SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

Solution Manual for Introduction to Chemical

Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition Smith
Ness Abbott Swihart 1259696529 9781259696527
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4.1.(7th edition prob. 4.1)

If we have set up a spreadsheet to evaluate the heat capacity integral like the example spreadsheet from the
lecture notes, we can use it to evaluate the heat capacity integral in each case, and simply enter the heat
capacity parameters and read out the value of the integral:
T
 T − T0 
) + (T 2 − T2) + (T − T3) + D
CP B C
dT = A (T − T 3


T0 R 0
2 0
3 0  TT 
 0 

T
CP
 dT  ICPH (T0 ,T , A, B,C, D )
T0 R

Q = H = n × R × ICPH

(a) If 10 mol of SO2 is heated from 200 to 1100C, the heat requirement will be 10*R*ICPH, where ICPH

is the heat capacity integral. Using our spreadsheet to evaluate ICPH, we get
T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K2) D (K2) ICPH (K)
473.15 1373.15 5.699 8.01E-04 0 -1.02E+05 5.65E+03
-1 -1
So, the heat requirement is 10 mol*8.314 J mol K *5650 K = 469700 J = 470 kJ

(b) Similarly, if we heat 12 moles of propane from 250 to 1200 C, the heat requirement is 12*R*ICPH.
Putting the heat capacity parameters for propane and these temperatures into the ICPH spreadsheet
gives
T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K2) D (K2) ICPH (K)
523.15 1473.15 1.213 2.88E-02 -8.82E-06 0.00E+00 1.95E+04
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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4
So, the total heat requirement is 12 mol*8.314 J mol-1 K-1*19500 K = 1.95106 J = 1950 kJ

4.2 (7th edition Prob. 4.2)

If we have set up a spreadsheet to evaluate the heat capacity integral like the example spreadsheet from the
lecture notes, we can use it to evaluate the heat capacity integral in each case, and simply vary the final
temperature until we get the desired Q.
(a) If 800 kJ is added to 10 mol of ethylene, then Q = H = 800000 J/10 mol = 80000 J mol-1. So, H/R =
80000 J mol-1 /8.314 J mol-1 K-1 = 9622 K, so the integral of Cp/R from 200C (473 K) to the final
temperature should be 9622 K. Using our spreadsheet to evaluate this, we get

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K2) D (K2) ICPH (K)

473 1374.4 1.424 1.44E-02 -4.39E-06 0.00E+00 9.622E+03
So, the final temperature is 1374 K.

(b) Similarly, if we add 2500 kJ to 15 mol of 1-butene, we have H/R = 2500000 J / (15 mol *8.314 J mol-
1
K-1 )= 20045 K. Putting the heat capacity coefficients for 1-butene into the spreadsheet and trying
final temperatures until we get this value, we get
2 2
T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K ) D (K ) ICPH (K)
533 1414 1.967 3.16E-02 -9.87E-06 0.00E+00 2.005E+04
So, the final temperature is 1414 K.
(c) This is the same, but in English units, in which we can use R = 1.986 Btu lbmol-1 R-1, so H/R = 106
Btu / (40 lbmol *1.986 Btu lbmol-1 R-1) = 12588 R = 6993 K. The initial temperature of 500 F is 533
K. So, we get
T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K2) D (K2) ICPH (K)
533 1202.7 1.424 1.44E-02 -4.39E-06 0.00E+00 6.994E+03
And the final temperature is 1203 K = 1705 F.

4.3 (New)
To compute the outlet temperature, use

But first the heat capacity at 373.15 K must be determine for each compound using the Table C.1 and Eqn
4.5.

This can easily be done in a spreadsheet.

T out
3 6 −5
species A 10 B 10 C 10 D Cp *R (K)
a Methane 1.702 9.081 -2.164 0 4.79 39.82 674.52
b Ethane 1.131 19.225 -5.561 0 7.53 62.61 564.82
c Propane 1.213 28.785 -8.824 0 10.73 89.17 507.72
-
d n-Butane 1.935 36.915 11.402 0 14.12 117.41 475.35
-
e n-Hexane 3.025 53.722 16.791 0 20.73 172.38 442.76
-
f n-Octane 4.108 70.567 22.208 0 27.35 227.37 425.93

