Test Bank For Legal Environment of Business 12Th Edition Meiners Ringleb Edwards 1285428226 978128542822 Full Chapter PDF

Test Bank for Legal Environment of Business 12th Edition Meiners
Ringleb Edwards 1285428226 9781285428222

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Multiple Choice
1. The first thing a business with a civil dispute going to litigation must determine is:
a. which court has the power and authority to decide the case
b. the lowest settlement it is willing to take
c. how the press will view the case
d. how the case will affect profit margins
e. none of the other choices are correct
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Communication
STATE STANDARDS: United States - Universal - DISC: AICPA: BB-Legal
TOPICS: A-Head: The Court Systems
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Knowledge
2. The U.S. Constitution provides that the judicial power (the court system) is:
a. determined by the Congress establishing such courts as it deems necessary
b. determined by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate
c. in one Supreme Court and in lower courts as the Supreme Court may establish
d. in one Supreme Court and in lower courts as Congress may establish
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
3. The U.S. Constitution provides that the judicial power (the court system) is:
a. determined by the Congress establishing such courts as it deems necessary
b. determined by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate
c. in one Supreme Court and in lower courts as the Supreme Court may establish
d. in one Supreme Court and in lower courts as the President may establish
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
4. The Supreme Court was created:
a. by the Constitution
b. by the Declaration of Independence
c. by England when the U.S. was a colony; it was retained when the nation was formed
d. by the Bill of Rights
e. by Congress in 1832
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
5. The Supreme Court was created:

a. by the President
b. by the Declaration of Independence
c. by England when the U.S. was a colony; it was retained when the nation was formed
d. by the Bill of Rights
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
6. The federal court system is a(n) system:

a. one-level
b. executive
c. legislative
d. three-level
e. four-level
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
7. The federal court system is a(n) system:
a. executive
b. single level
c. two-level
d. three-level
e. four-level
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
8. Which of the following are part of the federal court system:

a. U.S. district courts
b. U.S. courts of appeals
c. U.S. Supreme Court
d. all of the other specific choices are correct
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
9. If a federal judge is impeached from office:

a. they keep their salary for life
b. they are tried by the Senate
c. they are tried by the House
d. the President removes them from office
e. none of the other choices; they may not be impeached
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
10. If a federal judge is impeached from office:
a. they keep their salary for life
b. they are tried by the President
c. they are tried by the House
d. the President removes them from office
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analysis
11. Federal judges are appointed for a term of:

a. four years
b. seven years
c. ten years
d. fourteen years
e. none of the other choices
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
12. Federal judges are appointed for:

a. a term of four years
b. life
c. a term of ten years
d. a term of fourteen years
e. none of the other choices
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
13. The guarantees federal judges the right to serve "during good behavior."
a. Bill of Rights
b. Supreme Court
c. President
d. Constitution
e. judicial system
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
14. Federal judges are nominated by:

a. the Congress
b. the Senate
c. the state legislatures
d. the President
e. the House of Representatives
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
15. Federal judges may be impeached for:

a. treason
b. marital infidelity
c. inconsistency
d. refusal to say the Pledge of Allegiance
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
a. bribery
c. inconsistency
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

a. making politically incorrect statements
c. inconsistency
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
18. State judges:

a. are elected in non-partisan (no party affiliation) in some states
b. are elected in partisan (party) elections in some states
c. are appointed by the governor in some states
d. are selected by the legislature in some states
e. all of the other choices are correct
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
19. State judges can be:
a. elected
b. appointed
c. chosen by a method that mixes the election and appointment processes
d. all of the other specific choices can be correct
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
20. The Missouri System for choosing state judges:

a. is an example of a system that mixes the election and appointment processes
b. is an example of a system that uses the election process
c. is an example of a system that uses the appointment process
d. is an example of a system that does not work
e. is an example of an internationally accepted system
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
21. In the Missouri System for choosing state judges:

