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A. ovary.
B. uterus.
C. vagina.
D. fallopian tube.
3-1
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Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
A. fetus.
B. zygote.
C. embryo.
D. blastocyst.
3-2
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
A. one month
B. two weeks
C. one week
D. two months
3-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
3-4
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
A. placenta
B. ectoderm
C. trophoblast
D. blastocyst
3-5
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
A. ovaries.
B. vagina.
C. uterus.
D. fallopian tubes.
3-6
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
7. The zygote attaches to the uterine wall during the _____ period.
A. germinal
B. embryonic
C. fetal
D. blastoderm
3-7
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
8. Which of the following terms refers to an outer layer of cells that develops during the
germinal period and later provides nutrition and support for the embryo?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Blastocyst
D. Trophoblast
3-8
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
A. 10 to 14 days
B. 20 days
C. 25 to 30 days
D. 40 days
3-9
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
10. The embryonic period lasts from ________ weeks after conception.
A. ten to sixteen
B. two to eight
C. eight to ten
D. zero to two
3-10
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
11. The endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm form during the _____ period.
A. fetal
B. zygotic
C. germinal
D. embryonic
3-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
12. Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the endoderm?
3-12
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
13. Yolanda’s doctor told her that her baby might be born with problems in her respiratory
and digestive systems. According to the doctor, there was a problem in the formation of the
A. ectoderm.
B. endoderm.
C. mesoderm.
D. trophoderm.
3-13
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
14. Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the ectoderm?
3-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 03 - Prenatal Development
15. Juan was born with defective vision and diminished auditory abilities. Most likely, Juan’s
problems came from defects in the formation of the
A. ectoderm.
B. endoderm.
C. mesoderm.
D. trophoderm.
3-15
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
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inconsistent both with the general scope and the minute details of
the writing itself, that even without the support of this most
incontrovertible evidence of the earliest Christian antiquity, the
falsehood of the idea of any anti-papal prophecy can be most
triumphantly and unanswerably settled; and this has been repeatedly
done, in every variety of manner, by the learned labors of all the
sagest of the orthodox theologians of Germany, Holland, France and
England, for the last three hundred years. A most absurd notion
seems to be prevalent, that the idea of a rational historical
interpretation of the Apocalypse, is one of the wicked results of that
most horrible of abstract monsters, “German neology;” and the
dreadful name of Eichhorn is straightway referred to, as the source
of this common sense view. But Eichhorn and all those of the
modern German schools of theology, who have taken up this notion,
so far from originating the view or aspiring to claim it as their
invention, were but quietly following the standard authorities which
had been steadily accumulating on this point for sixteen hundred
years; and instead of being the result of neology or of anything new,
it was as old as the time of Irenaeus. The testimony of all the early
writers on this point, is uniform and explicit; and they all, without a
solitary exception, explain the great mass of the bold expressions in
it, about coming ruin on the enemies of the pure faith of Christ, as a
distinct, direct prophecy of the downfall of imperial Rome, as the
great heathen foe of the saints. There was among them no very
minute account of the manner in which the poetical details of the
prophecy was to be fulfilled; but the general meaning of the whole
was considered to be so marked, dated, and individualized, that to
have denied this manifest interpretation in their presence, must have
seemed an absurdity not less than to have denied the authentic
history of past ages. Not all, nor most of the Christian Fathers
however, have noticed the design and character of the Apocalypse,
even among those of the western churches; while the scepticism of
the Greek and Syrian Fathers, after the third century, about the
authenticity of the work, has deprived the world of the great
advantage which their superior acquaintance with the original
language of the writing, with its peculiarly oriental style, allusions and
quotations, would have enabled them to afford in the faithful
interpretation of the predictions. From the very first, however, there
were difficulties among the different sects, about the allegorical and
literal interpretations of the expressions which referred to the final
triumph of the followers of Christ; some interpreting those passages
as describing an actual personal reign of Christ on earth, and a real
worldly triumph of his followers, during a thousand years, all which
was to happen shortly;――and from this notion of a Chiliasm, or a
Millennium, arose a peculiar sect of heretics, famous in early
ecclesiastical history, during the two first centuries, under the name
of Chiliasts or ♦ Millenarians,――the Greek or the Latin appellative
being used, according as the persons thus designated or those
designating them, were of eastern or western stock. Cerinthus and
his followers so far improved this worldly view of the subject, as to
inculcate the notion that the faithful, during that triumph, were to be
further rewarded, by the full fruition of all bodily and sensual
pleasures, and particularly that the whole thousand years were to be
passed in nuptial enjoyments. But these foolish vagaries soon
passed away, nor did they, even in the times when they prevailed,
affect the standard interpretation of the general historical relations of
the prophecy.