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

g Propylene 1.637 22.706 -6.915 0 9.15 76.05 530.95

-
h 1-Pentene 2.691 39.753 12.447 0 15.79 131.29 464.55
-
i 1-Heptene 3.768 56.588 17.847 0 22.40 186.22 437.59
-
j 1-Octene 4.324 64.96 20.521 0 25.71 213.72 429.30
k Acetylene 6.132 1.952 0 -1.299 6.86 57.04 583.54
- -
l Benzene 0.206 39.064 13.301 0 12.52 104.08 488.45
m Ethanol 3.518 20.001 -6.002 0 10.15 84.35 515.41
-
n Styrene 2.05 50.192 16.662 0 18.46 153.47 451.34
o Formaldehyde 2.264 7.022 -1.877 0 4.62 38.43 685.37
p Ammonia 3.578 3.02 0 -0.186 4.70 39.12 679.92
Carbon
q monoxide 3.376 0.557 0 -0.031 3.58 29.80 775.89
r Carbon dioxide 5.457 1.045 0 -1.157 5.85 48.61 620.01
s Sulfur dioxide 5.699 0.801 0 -1.015 6.00 49.87 613.79
t Water 3.47 1.45 0 0.121 4.01 33.35 732.99
u Nitrogen 3.28 0.593 0 0.04 3.50 29.11 785.38
Hydrogen
v cyanide 4.736 1.359 0 -0.725 5.24 43.59 648.43

4.4 (7th edition Prob. 4.3)

Looking in table A.2, we are reminded that the gas constant is R = 0.7302 ft3 atm (lb mol)-1 R-1 in the sort
of units used in this problem, so we can convert the volumetric flow rate to a molar flow rate using the ideal
gas law (air at atmospheric conditions is very nearly an ideal gas).
n = PV/RT = 1 atm * 250 ft3 s-1 / (10.7302 ft3 atm lbmol-1 R-1 * (122R + 459.7R ) =
n = 0.59 lbmol s-1
To find the heat needed to heat the air at constant pressure from 122F to 932 F, we need to integrate the
heat capacity over that temperature range
932 F

Q=

122 F
nC p dT

The ideal gas heat capacity for air is given in table C.1 as
(
C p = R A + BT + DT −2 )
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 SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

T must be in Kelvins for use in this expression, so we convert 122F to 323.15 K and 932 F to 773.15 K.
We then have
773 K

Q = nR

323 K
A + BT + DT −2 dT

773 K
 B D
Q = nR  AT + T 2 − 
 2 T  323 K
Putting in n = 0.59 lbmol s , R = 1.986 Btu lbmol-1 R-1, A = 3.355, B = 0.57510-3 K-1, D = -1600 K2 gives
-1

Q = 0.59 lbmol s-1 *1.986 Btu lbmol-1   7731 3231

( )
R -1 3.355 ( 773 − 323) + 2.8810−4 7732 − 3232 +1600
 
−   K •1.8 R/K
Q = 3478 Btu s-1

Note that because the heat capacity integral comes out with units of K, while we are using R with units of
R, we have to multiply by 1.8 R/K.

4.5 (7th edition Prob. 4.4) How much heat is required when 10,000 kg of CaCO3 is heated at atmospheric

pressure from 50°C to 880°C?

The number of moles of CaCO3 is 107 g/ 100.09 g mol-1 = 99910.08 mol CaCO 3. Evaluating the heat

capacity integral from 323 to 1153 K, we get H/R = 11350 K

2 2
T 1 (K) T 2 (K) A B (1/K) C (1/K ) D (K ) ICPH (K)
323 1153 12.572 2.64E-03 0.00E+00 -3.12E+05 1.182E+04
So, 99910.08 mol * 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 * 11350 K = 9.43109 J = 9.43106 kJ.

4.6. (7th edition prob. 4.5)

For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as:

(
(C ) = A + B T ( + 1) + C T 2  2 +  +1 )
p 1
2 1 3

where T2/T1. DefineCPam as the value of CP evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam.
Then:

Where

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4
Whence,

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

Define δ as the difference between the two heat capacities:

This readily reduces to:

Making the substitution τ = T2/T1 yields the required answer.
��2/��1 = ��2 ��1

th
4.7. (7 edition prob. 4.6)

For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as

B D
= A+ T + +
( )
C
p
2 1 ( 1)
 T12

where τ ≡ T2/ T1. Define CPam as the value of CP evaluated at the arithmetic mean
temperature Tam.

As in the preceding p roblem,

Whence,

Define δ as the difference between the two heat cap acities:

This readily reduces to:

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

Making the substitution τ = T2/ T1 yields the required answer.

𝑇1
�
�
1

th
4.8. (7 edition prob. 4.7)
Let step 12 represent the initial reversible adiabatic expansion, and step 23
the final constant-volume heating.