a. the state bar association has a committee to recommend candidates for the bench
b. the Supreme Court recommends candidates for the bench
c. the Missouri Legislature recommends candidates for the bench
d. the Kansas Legislature recommends candidates for the bench
e. the general public recommends candidates for the bench through the voting process
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
22. In the Missouri System for choosing state judges:
a. a judge appointed by the governor serves until the next election at which point the public votes for or against
him
b. a judge is appointed by the general public
c. a judge appointed by the state legislature serves until the next election at which point the public votes for or
against him
d. a judge is appointed by the judge who previously held the position
e. the senators from Missouri appoint a judge
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
23. Unlike federal judges, most state judges:

a. serve for life
b. cannot be impeached
c. can only be impeached for criminal offenses
d. serve for a fixed term
e. cannot be married
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
24. Unlike federal judges, most state judges:

a. serve for life
b. cannot be impeached
c. can only be impeached for criminal offenses
d. cannot be married
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
25. Rhode Island is unique in that it allows its state judges to:
a. be married
b. speak out against the President
c. serve for life
d. serve for more than 5 years
e. be reelected twice
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
26. The doctrine of judicial immunity means judges may:

a. commit crimes and not be punished
b. act as diplomats for the U.S.
c. be sued in their capacity as judges only if they exhibit "clear bias" toward one party in a case they hear
d. be sued for negligent application of the law
e. not be sued for damages that result from their judicial acts
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
27. The doctrine of judicial immunity means judges may:

a. commit crimes and not be punished
b. act as diplomats for the U.S.
c. be sued in their capacity as judges only if they exhibit "clear bias" toward one party in a case they hear
d. be sued for negligent application of the law
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
28. The doctrine of judicial immunity protects judges' ability to:
a. respond to public opinion
b. be independent decision makers
c. work from home
d. be influenced by political parties
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
29. The doctrine that protects judges from suits for damages for judicial acts is called:
a. the doctrine of judicial worth
b. the doctrine of judicial privilege
c. the doctrine of judicial knowledge
d. the doctrine of judicial immunity
e. the doctrine of judicial cause
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
30. The doctrine that protects judges from suits for damages for judicial acts is called:
a. the doctrine of judicial worth
b. the doctrine of judicial privilege
c. the doctrine of judicial knowledge
d. the doctrine of judicial cause
e. none of the other choices is correct
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
31. Besides judges, the doctrine of judicial immunity also applies to:
a. the plaintiff
b. parties who perform services that are related to the performance of judicial functions
c. the defendant
d. parties who have vested interests in the case
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
32. In Davis v. West, where Davis sued the receiver who was appointed to collect the money she owed Houston
Reporting Service (HRS), the appeals court held that:
a. Davis did not have a case because the receiver was protected by derived judicial immunity
b. Davis did not have a case because the receiver was protected by diplomatic immunity
c. Davis did not have a case because the receiver was a judge
d. Davis did not have a case because the receiver was not court appointed
e. Davis had a case because the receiver was not protected by derived judicial immunity
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Reporting Service (HRS), the appeals court held that the receiver was:
a. not guilty of abuse of process because he was protected by diplomatic immunity
b. not guilty of abuse of process because he was protected by derived judicial immunity
c. not guilty of abuse of process because he was protected by reasonable immunity
d. not guilty of abuse of process because he was a member of the state legislature
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Reporting Service (HRS), Radoff, the court appointed receiver, was protected from Davis's suit for abuse of
process by:
a. derived diplomatic immunity
b. derived judicial immunity
c. derived legislative immunity
d. derived service immunity
e. derived receiver immunity
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
35. Original jurisdiction means power to:

a. revise or correct proceedings by a lower court
b. accept a lawsuit, try it, and pass judgment
c. remove a lawsuit from a court to arbitration
d. appoint special prosecutors to investigate a case of alleged abuse
e. legally create disputes
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
36. Original jurisdiction means power to:

a. revise or correct proceedings by a lower court
b. remove a lawsuit from a court to arbitration
c. appoint special prosecutors to investigate a case of alleged abuse
d. legally create disputes
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
37. Both state and federal court systems have lower courts of , where disputes are first brought and tried.
a. appellate judgment
b. appellate jurisdiction
c. original jurisdiction
d. final jurisdiction
e. original crime
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
38. Both state and federal court systems have lower courts of , where disputes are first brought and tried.
a. appellate judgment
b. appellate jurisdiction
c. initial jurisdiction
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
39. Both state and federal court systems have courts of , where the decisions of a lower court case can be taken
for review.
a. original judgment
b. appellate judgment
d. appellate jurisdiction
e. final jurisdiction
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
40. Both state and federal court systems have courts of , where the decisions of a lower court case can be taken
for review.
a. original judgment
b. appellate judgment
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
41. In both the federal and state systems, the courts of original jurisdiction are:
a. trial courts
b. supreme courts
c. tort courts
d. defense courts
e. criminal courts
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
42. There is (are) judge(s) presiding in a court of original jurisdiction.

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. more than three
e. between two and five, depending on the case
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
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Fig. 39.—Thersites gasterostei. A, ♀ , ×
10; B, ♂, × 20. Abd. 1 & 2, Fused 1st and
2nd abdominal segments; Ant.1, Ant.2,
1st and 2nd antennae; e.s, egg-sac; Th,
thoracic appendages. (After Gerstaecker.)
Similarly characterised by the absence of a siphon are three other

families of fish-parasites, the Bomolochidae, Chondracanthidae, and
Philichthyidae.
Fam. 5. Bomolochidae.—Bomolochus (Fig. 40), parasitic on the
skin of the Sole (Solea) and in the nostrils of Cod (Gadus), is held to
be related to the Ergasilidae. The first thoracic limb is remarkably
modified. Were it not for the absence of a siphon, it would be hard to
separate this family from the Caligidae.
Fig. 40.—Bomolochus, sp.
(Bomolochidae), × 8. Abd. 1, 1st
abdominal segment; Ant.1, Ant.2, 1st and
2nd antennae; Mx.1, Mx.2, 1st and 2nd
maxillae; Mxp, maxillipede; Th.1, 1st
thoracic appendage. (After Gerstaecker.)
Fam. 6. Chondracanthidae.—These Copepods infest the gills