It was not until a late age of modern times, that any one pretended
to apply the denunciations of ruin, with which the Apocalypse
abounds, to any object but heathen, imperial Rome, or to the pagan
system generally, as personified or concentrated in the existence of
that city. During the middle ages, the Franciscans, an order of
monks, fell under the displeasure of the papal power; and being
visited with the censures of the head of the Romish church, retorted,
by denouncing him as an Anti-Christ, and directly set all their wits to
work to annoy him in various ways, by tongue and pen. In the course
of this furious controversy, some of them turned their attention to the
prophecies respecting Rome, which were found in the Apocalypse,
then received as an inspired book by all the adherents of the church
of Rome; and searching into the denunciations of ruin on the
Babylon of the seven hills, immediately saw by what a slight
perversion of expressions, they could apply all this dreadful
language to their great foe. This they did accordingly, with all the
spite which had suggested it; and in consequence of this beginning,
the Apocalypse thenceforward became the great storehouse of
scriptural abuse of the Pope, to all who happened to quarrel with
him. This continued the fashion, down to the time of the Reformation;
but the bold Luther and his coadjutors, scorned the thought of a
scurrilous aid, drawn from such a source, and with a noble honesty
not only refused to adopt this construction, but even did much to
throw suspicion on the character of the book itself. Luther however,
had not the genius suited to minute historical and critical
observations; and his condemnation of it therefore, though showing
his own honest confidence in his mighty cause, to be too high to
allow him to use a dishonest aid, yet does not affect the results to
which a more deliberate examination has led those who were as
honest as he, and much better critics. This however, was the state in
which the early reformers left the interpretation of the Apocalypse.
But in later times, a set of spitefully zealous Protestants, headed by
Napier, Mede, and bishop Newton, took up the Revelation of John,
as a complete anticipative history of the triumphs, the cruelties and
the coming ruin of the Papal tyranny. These were followed by a
servile herd of commentators and sermonizers, who went on with all
the elaborate details of this interpretation, even to the precise
meaning of the teeth and tails of the prophetical locusts. These
views were occasionally varied by others tracing the whole history of
the world in these few chapters, and finding the conquests of the
Huns, the Saracens, the Turks, &c. all delineated with most amazing
particularity.
But while these idle fancies were amusing the heads of men, who
showed more sense in other things, the great current of Biblical
knowledge had been flowing on very uniformly in the old course of
rational interpretation, and the genius of modern criticism had
already been doing much to perfect the explanation of passages on
which the wisdom of the Fathers had never pretended to throw light.
Of all critics who ever took up the Apocalypse in a rational way, none
ever saw so clearly its real force and application as Hugo Grotius;
and to him belongs the praise of having been the first of the moderns
to apprehend and expose the truth of this sublimest of apostolic
records. This mighty champion of Protestant evangelical theology,
with that genius which was so resplendent in all his illustrations of
Divine things as well as of human law, distinctly pointed out the three
grand divisions of the prophetical plan of the work. “The visions as
far as to the end of the eleventh chapter, describe the affairs of the
Jews; then, as far as to the end of the twentieth chapter, the affairs
of the Romans; and thence to the end, the most flourishing state of
the Christian church.” Later theologians, following the great plan of
explanation thus marked out, have still farther perfected it, and
penetrated still deeper into the mysteries of the whole. They have
shown that the two cities, Rome and Jerusalem, whose fate
constitutes the most considerable portions of the Apocalypse, are
mentioned only as the seats of two religions whose fall is foretold;
and that the third city, the New Jerusalem, whose triumphant
heavenly building is described in the end, after the downfall of the
former two, is the religion of Christ. Of these three cities, the first is
called Sodom; but it is easy to see that this name of sin and ruin is
only used to designate another devoted by the wrath of God to a
similar destruction. Indeed, the sacred writer himself explains that
this is only a metaphorical or spiritual use of the term,――“which is
spiritually called Sodom and Egypt;”――and to set its locality beyond
all possibility of doubt, it is furthermore described as the city “where
also our Lord was crucified.” It is also called the “Holy city,” and in it
was the temple. Within, have been slain two faithful witnesses of
Jesus Christ; these are the two Jameses,――the great apostolic
proto-martyrs; James the son of Zebedee, killed by Herod Agrippa,
and James the brother of our Lord, the son of Alpheus, killed by
order of the high priest, in the reign of Nero, as described in the lives
of those apostles. The ruin of the city is therefore sealed. The
second described, is called Babylon; but that Chaldean city had
fallen to the dust of its plain, centuries before; and this city, on the
other hand, stood on seven hills, and it was, at the moment when the
apostle wrote, the seat of “the kingdom of the kingdoms of the earth,”
the capital of the nations of the world,――expressions which
distinctly mark it to be imperial Rome. The seven angels pour out
the seven vials of wrath on this Babylon, and the awful ruin of this
mighty city is completed.