Given
R/C p
P 
T =T 2

2 3  
 P3 
Solve for Cp

4.9 (7th edition prob. 4.8)

Except for the noble gases [Fig. (4.1)], CP increases with increasing T . Therefore, the estimate is
likely to be low.

4.10 (7th edition Prob. 4.9)

(a) In this part, we use equation 4.14

reduced temperature at another reduced temperature. The critical temperature for n-pentane (from appendix

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4
B) is 469.7 K. So, 25C corresponds to a reduced temperature of Tr1 = 298.15/469.7 = 0.6348. The normal
boiling point for n-pentane (also from appendix B) is 309.2 K, which corresponds to a reduced temperature
Tr2 = 309.2/469.7 = 0.6583. So, using equation 4.14, we have

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

0.38
 1 − Tr 2   1 −0.6583 
0.38

H = H = 366.3 = 357.1 J g -1
2 1    1− 0.6348 
 1− Tr1   

This is essentially exact agreement with the handbook value (it differs by 0.03%).

(b) In this part, we estimate the heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point without using the
information on the heat of vaporization at 25C, using equation 4.13
also use the critical pressure, Pc = 33.70 bar for n-pentane. Then, using equation 4.13:
 1.092 ( ln Pc −1.013)   1.092 ( ln 33.7 −1.013) 
H = RT = 8.314*309.2 = 25876 J mol-1
   
0.930 − T 0.930 − 0.6583
n n

 rn   
-1

Dividing by the molecular weight of n-pentane (72.15 g/mol) gives Hn = 358.6 J g . This is just 0.4%
higher than the handbook value, and it only required knowledge of the critical properties and the normal
boiling point temperature.

4.11. (Like 7th edition 4.10, but in different units, solutions below are for 7th edition version and

We want to evaluate the latent heat of vaporization using the Clapeyron equation:
dP sat
H = T V
dT
3 -1 3 -
(a) At -16C, we see that the vapor volume is 0.12551 m kg and the liquid volume is 0.000743 m kg
, so V = 0.124767 m kg . Now, we can estimate the slope of the vapor pressure curve from the
1 3 -1

values at -18, -16, and -14 C, which are 1.446,1.573, and 1.708 bar, respectively. So, we could
estimate the slope as
dP sat P 1.708bar − 1.446
bar
 = = 00.0655bar.K-1 = 0.0655*102 kPa.K −1
dT T (273.15 + (−14))K − (273.15 + (−18))K
So, we have

H = (273.15 + (−16))K * 0.124767m3 .kg −1 * 0.0655 *102 kPa.K −1 = 210.4kPa.m3 .kg −1 = 210.4kJ.kg −1

3 -1 3 -
(b) At 0C, we see that the vapor volume is 0.069309 m kg and the liquid volume is 0.000722 m kg
1
, so V = 0.068587 m3kg-1. Now, we can estimate the slope of the vapor pressure curve from the
values at -2, 0, and 2 C, which are 2.722,2.928, and 3.146 bar, respectively. So, we could estimate
the slope as
UpdateddP 18/01/2017
sat
P − 10
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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions3.146bar 2.722bar Chapter 4
 = = 0.106bar.K-1 = 0.106 *102 kPa.K −1
dT T (273.15 + (2))K − (273.15 + (−2))K
So, we have

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

H = (273.15 + (0))K * 0.068587m3 .kg −1 * 0.106 *102 kPa.K −1 =198.59kPa.m3 .kg −1 = 198.59kJ.kg−1

(c) At 12C, we see that the vapor volume is 0.046332 m3kg-1 and the liquid volume is 0.000797 m3kg-
1
, so V = 0.045535 m3kg-1. Now, we can estimate the slope of the vapor pressure curve from the
values at 10, 12, and 14 C, which are 4.146,4.43, and 4.732 bar, respectively. So, we could
estimate the slope as
dP sat P 4.732bar − 4.146bar
 = = 0.1465bar.K-1 = 0.1465*102 kPa.K −1
dT T (273.15 + (14))K − (273.15 + (10))K
So, we have

H = (273.15 + (12))K * 0.045535m3 .kg −1 * 0.1465 *102 kPa.K −1 = 190.22kPa.m3 .kg −1 =190.22kJ.kg−1