and even the mouth of various marine fish, such as the Gurnard,
Plaice, Skate, Sole, and many others. The sexual dimorphism is very
marked, the female being large, indistinctly segmented, and with
irregular paired processes protruding from the sides of the body,
giving the animal a monstrous form (Fig. 41); while the male (Fig.
42) is very small, has a completely segmented thorax, and lives
clinging on to the female by its prehensile second antennae—
Chondracanthus, Lernentoma.
Fam. 7. Philichthyidae.—These parasites, which are hardly
known to occur in British waters,[53] are mucus-feeders and infest the
skin of Teleosts, e.g. the Sole; often taking up a position in the lateral
line or in a slime canal. They show a similar sexual dimorphism to
the foregoing family, the adult
female being extraordinarily
drawn out into finger-like
processes (e.g. Philichthys)[54] or
else long, slender, and Nematode-
like, with much reduced
appendages (Lernaeascus), while
the male retains a more normal
structure. As in all the foregoing
forms there is no siphon.
We now return to two semi-
parasitic families, Fam. 8,
Nereicolidae, and Fam. 9,
Hersiliidae, in which there is
certainly no well-developed
siphon, but the upper and under
lips protrude, forming a hollow
between them in which the
mouth-parts work. Both families
are ectoparasites which
frequently leave their hosts, and
they retain their segmentation
and powers of swimming.
Perhaps the best-known form is
Fig. 41.—Chondracanthus zei, ♀, × 4.
the Hersiliid, Giardella
callianassae, which lives in the
adult state in the galleries
excavated in the sand by Callianassa subterranea, gaining its
nourishment as an ectoparasite on the Decapod. The larvae are
pelagic, and are said by Thomson[55] to occur in Liverpool Bay.
List[56] describes Gastrodelphys, a parasite of doubtful position,
from the gills of tubicolous worms, such as Myxicola and Sabella,
which possesses a perfectly siphonostomatous mouth.
The remaining families to be dealt with are those containing all the
fish-parasites which possess a true siphonostome, as well as the
siphonostomatous family Choniostomatidae, which is parasitic on
other Crustacea. In all these forms the mouth is prolonged into a
tube in which the styliform mandibles work.
Fam. 10. Caligidae.—
Ectoparasites on fish, lodging
most frequently in the gill-
chamber. In most of the genera
the segmentation and power of
swimming are retained in both
sexes, the sexual dimorphism not
being very well marked, though
the males are smaller than the
females, and were in some cases
originally described as belonging
to a special genus Nogagus. The
females carry two long egg-sacs;
the general structure may be
made out from the ventral view of
Caligus nanus (Fig. 43).
Some of the Caligidae are
distinguished by the terga of the
thoracic segments being
expanded to form large chitinous
elytra, e.g. Cecrops, found Fig. 42.—Dwarf male of Lernentoma
parasitic on the gills of the Tunny cornuta (Chondracanthidae), × 10.
and on the Sun-fish Ant.1, Ant.2, 1st and 2nd antennae;
(Orthagoriscus mola). Caligus Th.1, 1st thoracic segment. (After
rapax is parasitic on the skin and Gerstaecker.)
in the gills of Sea-Trout, Pollan,
etc.; and C. lacustris is common in fresh-water lakes and streams on
Pike and Carp.
Fam. 11. Lernaeidae.—These parasites burrow with their heads
deep into the skin, or even into the blood-vessels or body-cavity, of
various marine fish. The body of the adult female Lernaea is
extraordinarily deformed, consisting of a mere shapeless sac with
irregular branched processes on the head, and two egg-sacs attached
behind (Fig. 44). Pennella sagitta[57] bores so deeply into the flesh of
its host, Chironectes marmoratus, that only the egg-sacs and some
remarkable branchial processes attached to its abdomen protrude
outside the host to the exterior. Peroderma cylindricum bores
similarly into the flesh of the Sardine, and where it is common,
inflicts considerable damage. The
males of these curious animals
are of more normal structure
(Fig. 45). Claus[58] states that
fertilisation takes place when
both sexes are free-swimming,
and of a more or less similar
structure, and that subsequently
the female becomes fixed to her
host and degenerates into the
shapeless mass shown in Fig. 44.
Fam. 12. Lernaeopodidae.
—This family may be illustrated
by the common gill-parasite of
Perch and Trout, known as
Achtheres percarum. The female
(Fig. 46), which is much larger
Fig. 43.—Caligus nanus, × 10. Abd.1, than the male, and is not clearly
1st abdominal segment; Ant.1, Ant.2, segmented, is attached to the host
1st and 2nd antennae; Mx.1, Mx.2, 1st by means of the maxillipedes,
and 2nd maxillae; Mxp, maxillipede; s, which are fused distally into a pad
siphon; Th.1, Th.5 1st and 5th thoracic
appendages. (After Gerstaecker.)
armed with chitinous hooks. In
the male the maxillipedes are
prehensile, but are not so fused.
Besides Achtheres there are other fresh-water forms, e.g.
Lernaeopoda salmonea on Salmon, and a number of marine genera.
It appears that the larvae fix themselves to their hosts by means of a
long glandular thread, which proceeds from the middle of the
forehead.[59]
Fam. 13. Choniostomatidae.[60]—The members of this family
are all parasitic on other Crustacea. The majority live parasitically in
the marsupial pouches of female Amphipods, Isopods, Mysidae, and
Cumacea, e.g. Sphaeronella and Stenochotheres in the marsupia of
Gammarids; but Choniostoma occurs in the branchial cavity of
Hippolyte, Homoeoscelis is common in the branchial cavity of
Diastylis and Iphinoe, and Aspidoecia on the outside of the body of
the Mysid Erythrops. The males and females live together in the
same marsupium, but the adult males retain the power of roving
about, and do not feed so much as
the females, though their mouth-
parts are similarly constructed
(Fig. 47). Representatives occur
all over the world, but the
majority of species known at
present are from the North Sea,
the most abundant being
Stenochotheres egregius,
parasitic on the Gammarid
Metopa bruzelii, Goës.
The male bears a median
glandular thread on the forehead
by which it attaches itself to the
females or to the host. Hansen
considers that the family is most
closely allied to the
Lernaeopodidae.
Fig. 44.—Lernaea branchialis from the

