphere is defined as a mixture of inflammable substances with air, under 个未燃烧的混合物。 大气条件通常指环境温度和压力。 这意味着温度为–20°C至40°c，压
atmospheric conditions. If an ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned 力为0.8至1.1bar。
mixture. Atmospheric conditions are commonly referred to ambient temperatures and pressures.
This means temperatures of – 20 °C to 40 °C and pressures of 0.8 to 1.1 bar.
The classification of the areas has the purpose of establishing the presence of zones 对这些区域进行分类的目的是确定存在以爆炸危险为特征的区域,在这些区域中必须采取技
characterized by the explosion hazard, in which technical and organizational provisions must be 术和组织规定,以便使存在爆炸性气氛所造成的危险可以忽略不计。 为了对区域进行分类，
adopted with the aim to make the risk due to the presence of explosive atmospheres negligible. In 必须将建立划分为单位，并且有必要定义由于工厂的正常运行，过程偏差或维护活动期间可
order to classify the areas, the establishment must be divided into units and it is necessary to define 以释放易燃物质的区域。
the zones where inflammable substances can be released due to the normal operation of the plant,
process deviations or during maintenance activities.
The methodology EN 60079-10 (CEI 31-30, 1996) must be used for zone classification. The 必须使用en60079-10(CEI31-30,1996)方法进行区域分类。 该方法需要与指南CEI31-35和
method needs to be applied together with two guidelines, Guide CEI 31-35 and Guide CEI 31-35/A, 指南CEI31-35/A两个指南一起应用，并确定表1的危险区域。
and identifies the hazardous zones of table 1.

Table 1. Probability and duration of explosive atmospheres. 表1。 爆炸性气氛的概率和持续时间。

Probability, P Duration, t Probability, P Duration, t
Zone Zone
Year-1 Hour/year Year-1 Hour/year
Zone 0: 0区：爆炸性气氛的存在
the presence of an explosive P > 0.1 t > 1000 h 是连续的 P > 0.1 t > 1000 h
atmosphere is continuous
Zone 1: 区域1：在正常操作条件下可能
an explosive atmosphere is likely to
0.1 > P > 10 -3
10 h < t < 1000 h 发生爆炸性气氛 0.1 > P > 10 -3 10 h < t < 1000 h
occur during normal operating
conditions
Zone 2: 区域2：爆炸性气氛在正常操作条件
an explosive atmosphere is unlikely to 下不太可能发生或短时间内不常发生
occur in normal operating conditions or 10-3 > P > 10 -5 0.1 h < t < 10 h 10-3 > P > 10 -5 0.1 h < t < 10 h
occurs infrequently for short periods of
time

2.2 Probability of presence of ignition sources 2.2 点火源存在的概率

风险分析的一个重要阶段是点火源识别. 标准UNI EN1127-1(2001)列出了以下易燃大气点
An important phase of the risk analysis is the ignition of the sources identification. The 火的主要原因:
standards UNI EN 1127-1 (2001) lists the following main causes of ignition of inflammable
atmospheres:
-热表面−-火焰和热气体或颗粒;
− Hot surfaces; -机械火花;-电气网络−-杂散电流;
− Flames and hot gases or particles; -阴极保护−-静电;-闪电;-电缆的
− Mechanical sparks; 欧姆加热;-射频波;-电磁波;-电离
− Electrical networks; 辐射;-超声波;
− Stray currents;
− Cathode protection;
− Static electricity;
− Lightning;
− Ohmic heating of electric cables;
− Radio-frequency waves;
− Electromagnetic waves;
− Ionizing radiation;
− Ultrasound;

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− Adiabatic compression and shock waves; -绝热压缩和冲击波;-放热反应。

− Exothermic reactions.
为了量化每个点火源的发生概率，可以使用文献数据或，优选地，针对所分析的植物的特
In order to quantify the probability of occurrence of each ignition source, literature data or, 定研究。 方法，如历史分析，故障树分析，FMEA或FMECA，或具体的分析程序，也可以应
preferably, specific studies for the plant under analysis can be used. Methods, such as historical 用于评估概率或以上列出的每个点火源的可能有效性。
analysis, fault tree analysis, FMEA or FMECA, or specific analytic procedures, could also be
applied to assess the probability or the likely effectiveness of each of the ignition sources listed
above.