(d) At 26C, we see that the vapor volume is 0.029998 m3kg-1 and the liquid volume is 0.000831 m3kg-
, so V = 0.029167 m kg . Now, we can estimate the slope of the vapor pressure curve from the
1 3 -1

values at 24, 26, and 28 C, which are 6.458,6.854, and 7.269 bar, respectively. So, we could
estimate the slope as
dP sat P 7.269bar − 6.458bar
 = = 0.20275bar.K-1 = 0.20275*102 kPa.K −1
dT T (273.15 + (28))K − (273.15 + (24))K
So, we have

H = (273.15 + (26)K * 0.029167m3 .kg −1 * 0.20275 *102 kPa.K −1 = 176.91kPa.m3 .kg −1 =176.91kJ.kg−1

3 -1 3 -
(e) At 40C, we see that the vapor volume is 0.019966 m kg and the liquid volume is 0.000872 m kg
1
, so V = 0.019094 m3kg-1. Now, we can estimate the slope of the vapor pressure curve from the
values at 35, 40, and 45 C, which are 8.87, 10.166 and 11.599 bar, respectively. So, we could
estimate the slope as
dP sat P 11.599bar − 8.87bar
 = = 0.2729bar.K-1 = 0.2729 *102 kPa.K −1
dT T (273.15 + (45))K − (273.15 + (35))K
So, we have

H = (273.15 + (40)K * 0.019094m3 .kg −1 * 0.2729 *102 kPa.K −1 = 163.17kPa.m3 .kg −1 = 163.17kJ.kg−1

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4
4.12 (7th edition Prob. 4.11)

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SVNAS 8th Edition Annotated Solutions Chapter 4

(a) Equation 4.14 is used to estimate the latent heat at a temperature of interest from the (known) latent
heat at some other temperature, and may be written as:
0.38
 1 −Tr 2 
H = H
2 1 
 1− Tr1 
For chloroform, the critical temperature is 536.4 K and the normal boiling point is 334.3 K. At 273 K, Tr1
= 0.5089 and at 334.3 K, Tr2 = 0.6232. So,
0.38
 1 −0.6232 
H 2 = 270.9 J g -1   = 245.0 J g -1
 1− 0.5089 

This is 0.8% lower than the handbook value.

Similarly for methanol, Tr1 = 0.5326 and Tr2 = 0.6592, so
0.38
-1  1 −0.6592 
H 2 = 1189.5 J g   = 1055.0 J g -1
 1− 0.5326 

This is 4.1% below the handbook value.

Similarly for tetrachloromethane (also known as carbon tetrachloride!), Tr1 = 0.4909 and Tr2 = 0.6287, so
0.38
 1 −0.6287 
H 2 = 217.8 J g -1   = 193.2 J g -1
 1− 0.4909 

This is 0.5% below the handbook value.

(b) Equation 4.13 is used to estimate the heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point without knowing
the heat of vaporization at any temperature. It can be written as
 1.092 ( ln Pc −1.013) 
H n = RTn  
0.930 − T
 rn 
where Pc, the critical pressure, must be given in bar. For chloroform, we get
 1.092 ( ln ( 54.72 )−1.013 )  -1
-1 -1

H n = 8.314 J mol K 334.3 K   = 29570 J mol

 0.930 − 0.6232 
 
dividing by the molecular weight of 119.4 g mol-1 gives 247.7 J g-1. This is just 0.3% above the handbook
value.

Likewise, for methanol:

 1.092 ( ln ( 80.97 )−1.013)  -1
-1 -1
H = 8.314 J mol K * 337.9 K   = 38302 J mol
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SVNAS 8th Edition
n Annotated Solutions Chapter 4
 0.930 − 0.6592 
 
and dividing by the molecular weight of 32.042 g mol-1 gives 1194.2 J g-1. This is 8.6% above the handbook
value.

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Elizabeth, the, 86
Ellerman Line, 216
Emperor of Russia, the, 86
Empire, the, 261
Empress, the, 226
Empress of Britain, the, 220
English Channel, first steamer crossing, 82
Enterprise, the, 94
Eothen, the, 269
Ericsson, John, screw propeller of, 119
Etruria, the, 158–9, 161, 165, 212, 235
Europa, the, 212–3
Experimental tank, naval architectural, 318;
national at Bushey, 319;
at Clydebank Works, 319;
Norddeutscher Lloyd, 320;
Italian, 320
Express, the, 225