Haddock, ♀, × 1. Ceph, cephalothorax;
e.s, egg-sacs. (After Scott.)
Fig. 45.—Lernaea branchialis, ♂, × 10.
Ant.1, Ant.2, 1st and 2nd antennae; Br,
brain; e, eye; g, stomach; t, testis; vd,
vas deferens; ves. sem, vesicula
seminalis. (After Claus.)
Fig. 46.—Achtheres percarum. A, ♀ , ×
4; B, ♂ , × 4. Ant.2, 2nd antenna; g,
stomach; Mx.2, 2nd maxilla; Mxp,
maxillipede; ov, ovary; ovd, oviduct.
(After Gerstaecker.)
Fig. 47.—Ventral view of
Stenochotheres egregius
(Choniostomatidae), ♂ . A, A′, 1st and
2nd antennae; M, mouth; Mx, 2nd
maxilla; T, 1st thoracic leg. (After
Hansen.)
Fig. 48.—Argulus foliaceus, young ♂ , × 15. a1, a2, First and
second antennae; ab, abdomen; E, compound eye; l, liver; m,
mandibles and first maxillae; mx, second maxilla (the median eye
is seen between the two second maxillae); mxp, maxillipede; s.g,
shell-gland; sp, spine; t, testis; 1, 4, first and fourth swimming
appendages. (After Claus.)
BRANCH II. BRANCHIURA.

Fam. Argulidae.[61]—We have yet to mention this group of fish-
parasites, related to the Copepoda, but occupying an isolated
position. They are ectoparasites upon various species of fish, Argulus
foliaceus being common in the fresh waters of Europe, infesting the
branchial chamber or the skin of fresh-water fish, but being
frequently taken swimming freely in the water. Both males and
females can swim with great agility, and they leave their hosts
regularly at the breeding season in spring and autumn; fertilisation is
internal, and the female deposits the eggs on stones and other
objects. After leaving its host, an Argulus, if it cannot find a fish of
the same species, can live on almost any other species, and may even
attack Frog tadpoles; while the kinds that infest migratory fish can
change with their hosts from salt to fresh water, or the reverse.
America appears to be the home of the Argulidae.[62]
The structure of an Argulid is exhibited in Fig. 48. In front of the
siphon, within which the styliform mandibles and first maxillae
work, there is a poison-spine (sp); the appendages which correspond
to the second maxillae (mx) are modified into sucking discs, but in
the genus Dolops they terminate in normal claws. The next pair of
appendages, usually spoken of as maxillipedes (mxp), are clasping
organs, and behind follow four pairs of thoracic swimming feet (1–
4). The body is foliaceous, and they always apply themselves to their
hosts with the long axis pointing forwards and parallel to that of the
host, while on various parts of the under surface of the body are
spines pointing backward which prevent the parasite being brushed
off by the passage of the host through the water. These animals,
alone among the Copepoda, possess compound eyes.
A short sketch has now been given of the variations in Copepod
organisation, but we cannot leave the subject without pointing out
the rich field which still remains for the morphologist, especially in
determining the true relationships of the parasitic families.
CHAPTER IV
CRUSTACEA (CONTINUED): CIRRIPEDIA—
PHENOMENA OF GROWTH AND SEX—
OSTRACODA
Order III. Cirripedia.
The Cirripedes are medium-sized Crustacea, with the body