Yet all these are but the forms of expression, not of thought. The
apostle used them, because long, constant familiarity with the
writings in which such imagery abounded, made these sentences the
most natural and ready vehicles of inspired emotions. The tame and
often tedious details of those old human inventions, had no influence
in moulding the grand conceptions of the glorious revelation. This
had a deeper, a higher, a holier source, in the spirit of eternal
truth,――the mighty suggestions of the time-over-sweeping spirit of
prophecy,――the same that moved the fiery lips of those
denouncers of the ancient Babylon, whose writings also had been
deeply known to him by years of study, and had furnished also a
share of consecrated expressions. That spirit he had caught during
his long eastern residence in the very scene of their prophecy and its
awful fulfilment. If this notion of his dwelling for a time with Peter in
Babylon is well founded, as it has been above narrated, it is at once
suggested also, that in that Chaldean city,――then the capital seat
of all Hebrew learning, and for ages the fount of light to the votaries
of Judaism,――he had, during the years of his stay, been led to the
deep study and the vast knowledge of that amazing range of
Talmudical and Cabbalistical learning, which is displayed in every
part of the Apocalypse. But how different all these resources in
knowledge, from the mighty production that seemed to flow from
them! How far are even the sublimest conceptions of the ancient
prophets, in their unconnected bursts and fragments of inspiration,
from the harmonious plan, the comprehensive range, and the
faultless dramatic unity, or rather tri-unity, of this most perfect of
historical views, and of poetical conceptions!
All these coincidences, with a vast number of other learned references, highly illustrative
of the character of the Apocalypse, as enriched with Oriental imagery, may be found in
Wait’s very copious notes on Hug’s Introduction.
There are many things in this view of the Apocalypse which will occasion surprise to
many readers, but to none who are familiar with the views of the standard orthodox writers
on this department of Biblical literature. The view taken in the text of this work, corresponds
in its grand outlines, to the high authorities there named; though in the minute details, it
follows none exactly. Some interpretations of particular passages are found no where else;
but these occasional peculiarities cannot affect the general character of the view; and it will
certainly be found accordant with that universally received among the Biblical scholars of
Germany and England, belonging to the Romish, the Lutheran, the Anglican, and Wesleyan
churches. The authority most closely followed, is Dr. Hug, Roman Catholic professor of
theology in an Austrian university, further explained by his translator, Dr. D. G. Wait, of the
church of England, more distinguished in Biblical and oriental literature, probably, than any
other of the numerous learned living divines of that church. These views are also found in
the commentary of that splendid orientalist, Dr. Adam Clarke, a work which, fortunately for
the world, is fast taking the place of the numerous lumbering, prosing quartos that have too
long met the mind of the common Bible reader with mere masses of dogmatic theology,
where he needs the help of simple, clear interpretation and illustration, which has been
drawn by the truly learned, from a minute knowledge of the language and critical history of
the sacred writings. This noble work, as far as I know, is the first which took the honest
ground of the ancient interpretation of the Apocalypse, with common readers, and
constitutes a noble monument to the praise of the good and learned man, who first threw
light for such readers on the most sublime book in the sacred canon, and among all the
writings ever penned by man,――a book which ignorant visionaries had too long been
suffered to overcloud and perplex for those who need the guidance of the learned in the
interpretation of the “many things hard to be understood” in the volume of truth. The first
book of a popular character, ever issued from the American press, explaining the
Apocalypse according to the standard mode, is a treatise on the Millennium, by the learned
Professor Bush, of the New York University, in which he adopts the grand outlines of the
plan above detailed, though I have not had the opportunity of ascertaining how it is, in the
minor details.