2.3 Consequences of the explosion 2.3 爆炸的后果

The consequences of the explosion must be estimated for each emission source identified 爆炸的后果必须对通过区域分类确定的每个排放源和每个单位进行估计。 这个阶段包括估
through the classification of the areas and for each unit of the establishment. This phase consists in 计超压与源（点火发生点）的距离。 这种现象的复杂性需要使用适当的模拟代码进行流体
the estimation of the overpressure vs. the distance from the source (the point where ignition occurs). 动力学研究。 工作的目的使用简化和保守的模型，给出压力峰值与距离是足够的。
The complexity of the phenomenon would require a fluidynamic study using an appropriate
simulation code. The purposes of the work the use of simplified and conservative models which
give the pressure peak vs. the distance is sufficient.
Many simplified models for the estimation of the overpressure caused by an explosion are 许多用于估计爆炸引起的超压的简化模型可在Lees1996和黄皮书1997中找到。 最常见的方
available in Lees 1996 and in the Yellow Book 1997. The most common methods are the equivalent 法是等效tnt模型和等效活塞模型，所有方法都允许量化压力波达到0.03巴值的距离。 超压
TNT model and the equivalent piston model, all the methods allow the quantification of the distance 是导致逆转病变的阈值极限。
where a pressure wave reaches the value of 0.03 bar. The overpressure is the threshold limit causing
reversing lesions.

2.4 Presence of workers 2.4 工人在场

工作场所人员的存在取决于在潜在损坏区工作的人数和他们可能存在的可能性。 参与潜在
The presence of personnel in workplace depends on the number working in the potential 爆炸的工人数量可以使用通过后果分析获得的损坏区域来计算。 存在的概率是根据工人任
damage zone and on their probable of presence. The number of workers involved in a potential 务（例如轮班工人，头班，维修人员）计算的。 因此工人p w的存在（参数是概率）使用公
explosion can be calculated using the damage zones obtained through the consequence analysis. 式（1）计算:
The probability of presence is calculated according to the worker task (for example shift-workers,
head-shifts, maintenance staff). Thus the presence of workers pw (the parameter is a probability) is
calculated using equation (1):

p w = ⎛⎜ ⎞p p w = ⎛⎜ i ⎞p
Ai A
Aest ⎟⎠ i ⎟ i
(1) (1)
⎝ ⎝ Aest ⎠
其中a i=爆炸的影响区域;a est=建筑物的整个区域;p i=建筑物中存在个人的概率。
where Ai = impact zone of the explosion; Aest = whole area of the establishment; pi = probability of
the presence of personal in the establishment.

3 ATEX RISK 3 ATEX RISK

在这项工作中，公式（2）被提出用于计算与潜在存在爆炸性环境相关的风险指数，R ae（
In this work equation (2) has been proposed for the calculation of the risk index associated ATEX风险）:
with the potential presence of explosive atmospheres, Rae (ATEX risk):

Rae = pe ⋅ p a ⋅ p w (2) Rae = pe ⋅ p a ⋅ p w (2)

其中p e=可燃性物质从排放源释放的概率；p a=存在点火源的概率；p w=在撞击区域中存
where pe = probability of release of an inflammable substance from an emission source; pa = 在工人。
probability of the presence of an ignition source; pw = presence of workers in the impact area.