consisting of few segments, and enveloped in a mantle formed as a
fold of the external integument, which may be strongly protected by
calcified plates. The abdomen is greatly reduced. The larva, after
hatching out as a Nauplius, and passing through a Cypris stage, when
it resembles an Ostracod, fixes itself to a foreign object by means of
the first antennae, and becomes a pupa, which after profound
changes gives rise to the adult.
All the Cirripedes, when adult, live either a fixed or parasitic
existence, and as so frequently happens with animals of this kind,
they have departed widely from the ordinary structure of the class to
which they belong. Their anomalous appearance and the mystery
surrounding their propagation gave rise, probably, to the old legend
that the Barnacles (Lepadidae), which live attached to pieces of
floating timber, hatched out into Barnacle geese[63]; and even so late
as 1678, in the Royal Society’s Transactions, Sir Robert Moray
describes what he takes to be little birds enclosed in Barnacle shells,
washed ashore on the coast of Scotland: “The little Bill like that of a
Goose, the Eyes marked, the Head, Neck, Breast, Wings, Tail, and
Feet formed, the Feathers everywhere perfectly shaped and blackish
coloured, and the Feet like those of other Water-fowl, to my best
remembrance.” Cuvier in his classification of the animal kingdom
included them in the Mollusca; and it was not until 1830 that J. V.
Thompson described their larval stages, and showed conclusively
that they belonged to the Crustacea. Since the work of this naturalist
a number of observers have securely founded our knowledge of the
group, but we may especially mention the epoch-making works of
Darwin,[64] Hoek,[65] and latterly of Gruvel.[66]
The young Cirripede is hatched out from the maternal mantle-
cavity as a free-swimming Nauplius, a larval form common to most
of the Entomostraca and to some Malacostraca; the Cirripede
Nauplius (Fig. 49) is characterised by the presence of well-developed
frontal horns, and usually by the long spiny processes which spring
from various parts of the body. As an introduction to the study of the
group, it will be well to follow the transformations of this larva in
Lepas up to the period when it begins its sessile existence. The
liberated Nauplii swim freely near the surface of the sea, and
remaining in this condition for several days are dispersed widely
from their birthplace; they are then transformed by the process of
moulting into the second larval stage, known as the Cypris (Fig. 50),
from its resemblance to a bivalve Ostracod. The Cypris larva
continues to swim about by means of the six pairs of biramous
thoracic legs until it finds a suitable place on which to fix; in the case
of Lepas fixation usually takes place on loose floating logs; the Cypris
fixes itself by means of the first antennae, at the bases of which a
large cement-gland secretes an adhesive substance. The biramous
swimming legs are cast off, and six pairs of biramous cirri
characteristic of the adult take their place; at this stage the body has
the appearance shown in Fig. 51. The region of the head at the base
of the antennae now becomes greatly swollen and elongated to form
the peduncle or stalk of the adult; the larval bivalve carapace is cast
off and on the external surface of the mantle the calcifications begin
which will give rise to the exoskeletal plates of the adult. This region
is known as the “capitulum” of the adult, as opposed to the
“peduncle.” The young Cirripede is now known as a pupa, and from
this stage the adult form is reached by a gradual transition.
Fig. 49.—Nauplius larva of Lepas fascicularis, × 12. A1, A2, 1st
and 2nd antennae; B, brain; E, eye; H, fronto-lateral horn; M,
mandible; S, stomach. (After Groom.)
Fig. 50.—Cypris stage in the development of Lepas australis, × 15.
A, Peduncle; A.M, adductor muscle; C, caecum of oesophagus;
C.g, cement-glands; Cr, cirri (thoracic appendages); E, compound
eye; E1, simple eye; G, ventral ganglia; I, intestine; M, mouth;
M.C, mantle-cavity; O, ovary; S, stomach. (After Hoek.)
The body of the adult Lepas is retracted into the mantle, and lies
free in the mantle-cavity, but is continuous anteriorly with the
tissues of the peduncle, into which the mantle does not extend. The
thorax, with its six pairs of legs, can be protruded from the mantle-
cavity through the slit-like opening which separates the two valves of
the mantle along the ventral middle line; and when the animal is
feeding, the thoracic legs are so protruded, and by their concerted
waving action they drive the food-particles in the water along the
channel between them, until the particles reach the oral cone, where
they are masticated by the mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, and
so passed into the alimentary canal. When the animal is disturbed it
rapidly retracts its limbs, the valves of the mantle are closed by
means of a strong adductor muscle in the head, and the animal is
protected from all external influences. In the acorn-barnacles
(Operculata), which live in great numbers attached to rocks and
other objects between tide-marks, the body is constructed on a
similar plan, save that there is no
stalk, and the body is completely
enclosed in a hard calcareous box
formed from the mantle, which,
when the valves are closed, as
they always are during low tide,
completely protect the animal
inside from desiccation or danger
of any kind. Besides the cement-
glands situated in the peduncle,
we can distinguish the generative
organs, consisting of a pair of
ovaries and testes, the majority of
Cirripedes being hermaphrodite.
The testes open at the end of an
elongated median penis behind
the thoracic limbs, while the
ovaries, situated in the peduncle,
have paired openings into the
mantle-cavity on either side of the
head. A pair of maxillary glands
or kidneys are present, and the
alimentary canal is provided with
Fig. 51.—Pupa of Lepas pectinata, × 8. various digestive glands. Special
A, Antenna; C, carina; M, adductor branchial organs are not present
muscle; S, scutum; T, tergum. (After in the Pedunculate Cirripedes,
Gruvel.)
but in the Operculate genera two
branchiae are formed from the
plications of the internal surface of the mantle. There is no
contractile heart, and the circulatory system is poorly developed. The
Cirripedes are badly furnished with sensory organs; the remains of a
simple Nauplius eye may persist, situated on the upper part of the
stomach, but the chief sense-organs are the sensory hairs upon the
limbs.
Fig. 52.—A, Dwarf male of Scalpellum vulgare, × 27; B, diagram
of Stalked Barnacle. a, Peduncle; al, alimentary canal; b, brain; c,
carina; e, remains of Nauplius eye; gl, cement-gland; m, mantle-
cavity; o, its opening; ov, ovary; p, penis; s, scutum; t, testis; tm,
tergum, seen in A as the shaded body above the reference-line of e
and to the right of the carina, on the left of the figure.
The recent Cirripedes fall into six clearly defined Sub-orders.
Sub-Order 1. Pedunculata.
In this division, sometimes combined with the Operculata as

