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Salinan CIRCULATION
Salinan CIRCULATION
Dr Sutomo Hospital
Dept Anesthesiology & Reanimation,
Airlangga University, School of Medicine Surabaya
2b_Circulation 1
Diagnosis and Understanding of
Circulation emergencies
2b_Circulation 2
Circulation
• Jantung = pompa
• Pembuluh darah = pipa
jantung
• Darah = isi pipa
pembuluh
darah darah
2b_Circulation 3
LEFT
RIGHT
CO = HR x SV
2b_Circulation 4
Sirkulasi darah
• Cardiac Output = CO = volume darah yang
dipompa jantung satu menit
• Stroke Volume = SV = volume darah yang
dipompa jantung satu kali
• Heart rate = HR = denyut jantung per menit
• CO = HR x SV
2b_Circulation 5
Cardiac output
Jantung
=
Pembuluh pompa
darah =
pipa
Darah
=
isi pipa
Venous return
2b_Circulation 6
Krisis sirkulasi
• Hipovolemia : • Shock hipovolemik
– perdarahan
– non perdarahan, mis: diare
• Gagal jantung / sirkulasi • Shock kardiogenik
– decomp. cordis
– infark miokard luas
• Anafilaksis, Cedera spinal, • Shock distributif
Sepsis
• Shock obstruktif
• Pericardial tamponade,
tension pneumothorax
2b_Circulation 7
Cardiac output ↓
Jantung
=
Pembuluh pompa
darah =
pipa
Darah
=
isi pipa
Venous return ↓
2b_Circulation 8
Cardiac output ↓
perdarahan
multi-trauma
muntaber
peritonitis Jantung
=
Pembuluh pompa
darah =
pipa
Darah ↓
=
isi pipa
Venous return ↓
Venous return ↓
Masalah pada pipa
Rx :
- beri vaso-pressor / vaso-constrictor
- isi kembali volume yang “hilang”
2b_Circulation 10
Cardiac output ↓
RHF
Edema tungkai
Ascites
hepatomegali
Pleural effusion
Jantung
=
LHF pompa
Edema paru edema Pembuluh
darah = Decomp cordis
pipa Myocardiopathy
Darah Cardiogenic shock
=
isi pipa
Venous return
tertahan
Masalah pada pompa
Rx : obat inotropik (+) :
- Lasix / frusemide → membuang edema
- dopamin/dobutamin
- adrenalin menaikkan kontraksi
- digitalis miokard
2b_Circulation 11
- amrinone
Edema paru karena
2b_Circulation 12
decomp cordis kiri
100% NORMAL
Cardiac Output
HIPOTENSI
50% SHOCK
Hipoksia, acidosis
2b_Circulation 13
Shock = gangguan oksigenasi jaringan / sel
2b_Circulation 14
2b_Circulation 15
Transport oksigen
2b_Circulation 16
Shock menyebabkan:
• Aliran darah yang membawa oksigen ke jaringan
berkurang
• Oksigen di jaringan berkurang, metabolisme sel
menjadi an-aerobik
• Terjadi kekurangan ATP di dalam sel
• Terbentuklah dan tertimbunlah di jaringan
– asam laktat
– sampah metabolisme,
– toksin, radikal bebas dll
2b_Circulation 17
aerobic
w/ O2
GLUCOSE CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP
ENERGY
AN-aerobic DEBT
wo/ O2
LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP
Lactic acidosis
2b_Circulation 19
SIRKULASI NORMAL
Hangat
Kering
2b_Circulation 20
Merah
Otak dan Jantung
NORMAL
2b_Circulation 22
Tanda Shock (3)
NADI MENINGKAT
• raba nadi radialis
– nadi < 100 : NORMAL
– > 100 : SHOCK
2b_Circulation 23
Tanda Shock (4)
2b_Circulation 24
Jenis shock
1. Hypovolemic:
kehilangan volume darah
2. Cardiogenic:
gangguan kerja jantung
3. Obstructive:
gangguan aliran darah masuk
dan keluar jantung
4. Distributive:
gangguan distribusi darah
di perifer
2b_Circulation Shoemaker,1992
25
Pastikan, korban sadar atau tidak waktu disapa
carotis
brachialis
radialis
femoralis
2b_Circulation 27
Cara mencari nadi carotis
|
raba trachea
|
tarik jari ke lateral
(2 cm)
2b_Circulation 28
Posisi shock
2b_Circulation 29
Shock, First Aid, Update Date: 4/30/2004
Call 911 for immediate medical help.
Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin
rescue breathing and CPR.
Even if the person is able to breathe on his or her own, continue to check
rate of breathing at least every 5 minutes until help arrives.
If the person is conscious and DOES NOT have an injury to the head, leg,
neck, or spine, place the person in the shock position.
Lay the person on the back and elevate the legs about 12 inches.
DO NOT elevate the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or potential
harm, leave the person lying flat.
Give appropriate first aid for any wounds, injuries, or illnesses.
Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing.
2b_Circulation 30
Shock, Last Updated: October 19, 2004
Author: Adam Schwarz, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department
of Pediatrics, University of Arizona School of Medicine; Director of
Education Program, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Phoenix
Children's Hospital
Initial treatment
Regardless of the cause of shock, the ABCs must be evaluated and
stabilized immediately. Do not delay this initial stabilization for further
workup and imaging studies. The patient's airway must be patent, and the
patient must be adequately oxygenated and ventilated. Initially, administer
100% supplemental oxygen at a high flow rate. If the patient is in
respiratory distress, consider intubating and providing mechanical
ventilation.
Stabilizing the airway and providing mechanical ventilation may relieve the
patient's metabolic work of breathing and facilitate elimination of carbon
dioxide, improving the coexistent metabolic acidosis. Once the airway has
been stabilized, if necessary, and adequate ventilation and administration
of oxygen have been ensured, immediately place attention on improving
circulation and systemic oxygen delivery (DO2). Circulatory improvement is
achieved via volume expansion and, if necessary, pharmacologic therapy
with vasopressors and cardiac inotropic agents, as indicated.
2b_Circulation 31
John P Pryor, MD, Instructor, Department of Surgery, Division of
Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania
Emergency Department Care: Three goals exist in the treatment of the patient
with hypovolemic shock as follows: (1) maximize oxygen delivery - completed by
ensuring adequacy of ventilation, increasing oxygen saturation of the blood, and
restoring blood flow, (2) control further blood loss, and (3) fluid resuscitation.
First aid involves keeping the patient warm, with the legs raised
slightly to improve venous return.
Hemorrhage should be stopped, airway and ventilation checked,
and respiratory assistance given if necessary.
Nothing should be given by mouth, and the patient's head should be
turned to avoid aspiration if emesis occurs.
Because tissue hypoperfusion makes absorption unreliable, all
drugs should be given IV if possible.
Although cerebral hypoperfusion may cause anxiety, sedatives or
tranquilizers should not be given.
2b_Circulation 34
Mengapa posisi shock,
mengapa tidak langsung pasang infus ?
2b_Circulation 35
Hypovolemic shock, hemorrhagic shock
2b_Circulation 36
Circulation
mengatasi perdarahan
• Hentikan perdarahan
• Posisi shock
• Pasang infus besar x 2
• Ambil sampel darah
– u/ darah donor dan periksa Hb
• Beri infus cairan, 1000 ml cepat
2b_Circulation 37
Menghentikan perdarahan
prioritas utama
2b_Circulation 39
Bebat tekan mengurangi perdarahan
2b_Circulation 40
• Darah terus mengalir karena bebat tidak efektif
2b_Circulation 41
Menghentikan perdarahan
prioritas utama
2b_Circulation 42
Pasang infusi pada vena besar
1. Vena cubiti, basilica
? 2b_Circulation 43
Tempat punksi
vena
jugularis
subclavia
basilica
vena lengan
lainnya
2b_Circulation 44
Pasien berdarah
perkirakan volume yang hilang
|
posisi shock
pasang infus jarum besar
ambil sample darah u/ cari donor
|
infusi RL 1000 (+ 1000 lagi)
2b_Circulation 46
Perdarahan & tanda-tandanya
(korban dewasa)
infusi RL
sampai
normovolemia
Hb
turun
perdarahan
hentikan
2b_Circulation 48
Hasil terapi infusi
• Sirkulasi membaik lalu stabil
– good response, normovolemia
• Sirkulasi membaik lalu merosot lagi
– transient response, masih hipovolemia,
ada perdarahan berlanjut
• Sirkulasi tidak membaik
– no response, masih tetap hipovolemia
2b_Circulation 49
infus intra-osseus di tibia
2b_Circulation 50
Infus intra-osseus
• Jalur sementara sampai infus intravena
dapat dipasang.