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4 APPLICATION 4 APPLICATION
本文提出的方法已应用于一个真正的机构. 案例研究是一个石化厂（机密）。 该机构的面
The methodology proposed in this paper has been applied to a real establishment. The case 积约为400公顷，包括15个制造工厂，10个辅助服务，4个空气污染保护，2个水污染保护，
study is a petrochemical plant (confidential). The area of the establishment is approximately 400 火灾报警系统，一个广泛的产品移动区域和一般服务区（办公室，控制室，午餐室，实验室
hectares and consists of 15 manufacturing plants, 10 of auxiliary service, 4 of air pollution 等）。). 为了评估风险，该机构被分成27个单位。 图2显示了一个单位的建立布局。 这是脱
protection, 2 of water pollution protection, fire alarm systems, a wide area for the movement of 硫装置，由两个反应器、若干储罐、气/液分离鼓等组成。
products and general service areas (offices, control room, lunch room, laboratories, etc.). In order to
assess the risk the establishment has been divided into 27 units. Figure 2 shows the layout of a unit
of the establishment. This is the desulphuration plant, which consists of two reactors, a number of
storage tanks, the gas/liquid separation drum, etc.
The quantity of substances released and the probability of formation of an explosive 已经计算了释放的物质的数量和形成爆炸性气氛的可能性。 利用这些数据对区域进行了分
atmosphere have been calculated. Using these data the classification of areas has been carried out. 类。 用于图2的单元的一部分的区域的分类的结果示于图3(a)。
Results of the classification of the areas for a part of the unit of Figure 2 are shown in Figure 3(a).
The part under analysis is the gas/liquid separation drum. 被分析的部分是气/液分离鼓。
The next step is the identification of potential ignition sources (SA). Reconnaissance of the 下一步是识别潜在的点火源(SA). 对工作场所的侦察和与工人的访谈使lees1996中列出的一
workplace and interviews with workers have allowed the exclusion some of the potential sources of 些潜在的点火源被排除在外。 已经考虑了九个潜在的点火源：1）热表面，2）火焰和热气体
ignition listed in Lees 1996. Nine potential sources of ignition have been taken into account: 1) hot 或颗粒，3）机械火花，4）电气系统，5）阴极保护，6）静电，7）闪电，8）由于云造成
surfaces, 2) flames and hot gases or particles, 3) mechanical sparks, 4) electrical system, 5) cathodic 的电过载，9）加热电缆。 对于每个SA，使用历史和故障树分析或有时特定的计算程序计
protection, 6) static electricity, 7) lightning, 8) electric-overload due to clouds, 9) heating cables. 算点火可能性。 随后，对于每个SE，已经计算了由于存在至少一个SA而引起的爆炸的影响
For each SA the likelihood of ignition has been calculated using historical and fault tree analysis or, 。
sometimes, specific calculation procedures. Subsequently, for each SE the effects of an explosion
due to the presence of at least one SA have been calculated.
The consequences analysis has been done using the equivalent mass of TNT model. The 使用tnt模型的等效质量进行了后果分析。 使用这两种方法进行后果评估所需的信息是释放
information required for the consequences assessment, using both the method, are the flow rate Q 物质的流量Q（kg/s）和云的持久性距离d z（m）。 为了定义最后一个参数，有必要注意到
(kg/s) of the released substance and the distance of permanence of the cloud dz (m). To define this ，在释放后，云在该区域存在一定时间，并且在存在点火源的情况下，可能导致爆炸。 持久
last parameter it is necessary to note that after the release the cloud exists for a certain time in the 性的距离表示爆炸云的最大尺寸。 TNT模型的应用非常简单，它是基于某个爆炸的tnt当量质
area and, in the presence of ignition sources, can potentially cause an explosion. The distance of 量（m TNT）的估计，使用公式（3），然后在距离（x）的计算上，使用特定的相关性如公
permanence indicates the maximum dimension of the explosive cloud. The application of the TNT 式（4）:
model is very simple, it is based on the estimation of equivalent mass of TNT (mTNT) for a certain
explosion, using equation (3), and then on the calculation of the distance (x), using a specific
correlation such as equation (4):

ΔΗ C ΔΗ C
mTNT = η ⋅ ⋅ m cloud (3) mTNT = η ⋅ ⋅ m cloud (3)
4,196 ⋅10 6 4,196 ⋅10 6

x = m1 / 3e
[3.5031− 0.724 ln O p + 0.0398 (ln O p )2 ]
x = m1 / 3e p p [3.5031− 0.724 ln O (
+ 0.0398 ln O )2 ]
(4) (4)
其中m TNT=tnt的当量质量（kg）;η=屈服因子;Δ H C=炸药的燃烧焓（kJ/kg）;m云=炸药的
where mTNT = equivalent mass of TNT (kg); η = yield factor; ΔHC = enthalpy of combustion of the 质量（kg）;x=距离（英尺）;O p=超压（psi）。
explosive (kJ/kg); mcloud = mass of the explosive (kg); x = distance (feet); Op = overpressure (psi).
The classification of the areas for the unit under analysis has been given in Figure 3(a), the 图3(a)给出了所分析单位的区域分类，图3(b)给出了排放源后果评估的结果。
results of the consequence assessment for an emission source are shown in Figure 3(b).

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Figure 2. Layout of a unit of the establishment. 图2。 建立的一个单元的布局。

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(a) (b) (a) (b)

Figure 3. (a) Classification of the areas; (b) Results of consequence analysis. 图3。 (a)区域分类;(b)后果分析的结果。
人员的存在已经计算考虑到三个不同的工人任务。 表2显示了轮班工人，工头和维修人员
The presence of personnel has been calculated taking into account three different worker 的存在概率。
tasks. Table 2 shows the probability of presence for shift workers, foremen and maintenance staff.

Table 2. Probability of presence of workers. 表2。 工人的存在概率。

Probability of presence pi 存在概率p i
Task Task
n. hours per day n.每天小时
shift worker 0.91 轮班工人 0.91
foreman 0.33 foreman 0.33
maintenance staff 0.11 维修人员 0.11
给出了易燃物质释放概率、点火源存在和工人存在的值，根据公式(2)对风险进行了评估。
Given the values for the probability of release of inflammable substances, of the presence of 图4的曲线图示出了针对图2的单元的每个排放源计算的指数风险R ae的值。 该图表显示了如
ignition sources and the presence of workers, the risk has been evaluated according to equation (2). 何简化关键点的识别，其中需要采取降低风险的行动。
The graph of Figure 4 shows the values of the index risk Rae calculated for each emission
source of the unit of Figure 2. The graph shows how is simplified the identification of critical points
where actions to reduce the risk are necessary.