Thoracica, owing to the extremely reduced state of the abdomen,
the body is borne on a distinct stalk, and the bivalve arrangement of
the mantle is clearly retained. The mantle is protected externally by a
number of calcareous plates, the arrangement of which is typical of
the various genera. It appears that in the most primitive and
geologically oldest Cirripedes, the probable ancestors of the
Pedunculate and Operculate sub-orders, the arrangement of the
plates was somewhat irregular, and they were far more numerous
than in the modern forms, so that passing from these older types to
modern times we witness a reduction in the number and a greater
precision in the arrangement of the skeletal parts.
One of the most ancient
Cirripedes known is Turrilepas,
which occurs in the Silurian
deposits of England, but it is also
known from earlier deposits,
while undoubted Cirripedes have
been found in the Cambrian of
North America. The body of
Turrilepas is enclosed in
imbricating plates, as shown in
Fig. 53, A.
In Archaeolepas of the Upper
Jurassic (Lithographic slates of
Bavaria) the arrangement of
Fig. 53.—A, Turrilepas wrightianus scutes typical of the Lepadidae is
(Silurian), × 1; B, Archaeolepas
redtenbacheri (Jurassic), × 1. C, carina;
foreshadowed, but the whole of
R, rostrum; S, scutum; T, tergum. the peduncle is protected by rows
(After Zittel.) of plates (Fig. 53, B), as in
Turrilepas.
The above-mentioned genera
did not survive into the Cretaceous period, their places being taken
by the genera Pollicipes and Scalpellum, which first appeared in the
Silurian and persist to the present time, the older and more primitive
Pollicipes being represented by about half a dozen living species,
while the species of Scalpellum are exceedingly numerous.
Fam. 1. Polyaspidae.—This family includes the three genera,
Pollicipes, Scalpellum, and Lithotrya.
Pollicipes is not only very ancient geologically (being found from
the Ordovician upward), but it preserves the primitive characteristic
of numerous skeletal plates, the peduncle being frequently covered
with small calcareous pieces, which graduate into the larger more
regularly placed scutes on the capitulum (Fig. 54). The species of this
genus, many of which are among the largest Cirripedes, are widely
distributed in the temperate and tropical seas, living for the most
part attached to rocks and often in deep water. P. cornucopia occurs
off the English and Scottish
coasts.
The members of the genus
Scalpellum, which is represented
by exceedingly numerous species
in the Cretaceous period, also
possess a large number of plates
on the capitulum, and often on
the peduncle as well, but never so
many as in Pollicipes. Although
the arrangement of the plates
varies much in the different
species, we may describe a fairly
typical case, that of the common
Scalpellum vulgare (Fig. 55, B).
The valves of the capitulum are
held together by the median
dorsal piece called the “carina”;
the other unpaired skeletal piece
is the “rostrum,” in front, just
below the place where the valves
gape to allow the protrusion of
the limbs. The paired pieces
receive the names “scutum,” Fig. 54.—Pollicipes mitella, × 1. (After
“tergum,” and “laterals,” and the Darwin.)
peduncle is covered with rows of
small plates.
The genus Scalpellum is a very large one, and is widely distributed,
though at the time at which Darwin wrote only six species were
known. The reason for this is to be found in the fact that the great
majority of the species live at great depths, so that they remained
unknown until the expeditions of the Challenger and other deep-sea
expeditions brought them to light. They may affix themselves,
generally in considerable numbers together, on branching
organisms, such as Corals, Polyzoa, and Hydroids, but often also on
empty shells, rocks, and other foreign bodies. The body is colourless
or of a pale flesh colour, but a colony of these animals, expanded and
drooping in various attitudes from a piece of coral, gives the
appearance of some graceful exotic flower.
Fig. 55.—A, Complemental male of Scalpellum peronii, × 20; B,

