4 points Dream contains highly similar

replaying of the original

experience(s), containing at least two
elements with similarity ratings of 4
or 5, and evokes an impression of
true re-experiencing

3 points Dream contains highly similar

replaying of the original
experience(s), containing at least two
elements with similarity ratings of 4
or 5

2 points Dream contains moderately similar

replaying of the original
experience(s), containing at least two
elements with similarity ratings of 2
or 3

1 point Dream contains mostly low levels of

similarity with original experience(s),
containing mostly elements with
similarity ratings of 1

0 points Dream contains no information

relating to waking-life experiences

Point on scale Frequency (%)

4 1/186 (0.5)

3 22/186 (11.83)

2 66/186 (35.48)

1 88/186 (47.31)

0 9/186 (4.84)

# Recalled N1 N2 N3 REM All stages

dreams/#
 Awakenings
(%)
Early 12/ 20 13/20 (65.0%) 16/ 22 15/ 17 56/ 79
(60.0%) (72.7%) (88.2%) (70.9%)
Mid 18/ 18 11/ 20 6/ 13 (46.2%) 17/ 21 52/ 72
(100.0%) (55.0%) (80.9%) (72.2%)
Late 14/ 16 17/ 21 8/ 17 (47.1%) 17/ 22 56/ 76
(87.5%) (80.9%) (77.3%) (73.7%)
All periods 44/ 58 41/ 60 30/ 53 49/ 56 164/ 227
(75.8%) (68.3%) (56.6%) (87.5%) (72.2%)

Manifest content Number of dreams

Sexual intercourse 19

Aggression between humans 39

Aggression between humans and 8

ghosts

Dreams of death 36

Dreams of ‘whites and white culture’ 28

as ‘major motifs’

Miscellaneous 19

Table 1.
Contrasting declarative memory with other types of memory a
Findings in patients with
Declarative memory Examples
amnesia
Impairment in storage,
producing deficits in new
Recall and recognition of learning (anterograde
episodes and facts (i.e., amnesia) and in
Declarative memory
episodic memory and remembering information
semantic memory) acquired prior to the illness
or injury (retrograde
amnesia)
Information kept in mind by
Immediate memory continuous rehearsal (e.g., Preserved
verbal working memory)

Nondeclarative memory:
Speeded or more accurate
Perceptual priming responses to a stimulus,
based on perceptual factors
Speeded or more accurate
Conceptual priming responses to a stimulus,
based on conceptual factors
Behaviors that improve
gradually with practice,
including cognitive skills
Skills
(e.g., reading mirror-
reversed text) and motor
skills
Learned associations
between two stimuli, one of
Classical conditioning
which elicits an automatic
response
Table 1. Study design for daytime testing and nighttime sleep recording over 5 months
Tests Screening Month 1 Month 2 Month 3
SCID-NP X X
HRSD X X
BDI X X X X
Interview X X
POMS X X
Generally preserved, but
with some notable
exceptions
Preserved if performance is
not contaminated by
declarative memory (i.e.,
using an implicit memory
test that discourages
explicit memory retrieval)
Preserved in some cases,
but further investigation is
required, particularly across
stimulus domains
Preserved when skill
acquisition is accomplished
without reliance on
declarative memory (which
is often not the case for
skills learned outside the
laboratory)
Preserved under conditions
with temporal overlap
between conditioned and
unconditioned stimuli
Month 4 Month 5
X
X X
X
X
Current X X X
concerns

PSG clinical X

PSG ST X X X

PSG RI X X X

Profile of Mood States (POMS) administered before and after all 6 nights.