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Figure 4. Risk Index (Rae). 图4。 风险指数（R ae）。

5 RISK ACCEPTABILITY 5 风险可接受性

在风险分析之后，有必要对现有的危险或潜在的危险场所做出决定。 通常这些决定被授权
After risk analysis it is necessary to make decisions about existing hazardous or potentially 给在该领域具有公认专业知识的组织。 对于现有技术，这种专门知识将依赖于过去的经验，
hazardous establishment. Usually these decisions are delegated to organizations with recognized 包括危险设施的附带统计数据（也是"近乎遗漏"）。 这种经验必须提供阈值限制，以便确定
expertise in the area. For existing technology, that expertise will rely on past experience, including 风险的可接受性和可容忍性。
incidental statistics (also “near-miss”) for hazardous facilities. This experience must provide
threshold limits in order to define the acceptability and the tolerability of the risk.
Taking into account of the typology of the accidents, in this paper the same threshold values 考虑到事故的类型，本文采用了用于判断重大风险行业风险可接受性的相同阈值。 安全报
used to judge the risk acceptability in industries at major risk have been applied. Explosions 告中分析的爆炸是由易燃物质的大量释放引起的，因此会影响到大面积的区域。 对于没有重
analyzed in the Safety Reports are originated by great releases of inflammable substances and, 大风险的场所，爆炸的影响范围较小，只涉及工人。 由于可以以相同的方式研究两种爆炸类
consequently, they impact on large areas. For establishments not at major risk, the explosions have 型，因此统一风险评估方法是合适的。
a smaller impact area and involve only the workers. Since both the type of explosions can be
studied in the same way it is opportune to uniform the approaches of risk evaluation.
Unfortunately the Italian normative does not defined acceptability criteria for industries 不幸的是，意大利规范并没有定义被归类为重大危险的行业的可接受性标准，风险判断是指
classified at major hazard, the risk judgment is made referring to the threshold values of frequency 意大利D.P.R.126中报告的频率和后果的阈值。 关于爆炸风险，在这项工作中，有人建议参考
and consequences reported in the Italian D.P.R. 126. Concerning the explosion risk, in this work, it 英国采用的风险可接受性标准，并在2005年2月25日的意大利D.P.C.M.和指南CEI31-35/A中
has been proposed to refer to the risk acceptability criterion adopted in the United Kingdom and 描述。:
described in the Italian D.P.C.M. of the 25th February 2005 and in the Guide CEI 31-35/A. The
threshold values of risk are:

Rae < 10 −6 risk is acceptable; Rae < 10 −6 风险是可以接受的 ;

10 −6 < Rae < 10 −4 risk must be reduced as low as technically and economically possible; 10 −6 < Rae < 10 −4 必须在技术和经济上尽可能低地降低风险 ;

Rae > 10 −4 risk is not acceptable. Rae > 10 −4 风险是不可接受的。

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According to this criterion and this analysis, based on the risk assessment and combined with 根据这一标准和这一分析，在风险评估的基础上并结合现场检查，可以验证进一步实施保护
on-site inspections, the necessity of further implementation of protective and preventive measures 和预防措施的必要性。 为了实现这一目标，制定了一份详细的核对清单。
can be verified. In order to make this objective a detailed check-list has been drawn.

6 CONCLUSIONS 6 CONCLUSIONS
拟议的方法允许确定系统中的关键点（技术和程序），并尽可能减少工人的暴露。 特别是
The proposed methodology permits to identify the critical points in the system (technical and 定量方法允许不低估暴露工人的风险。 爆炸风险的定量评估还允许在公司采取的预防和保护
procedural) and decreases the exposure of the workers as low as possible. In particular the 干预措施中获得改进的效果。
quantitative approach allows to not underestimate the risks for the exposed workers. The
quantitative evaluation of the explosion risk also allows to obtain an improved effective in the
prevention and protection interventions adopted by the company.
A tool for the risk assessment has been created, it permits to repeat the calculations and a 已经建立了一个风险评估工具,它允许重复计算,并更快地核查所分析系统预防和减轻风险措
faster verifications of the possible improvement of the measures of risk prevention and mitigation 施的可能改进。
for the system under analysis.
Finally through the quantitative analysis it is possible a detailed study of the accidental 最后，通过定量分析，可以详细研究由于小版本引起的意外情况。 对于面临重大风险的行
scenarios due to small releases. For industries at major risk a detailed analysis of such events is 业，对此类事件的详细分析至关重要，因为它们可能代表多米诺骨牌效应的潜在来源。
essential because they can represent potential sources of domino effects.

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