Solution Manual for Differential Equations Computing and Modeling 5th Edition

by Edwards ISBN 0321816250 9780321816252

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CHAPTER 1

FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SECTION 1.1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS

The main purpose of Section 1.1 is simply to introduce the basic notation and terminology of dif-
ferential equations, and to show the student what is meant by a solution of a differential equation.
Also, the use of differential equations in the mathematical modeling of real-world phenomena is
outlined.

Problems 1-12 are routine verifications by direct substitution of the suggested solutions into the
given differential equations. We include here just some typical examples of such verifications.
3. If y1  cos 2x and y2  sin 2x , then y1   2sin 2x y2  2 cos 2x , so

y1  4 cos 2x  4 y1 and y2  4sin 2x  4 y2 . Thus y1  4 y1  0 and y2  4 y2  0 .

If y 1  e3x and y  e 3x , then y  3e3x and y   3e 3x , so y  9e3x  9 y and
2 2
4.
3x

y2  9e  9 y2 .

1 1 1

5. If y  e  e , then y  e  e , so y  y   e  e
x x x x x x
  e x
e x
 x
2 e . Thus
2
x
y  y  2 e .

6. If y1  e 2 x and y  x e 2 x , then y   2 e 2 x , y  4 e 2 x , y  e 2 x  2x e 2 x , and

1

y2   4 e 2 x
 4x e 2 x
. Hence 1
 
y1 4 y1  4 y1

 4
 
 4 2 e

2 x

4 e
 2 x 2 x

 0
e
and

y2  4 y2  4 y2    4e 2 x
 4x e2 x   4 e 2 x  2x e2 x   4 x e2 x   0.
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8. If y1  cos x  cos 2x and y2  sin x  cos 2x , then y1   sin x  2 sin 2x,

y1   cos x  4 cos 2x, y2  cos x  2sin 2x , and y2   sin x  4 cos 2x. Hence

y1 y1    cos x  4 cos 2x    cos x  cos 2x   3cos 2x

and
y2  y2    sin x  4cos 2x    sin x  cos 2x   3cos 2x.

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2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS

11. If y  y1  x 2 , then y   2 x 3 and y  6 x 4 , so

x 2 y  5x y  4 y x 2  6 x 4   5x  2 x 3   4  x 2   0.

3 3 4 4
If y  y2  x 2 ln x , then y  x  2 x ln x and y   5 x  6 x ln x , so

x 2 y  5x y  4 y  x 2  5 x 4  6 x 4 ln x   5x  x 3  2 x 3 ln x   4  x 2 ln x 

  5 x 2  5 x 2    6 x 2 10 x 2  4 x 2  ln x  0.

13. Substitution of y  erx into 3y  2 y gives the equation 3r erx  2 erx , which simplifies

to 3 r  2. Thus r  2 / 3.

14. Substitution of y  erx into 4 y  y gives the equation 4r 2 e rx  erx , which simplifies to

4 r 2  1. Thus r  1/ 2 .

15. Substitution of y  erx into y  y  2 y  0 gives the equation r 2 erx  r e rx  2 erx  0 ,

which simplifies to r 2  r  2  (r  2)(r 1)  0. Thus r  2 or r  1.

16. Substitution of y  erx into 3 y  3 y  4 y  0 gives the equation 3r 2e rx  3r e rx  4 erx  0

, which simplifies to 3r 2  3r  4  0 . The quadratic formula then gives the solutions


r  3  57  6.