• Infusi cairan dan obat-obat boleh masuk
intra-osseus
• Yang tidak boleh masuk lewat intra-osseus
– Natrium bicarbonat
– Transfusi ?
2b_Circulation 51
waspada & cari lokasi perdarahan
• Cedera intra-abdominal
• Cedera dada
• Patah tulang panjang
• Patah tulang pinggul /
retroperitoneal
• Luka tusuk / tembus
• Luka kulit kepala
2b_Circulation 52
Table 1. ESTIMATED FLUID AND BLOOD LOSSES *)
Based on Patient’s Initial Presentation
(For a 70 kg man)
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV
Blood Loss (mL) Up to 750 750 – 1500 1500 – 2000 > 2000
Blood Loss
Up to 15% 15 – 30 % 30 – 40 % > 40 %
(% Blood Vol)
Pulse Rate < 100 > 100 > 120 > 140
Anxious, Confiused,
CNS / Mental Status Slightly anxious Mildly anxious
confused lethargic
TANDA TS - I TS - II TS - III
KRISTALOID ? TRANSFUSI ?
( RL / PZ )
INGAT ! PADA
MUDAH PERDARAHAN : Hb > 8
MURAH NADI MASIH
AMAN MAMPU BERDENYUT
2XN
LAKUKAN
HEMODILUSI TRANSPORT O2
RL / PZ 2 – 3 X KE JARINGAN
VOL. DARAH YG HILANG CUKUP
HEMODINAMIK KOLOID ?
LABIL ? CHECK Hb SETIAP
MAHAL ? PRA TRANSF !
MEMBANTU STABILISASI
HEMODINAMIK
S/D
SUMBER PERDARAHAN
DIATASI
Hb 7-15
MENETUKAN DERAJAD DEHIDRASI
( Kriteria PIERCE )
GEJALA RINGAN SEDANG BERAT
(3-5% BB) (6-8% BB) ( > 10% BB)
GROJOK RL
1000 CC / 30I
CHECK HD
BAIK BURUK
ULANGI RL
1000 CC / 30I
CHECK HD
GROJOK – STOP !
BAIK BURUK
DIBUAT MAINTENANCE
= ( 5000 – 1000 )
= 4000 CC
ULANG
1000 / 30I
DIBAGI DUA
CHECK HD
DST
2000/ 8 J 2000/ 16 J
RESUME shock
hipovolemik
2b_Circulation 63
Circulation skill 1
• Identification of radial – brachial – femoral
and carotid pulse
• Evaluation and measurement of perfusion,
pulse rate, blood pressure
• Evaluation of jugular vein filling
• IV access
• Intra-osseus
• Compression bandage
• Shock position
2b_Circulation
(peer, on the floor) 66
Jenis shock
• Hypovolemic:
kehilangan volume darah
• Cardiogenic:
gangguan kerja jantung
• Obstructive:
gangguan aliran darah masuk
dan keluar jantung
• Distributive:
gangguan distribusi darah
di perifer
Shoemaker,1992
2b_Circulation 67
Gangguan kerja jantung
• Contractility turun
– Cardio-myopathy, cardiac failure, infark luas
– Beta-blocker, High dose Ca-blocker
– High Spinal anesth, Deep general anesth
• Gangguan irama (arrhythmia)
– Severe bradycardia
• AV block, sinus brady
– Severe tachycardia
• SVT, AF rapid, VT
• Gangguan katub
– severe stenosis
– severe regurgitation
2b_Circulation 68
Gangguan Contractility
– Beta-blocker,
High dose Ca-blocker – Dopamin, ephedrin,
– High Spinal anesth, adrenalin, nor-adrenalin
Deep general anesth
2b_Circulation 69
Case scenario on hemorrhagic case
(plenary)
2b_Circulation 70
Tanda-tanda klinis
2b_Circulation 71
Terapi dengan obat-obat inotropik (+)
2b_Circulation 72
Gangguan irama jantung
2b_Circulation 73
Gangguan irama jantung
• Severe tachycardia • Amiodarone
– SVT, AF rapid • Beta-blocker : Propanolol
• Ca-blocker : verapamil, diltiazem
• Adenosine (efek singkat)
• Digitalis (onset lambat)
• Synchronized DC 50-150 Joules
• Severe tachycardia
• Amiodarone 50-150 mg iv
– Multiple PVC, VT • Lidocain 1-2 mg/kg
• Beta-blocker : Propanolol
• Ca-blocker : verapamil, diltiazem
• VT pulseless : DC 360 Joules
2b_Circulation 74