Cognitive Psychology

The process of bringing back Recognition: identifying

information from the memory is called previously learned
Memory Retrieval. Whenever we information after encountering
think about our past, we engage in the Types of it again, usually in response to
act of retrieval.
Retrieval a cue.

Relearning: learning
information that was
previously learned. It
Recall: accessing
occurs once the mind is
information without exposed to the information
cues. again.
 IMPORTANCE OF RELEARNING
100% 100%
100%
80% 80%
80%
60% 60%
60%
40% 40%
40%
20% 20%
20%
0% 0%
0%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
LEARNING UNLEARN RELEARN
FEATURES OF
RECALL
1.Tip of the
Features of
Recall
Tongue
Phenomenon
2. Associative words

56% 66% 75%

Without any reinforcement or connections to prior knowledge, information is quickly forgotten—

roughly 56 percent in one hour, 66 percent after a day, and 75 percent after six days.
Tip of Tongue
Phenomenon
The ‘Tip of the tongue phenomenon’ is
a state in which one cannot quite recall
a familiar word but can't recall words
of similar form and meaning.

This is a subjective feeling.

Tip of the tongue is an experience with

memory recollection involving
difficulty retrieving a well known word
or familiar name.
 ASSOCIATIVE WORDS
Associative Words are those
words principle that reinforce
each other and can be mentally
linked to one another. In a
nutshell, it means our brains
were not designed to recall
information in isolation;
instead, we group information
together into one associative
memory.
 Serial Position Effect
Refers to the finding that,
on list learning tasks, the
probability of retrieving an
item is dependent on the
items position in the study
list.

Primacy Effect
Recency Effect The ability to recall
The ability to recall information near the
information at the beginning of a list.
end of a list
 Forgetting and Forgetting Curve

HERMAN EBBINGHAUS
Inability to retrieve information is known as
Forgetting.

Herman Ebbinghaus was the inventor of the

Forgetting Curve. It is also known as
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve. This curve shows
us how information is lost over time if you don’t
try to retrieve it. ⅛ of the information that we
have just learnt is lost in the first 8 hours if we
don’t rehearse it.
 Encoding Failure Decay Theory is a theory
happens at the sensory of forgetting that holds
memory. If you are unable the memory trace, if not
to understand information used, it disappears with
then it is lost at the the passage of time.
encoding process.

CAUSES OF FORGETTING
 Elaborative Rehearsal
Types of Rehearsal In Order to Retrieve
Information: Means rehearsal
from various kinds or
diverse areas.
Maintenance Rehearsal

Means maintaining the

same information
again and again for
longer duration.
 Interference Theory
An explanation of Long-Term Memory Forgetting, occurs when we are trying to recall
memories and similar memories interfere.
 Amnesia- It is the forgetting of memories due to
brain damage or injury.

Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve old Inability to form new

memories memories