hermaphrodite individual of S. vulgare, × 2. a, Complemental
males, in situ; b, rostrum. (A, after Gruvel; B, after Darwin.)
Perhaps the most interesting feature of the genus is the

remarkable variation in the sexual constitution of some of the
species. The great majority of the Pedunculata and all the Operculata
are hermaphrodites, which habitually cross-fertilise one another, and
this they are well fitted to do, since they all live gregariously and are
provided with a long exsertile penis for transferring the spermatozoa

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5. The Supreme Court was created:

6. The federal court system is a(n) system:

8. Which of the following are part of the federal court system:

9. If a federal judge is impeached from office:

11. Federal judges are appointed for a term of:

12. Federal judges are appointed for:

14. Federal judges are nominated by:

15. Federal judges may be impeached for:

17. Federal judges may be impeached for:

18. State judges:

20. The Missouri System for choosing state judges:

21. In the Missouri System for choosing state judges:

23. Unlike federal judges, most state judges:

24. Unlike federal judges, most state judges:

26. The doctrine of judicial immunity means judges may:

27. The doctrine of judicial immunity means judges may:

35. Original jurisdiction means power to:

36. Original jurisdiction means power to:

42. There is (are) judge(s) presiding in a court of original jurisdiction.

Similarly characterised by the absence of a siphon are three other

Fam. 6. Chondracanthidae.—These Copepods infest the gills

Fig. 44.—Lernaea branchialis from the

BRANCH II. BRANCHIURA.

Order III. Cirripedia.

The Cirripedes are medium-sized Crustacea, with the body

The recent Cirripedes fall into six clearly defined Sub-orders.

In this division, sometimes combined with the Operculata as

Fig. 55.—A, Complemental male of Scalpellum peronii, × 20; B,

Perhaps the most interesting feature of the genus is the

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