In reference to the tone assumed in some passages of the statement in the text,
perhaps it may be thought that more freedom has been used in characterizing opposite
views, than is accordant with the principles of “moderation and hesitation,” proposed in
comment upon Luther and Michaelis. But where, in the denunciation of popular error, a
reference to the motive of the inculcators of it would serve to expose most readily its nature,
such a freedom of pen has been fearlessly adopted; and severity of language on these
occasions is justified by the consideration of the character of the delusion which is to be
overthrown. The statements too, which are the occasion and the support of these
condemnations of vulgar notions, are drawn not from the mere conceptions of the writer of
this book, but from the unanswerable authorities of the great standards of Biblical
interpretation. The opportunity of research on this point has been too limited to allow
anything like an enumeration of all the great names who support this view; but references
enough have already been made, to show that an irresistible weight of orthodox sentiment
has decided in favor of these views as above given.
Some of the minute details, particularly those not authorized by learned men, who have
already so nearly perfected the standard view, may fall under the censure of the critical, as
fanciful, like those so freely condemned before; but they were written down because it
seemed that there was, in those cases, a wonderfully minute correspondence between
these passages and events in the life of John, not commonly noticed. The greater part of
this view, however, may be found almost verbatim in Wait’s translation of Hug’s Introduction.
The most satisfactory evidence of the meaning of the great mystery of the Apocalypse,
is in the true interpretation of “the number of the beast,” the mystic 666. In the Greek and
oriental languages, the letters are used to represent numbers, and thence arose in mystic
writings a mode of representing a name by any number, which would be made up by adding
together the numbers for which its letters stood; and so any number thus mystically given
may be resolved into a name, by taking any word whose letters when added together will
make up that sum. Now the word Latinus, (Λατεινος,) meaning the Latin or Roman empire,
(for the names are synonymous,) is made up of Greek letters representing the numbers
whose sum is 666. Thus Λ-30, α-1, τ-300, ε-5, ι-10, ν-50, ο-70, ς-200――all which, added
up, make just 666. What confirms this view is, that Irenaeus says, “John himself told those
who saw him face to face, that this was what he meant by the number;” and Irenaeus
assures us that he himself heard this from the personal acquaintances of John. (See Wait’s
note. Translation of Hug’s Introduction II. 626‒629, note.)
In connection with John’s living at Ephesus, a story became afterwards current about his
meeting him on one occasion and openly expressing a personal abhorrence of him.
“Irenaeus [Against Heresies, III. c. 4. p. 140,] states from Polycarp, that John once going
into a bath at Ephesus, discovered Cerinthus, the heretic, there; and leaping out of the bath
he hastened away, saying he was afraid lest the building should fall on him, and crush him
along with the heretic.” Conyers Middleton, in his Miscellaneous works, has attacked this
story, in a treatise upon this express point. (This is in the edition of his works in four or five
volumes, quarto; but I cannot quote the volume, because it is not now at hand.) Lardner
also discusses it. (Vol. I. p. 325, vol. II. p. 555, 4to. edition.)
There can be no better human authority on any subject connected with the life of John,
than that of Irenaeus of Lyons, [A. D. 160,] who had in his youth lived in Asia, where he was
personally acquainted with Polycarp, the disciple and intimate friend of John, the apostle.
His words are, “John, the disciple of the Lord, wishing by the publication of his gospel to
remove that error which had been sown among men, by Cerinthus, and much earlier, by
those called Nicolaitans, who are a fragment of science, (or the Gnosis,) falsely so
called;――and that he might both confound them, and convince them that there is but one
God, who made all things by his word, and not, as they say, one who was the Creator, and
another who was the Father of our Lord.” (Heresies, lib. III. c. xi.) In another passage he
says,――“As John the disciple of the Lord confirms, saying, ‘But these are written that you
may believe that Jesus is the Son of God, and that believing, you may have eternal life in
his name,’――guarding against these blasphemous notions, which divide the Lord, as far
as they can, by saying that he was made of two different substances.” (Heresies, lib. III. c.
xvi.) Michaelis, in his Introduction on John, discusses this passage, and illustrates its true
application.