Fairy, H.M.S., 210

Falcon, the, 94
Fall River Line, the, 262, 304
Falmouth as mail port, 111
Faraday, the, 243
Field, Joshua, 101
Fire, methods of extinguishing, 304;
causes of, 325;
extinguishers, 325
Fire Fly (1812), 76
Fire King, the, 268
Fire Queens, the, 268
Fishguard, dredging at, 239
Fish-tanks on liners, 326
Fitch, John, association with Rumsey, 44;
first steamboat, 44–5;
dispute with Fulton, 46
Flush-decked steamship, 137, 283
Fly-wheel, invention by Watt, 38
Forth, the, 111
Francis B. Ogden, the, 119
Francis Smith, the, 120, 123
Franconia, the, 212
Fulton, Robert, centenary, 7;
and Desblanc, 8;
 and Rumsey, 44;
versus Fitch, 46;
birth: visit to France: “plunging-boat”: association with
Livingston, 48–9;
experiments in Paris, 49;
loss of first boat, 52;
second boat, 54;
the Clermont, 60;
building of Clermont, 63;
experiments on paddle-resistance, 65;
construction of Clermont, 69;
first voyage of Clermont, 70;
betrothal, 71;
death, 76;
Bell’s association with, 78;
schemes for India and Russia, 85;
experiments with model, 120, 259, 261

Galloway, Elijah, 101

Gamecock, the, 235
General Steam Navigation Co., founding of, 93, 216, 223, 224
George Washington, the, 208, 213, 289, 301
Georgic, the, 219
German ship-building, growth of, 173
Germanic, the, 154
Girard, Capt. G. B., 235
Glass, use of for sidelights, 153
Glowworm, the, 268
“Grasshopper” engine, 79
Great Britain, the, 123, 124, 135, 138
Great Eastern, the, building of, 138;
launch of, 140;
engines of, 141;
speed of, 142;
construction of, 143;
 comparison with modern ships, 144, 157, 173, 176, 179, 180,
192, 196, 242, 288
Great Eastern Railway, boats of, 229
Great Lake steamers, 264
Great Western, the, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 123, 138,
148
Great Western Railway, steamers of, 98, 123;
Channel service of, 228;
passenger tender, 238
Griffiths, Robert, 210
“Guards” of American paddle-boats, 261, 264
Guericke, Otto von, discovery of vacuum, 20
Guest, Montague: “History of Royal Yacht Squadron,” 267
Guion Line, 155, 156, 212

Hall, Samuel, 136

Hamburg-American Line, 207, 212
Harbour-deck of turret-ship, 246;
of trunk-deck steamer, 248
Harbours, depth of, 211;
dredging of, 239
Harland, Sir Edward, 152, 168
Harland and Wolff, 151, 207, 209, 211, 212, 217, 289, 294, 295
Harrison Line, 216
Harwich-Hook of Holland route, 229
Helen McGregor, the, 128
Helm, developments of, 90
Hero (130 b.c.), application of steam power by, 19
Hesperian, the, 307
Hibernia, the, 222
Himalaya, the, 134
Hindostan, the, 114
“History of American Steam Navigation,” by J. H. Morrison, 44
“Hogging,” 98, 102
Hohenzollern, the, 279
Holt Line, 220
Holyhead as port, 221
Holyhead-Kingstown service, 222
Horse-power, definition of, 39;
in relation to speed, 67
Houlder Brothers, 216
Howden draught system, 209
Hudson, the, steamers of, 261
Hudson-Fulton celebrations, 69, 70
Hulls, Jonathan, inventions of, 29, et seq., 258

Ice-breakers, 250–1
India, first steamship voyage to, 94;
first steamships to, 114
Inez Clarke, 258
Inland, the, 245, 248
Inman Line, iron steamers of, 147;
Atlantic competition, 148, 165
Institution of Naval Architects, 319
“Intermediate” ships, 178, 220
Ioland, the, 280
Irish Channel, steam service across, 221, et seq.
Iron, first use of in masts, 122;
first steamboat of, 124;
general use of, 145;
advantages of, 146
Isle of Man Steam Packet Co., 230
Ismay, Mr. T. H., 151
Ivernia, the, 167, 178, 220

James Watt, the, 77, 93

Jenny Lind, the, 268
John Bowes, the, 242
Jones, Sir Alfred, 216

Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 198,
207, 302, 306
Kaiser Wilhelm II., the, 149, 162, 179, 180, 198, 207, 209, 306,
326
Kentucky, the, 107
Kronprinzessin Victoria, the, 236

Lady Lansdowne, the, 124

Laird, John, 124
Lane, Thomas, association with Fulton, 85
Launch, conduct of a, 290
Laura, the, 229
Laurentic, the, 209, 211, 318
“Leibnizens und Huygens Briefwechsel mit Papin,” by Dr. Ernst
Gerland, 23
Leinster, the, 222
Leviathan, the, 240
Liberty, the, 280, 303
“Life of Robert Napier,” by James Napier, 78
Lifeboats, 254–6
Lifeboats, steam, application of Allen’s principles to, 28
Lightning, the, first mail steamer, 93
Liner, inauguration of, 104, et seq.;
transition state of, 145;
luxuries of, 300–4;
navigation safeguards of, 305;
ventilation problems, 327;
commissariat difficulties of, 325
“Link-motion gear,” 142
Livadia, the, 274, 276
Liverpool, first steamship in, 83;
depth of water at, 239
Liverpool Screw Towing and Lighterage Co., 235
Livingston, Robert R., association with Fulton, 48–9, 60
Lloyd’s, committee of inquiry into fires, 324
Lobnitz & Co., Messrs., 239
London, the, 162
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, boats of, 227
London, Chatham and Dover Railway, boats of, 223, 224, 226
London and North Western Railway Co., ships of, 222
London and South Western Railway, Channel service of, 228,
229
Lucania, the, 159, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 212
Lusitania, the (Cunard), 8, 60, 103, 107, 138, 146, 173, 180,
192, 194–206, 212, 213, 239, 301, 318
Lusitania, the (Orient Line), 161
Lyons, the, 227
Lysistrata, the, 280

Macedonia, the, 218

MacIver, David, 106
Magnetic, the, 193
Mails, carriage of Continental, 224
Mail service to Channel Islands, 227, 228
Mail steamer, the first, 93
Mail steamers, first tender for, 105;
early Cunard, 107;
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.’s first contract and ships, 110–
11
Majestic, the, 149, 168, 178, 179, 194
Maloja, the, 218
Malwa, the, 218
Manby, Aaron, and first iron steamboat, 124, 132
Mantua, the, 218
Marconi system, installation on Campania and Lucania, 171
Marjory, the, 84
Marmora, the, 218
Mathesius, steam power and, 19
Matoppo, the, 323
Matthews, Capt. B. E., 148
Maudslay, Joseph, 132;
Great Western engines, 100
Mauretania, the, 8, 60, 103, 107, 138, 144, 146, 151, 153, 173,
192, 193, 194, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 230, 236, 238,
239, 288, 299, 318
Mechanical propulsion of boats, early forms of, 10, 13, 14, 15,
16, 20, 22;
Earl Stanhope’s scheme, 57;
Elijah Ormsbee’s scheme, 57
Medina, the, 218
Medway, the, 242
Megantic, the, 209
“Memorials of James Watt,” by Williamson, 83
Menai, the, 223
Menai, the (S. Y.), 268
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, 240, 241
Miller, Patrick, first paddle-boat by, 42;
steamboats by, 43
Milton, the, 323
Minnehaha, the, 220
Mississippi, Fulton’s scheme for the, 76;
steamboats of, 258, 259, 260
Moldavia, the, 218
Monarch, the, 242
Mongolia, the, 218
Monitoria, the, 247
Monkey forecastle, 283–4
Mooltan, the, 118, 218
Morea, the, 218
Morrison, J. H.: “History of American Steam Navigation,” 44
“Mould floor,” shipbuilders’, 287
Munich, the, 229
Murdoch, William, 132

Napier, Charles, application of paddle-wheels by, 14;

and first iron steamboat, 124
Napier, David, experiments in resistance, 81;
the Rob Roy, 81;
and cross-channel packets, 220;
and Comet, 79;
condenser and, 136
Napier, James: “Life of Robert Napier,” 78
Napier, Robert, engines for British Queen, 102;
and Samuel Cunard, 106, 107;
and steam yachts, 267
Natchez, the, 259, 261
National Line, 151, 212
Naval Architects, Institution of, 319
Navigation, modern safeguards, 305
Nelson Line, 220
Newcomen, Thomas, steam engine of, 25–7;
improvement of by Watt, 35, 135
New England Navigation Co., 262
Newhaven-Dieppe route, 227
New York, the, 165, 220
New York harbour, dredging of, 212;
tugs of, 237
New Zealand Commission on causes of fire, 325
Niagara II., the, 311
Noah’s Ark, compared with Baltic, 193
Norddeutscher Lloyd, growth of, 174, 208, 209
North German Lloyd, 174, 216, 220
Northern Yacht Club, and steam yachts, 267
Notre Dame des Dunes, the, 253
Novelty, the, 121

Ocean, the (tug), 236

Oceanic, the (1), 138, 151–5, 168, 299, 300
Oceanic, the (2), 176, 179, 180, 215
Ohio, steamers of the, 258
Oil-lamps, first use of, 153
“Oil-tanker,” the, 243
Olympic, the, 207, 211
Ophir, the, 169
Oregon, the, 156
Orient, the, 161, 162
Orient Line, foundation of, 161
Ormsbee, Elijah, 57, 59
Orontes, the, 252
Oscillating engine, principle of, 132;
of Great Eastern, 141;
of Leinster, 222
“Overland” route, 115
Owen, Commander W. H., 323

Pacific, the, 133

Pacific Steam Navigation Co., establishment of, 113, 151, 161
Paddle-wheels, Roman use of, 13;
on frigate Galatea, 14;
early application of, 16–17;
early forms of, 22;
de Jouffroy’s, 41;
 Patrick Miller’s, 42;
Symington’s, 43;
Fitch’s, 45;
of Charlotte Dundas, 47;
Fulton’s, 49;
Fulton’s experiments on resistance of, 65;
of Clermont, 72–4;
Bell’s experiments, 78;
of Comet, 79;
on early steamboats, 86;
of Prinzessin Charlotte, 89;
of Savannah, 91;
“cycloidal” type of Great Western, 100;
of Britannia, 109;
of Scotia, 129, 130;
in tugs, 239;
of Great Eastern, 141;
stern, 258;
American “guard” system, 261;
of Commonwealth, 263;
first fitted to yacht, 268
Panama Canal, 114
Pancirolli, Guido: “History of Many Memorable Things Lost, &c.,”
16
Papin, Denis, 7, 9, 10;
invention of steam engine, 21;
first steamboat, 22;
safety valve of, 23;
correspondence with Leibnitz, 23–4
Paragon, the, 76
Paris, the, 166
Parsons, Hon. C. A., invention of turbine, 184
Parsons turbine for yachts, 274
Peluse, the, 239, 240
Peninsular and Oriental Co., establishment and first ships of,
114;
 “overland” route to India, 115;
Australian service, 116;
influence of Suez Canal on, 117;
the Mooltan, 118, 161, 163;
and Lund Line, 216;
recent ships of, 218
Penn, John, 133
Périer, experiment with a Watt engine, 33, 40;
association with Fulton, 50, 54, 56
Persia, the, 129, 147
Philadelphia, the, 165, 220, 295
Phœbus, the, 244
Phœnix, the, 76
Pirrie, Lord, 217
“Plunging-boat,” Fulton’s, 48
Pool Zee, the, 236
Popoff, Admiral, 276
Post Office mail packets, 224
Preble, Admiral, on Hulls’ experiments, 30;
on American and English engines, 88
Prince Robert of Hesse, paddle-wheel boat of, 22
Princess Mary, the, 224
Princess Maud, the, 224
Prinzessin Charlotte, the, 89
Priscilla, the, 262
Propeller, problems connected with, 309–10;
inward v. outward turning, 311;
effect on steering, 317
Providence, the, 262
Pulitzer, Mr., 303
Puritan, the, 262

Quadruple-expansion engines, 166, 178

Queen, the, 230
Queen Victoria, yachts in honour of, 268

Randolph Elder & Co., 116

Reciprocating engine, Watt’s invention of “double action” for, 38;
difficulties of, 209;
of Laurentic, 210
Red Star Line, 150
Reed, Sir Edward, 319
Rennie & Sons, Messrs. J. T., 216
Repairs, curious, 294–6, 323
Resistance, Fulton’s experiments, 65;
recent experiments, 66;
varieties of, 67;
D. Napier’s experiments in, 81;
John Scott Russell and, 130–1;
speed and, 176;
experiments in, 321–2
Richmond, the, 76
Robert G. Lee, the, 261
Robert F. Stockton, the, 119, 124
Rob Roy, the, 81, 221, 223, 224
Rogers, Moses, 91
Roode Zee, the, 236
Ropner & Sons, Messrs., 248
Rotary engine, Watt’s, 37
Royal Commission on Tonnage, 313
Royal Edward, the, 217
Royal George, the, 217
Royal Line, 217, 220
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., first contract for mails, 110;
the Teviot and Clyde, 110–11;
Forth and Thames, launch of, 111;
removal to Southampton;
 extension to South America, 112;
the Trent, 113
Royal William, the (American), 95, 103, 105, 221
Royal William, the (2) (1838), 101
Royal yachts, 277–8
Royal Yacht Squadron and steam yachts, 266–9
Rubie, John, 89
Ruby, the, engines of, 94
Rudder, balanced type of, 201;
bow-, 231;
of “bucket” dredgers, 240;
action of, 317;
types of, 318;
loss of, 323
Rumsey, James, method of propelling boats of, 28;
experiments by, 44;
association with Fulton and Fitch, 44, 254
Russia, introduction of steamships into, 85
Russia, the, 149, 150
Russell, Scott, on Hulls’ experiments, 31;
and “resistance,” 130–1, 137;
and Great Eastern, 139, 319

St. Paul, the, 220

St. Petersburg, the, 229
St. Louis, the, 220
Safety-valve, discovery by Papin of, 23
“Sagging,” 99, 102
Sagitta, the, 278
Sailing ship, limitations of, 5
Saloon, position of, 152;
fittings of, 153;
of modern liners, 300, 302
Sardinia, the, 327
Savannah, the, 91
Savery, Thomas, inventions of, 24–5;
“horse-power” calculations of, 39
Saxonia, the, 178, 220
Scot, the, 295
“Scotch” boiler, 151
Scotia, the, 129
Scotia, the (Holyhead), 222
Screw, first use of by J. Stevens, 63
“Screw-port,” introduction of, 169;
of Mauretania, 201
Screw propeller, development of, 119;
Ericsson’s, 119;
Francis Smith’s, 120;
effect on ship-designing, 122;
“slip” and “pitch” of, 122–3;
“racing,” 129;
of Victoria, 131;
spur-gearing for shafts, 135;
of Great Eastern, 142;
twin-screws, 165;
“overlapping” of twins, 169;
of Ophir, 169;
of Campania, 171;
in relation to turbine, 190;
of Mauretania, 201, 203;
of Laurentic, 210;
adaptation to lifeboats and fire-floats, 256;
for yacht, 269
Sea Serpent, the, 268
Servia, the, 150, 156
Seventeenth century, scientific discoveries of, 20
“Shade-decker” type, 287
Shaft, fractured, 323
Ship architecture, problems of, 319
Side-lever engine, development of, 88;
of Britannia, 109;
improvements of, 127;
of Helen McGregor, 128;
of Scotia, 130;
first applied to yachts, 268
Silverlip, the, 245
Silvertown, the, 243
Sir Francis Drake, the, 238
Sirius, the, 96, 97, 100, 101, 105, 193
Slavonia, the, 212
“Slip” of propeller, 122, 310
Smit & Co., Messrs. L., 236
Smith, Assheton, and steam yachts, 266–8
Smith, Francis, screw-propeller of, 120
Somerset, Edward (see Worcester, Marquis of)
South America, establishment of Royal Mail service to, 112
South Eastern Railway, 223;
boats of, 224
Southampton, as headquarters of Royal Mail Co., 112;
-Havre route, 227;
dredging at, 239
South of England Steam Navigation Co., 227
South Western Steam Packet Co., 228
“Spar-deck” type, 285
Speed, appreciation of, 181, 213
Sponsons, arrangement of, 261
Spur-gearing, 135
Stability, problems of, 315–6
Stanhope, Earl of, Fulton and, 56;
experiments of, 57, 59
Steam power, problems concerning, 3;
 evolution of, 18;
application of by Hero, Archimedes and Mathesius, 19;
Solomon de Caus’ and Giovanni Branca’s discoveries, 20;
Denis Papin’s invention, 21–4;
Savery’s inventions, 24–5;
Newcomen’s engine, 25–7;
Jonathan Hulls’ tow-boats, 29;
Watt’s engine, 34–8;
Symington’s engine, 43;
Fitch’s development in America, 44–5;
improvements on Charlotte Dundas, 47;
Fulton’s experiments, 49, et seq.;
the Stevens’s boats, 63;
development in America, 76;
“Grasshopper” type of engine, 79;
side-beam engine, 88;
American and English engines, 88;
improvements in engines, 94;
the compound engine, 116;
oscillating engine, 132;
vertical trunk engine, 134;
condenser, 135, 136, 167;
steering gear, 144;
triple-expansion engines, 166–7;
quadruple-expansion engines, 178;
turbine engines, 184;
beam engines of American river boats, 262;
applied to yachts, 268
Steel, first ship of, 150;
development of, 156;
advantage of, 157
Steeple engines, 269
Steering gear, steam, of Great Eastern, 143;
principle of, 144
Steering-wheel, development of, 89
Stella, the, 228