The verifications of the suggested solutions in Problems 17-26 are similar to those in Problems
1-12. We illustrate the determination of the value of C only in some typical cases. However, we
illustrate typical solution curves for each of these problems.
17. C2 18. C  3

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 Section 1.1 3

Problem 17 Problem 18
4 5

(0, 3)
(0, 2)

y y 0
0

−4 −5
−4 0 4 −5 0 5
x x

19. If y  x   Ce x 1, then y  0   5 gives C 1  5 , so C  6 .

20. If y  x   C e x  x 1, then y  0   10 gives C 1  10 , or C  11.

Problem 19 Problem 20
10 20

5 (0, 5) (0, 10)

y 0
y 0

−5

−10 −20
−5 0 5 −10 −5 0 5 10
x x

21. C  7.

22. If y(x)  ln  x  C  , then y  0   0 gives ln C  0 , so C  1.

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4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS

Problem 21 Problem 22
10 5
(0, 7)

y y
0 0
(0, 0)

−5

−10 −5
−2 −1 0 1 2 −20 −10 0 10 20
x x

23. If y(x)  14 x 5  C x 2 , then y  2  1 gives 1

4 32  C  81  1, or C  56 .

24. C  17 .

Problem 23 Problem 24
30 30

20 20 (1, 17)

10 10

y (2, 1) y
0 0
−10 −10

−20 −20

−30 −30
0 1 2 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x x

25. If y  tan  x3  C  , then y  0   1 gives the equation tan C  1. Hence one value of C is

C   / 4 , as is this value plus any integral multiple of  .

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 Section 1.1 5

Problem 25 Problem 26
4 10

2 (0, 1) 5

(, 0)
y 0 y 0

−2 −5

−4 −10
−2 −1 0 1 2 0 5 10
x x

26. Substitution of x   and y  0 into y   x  C  cos x yields 0    C  1 , so

C   .

27. y  x  y

y 0
28. The slope of the line through  x, y  and  x 2, 0  is y   2 y x , so the differen-
xx/2
tial equation is xy  2 y .

29. If m  y is the slope of the tangent line and m is the slope of the normal line at (x, y),
then the relation m m  1 yields m  1 y   y 1  x  0 . Solving for y then

gives the differential equation 1 y  y  x .

30. Here m  y and m  Dx (x 2  k) 2x , so the orthogonality relation m m  1 gives



the differential equation 2xy  1.

31. The slope of the line through  x, y  and ( y, x) is y   x  y    y  x  , so the differen-
tial equation is (x  y) y  y  x.

In Problems 32-36 we get the desired differential equation when we replace the “time rate of
change” of the dependent variable with its derivative with respect to time t, the word “is” with
the = sign, the phrase “proportional to” with k, and finally translate the remainder of the given
sentence into symbols.
32. dP dt  k P 33. dv dt  kv 2
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6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS

34. dv dt  k  250  v  35. dN dt  k  P  N 

36. dN dt  kN  P  N 

37. The second derivative of any linear function is zero, so we spot the two solutions
y  x   1 and y(x)  x of the differential equation y  0 .

38. A function whose derivative equals itself, and is hence a solution of the differential equa-
tion y  y , is y(x)  e .
x

39. We reason that if y  kx 2 , then each term in the differential equation is a multiple of x 2 .

The choice k  1 balances the equation and provides the solution y(x)  x 2 .

40. If y is a constant, then y  0 , so the differential equation reduces to y 2  1 . This gives

the two constant-valued solutions y(x)  1 and y(x)  1.

41. We reason that if y  ke x , then each term in the differential equation is a multiple of e x .
The choice k  12 balances the equation and provides the solution y(x)  1 e x .

42. Two functions, each equaling the negative of its own second derivative, are the two solu-
tions y  x   cos x and y(x)  sin x of the differential equation y   y .
2

43. (a) We need only substitute x(t)  1  C  kt  in both sides of the differential equation

x  kx 2 for a routine verification.

(b) The zero-valued function x(t)  0 obviously satisfies the initial value problem

x  kx 2 , x(0)  0 .

44. (a) The figure shows typical graphs of solutions of the differential equation x  12 x 2 .
(b) The figure shows typical graphs of solutions of the differential equation x   21 x 2 .

We see that—whereas the graphs with k  12 appear to “diverge to infinity”—each solu-

tion with k   21 appears to approach 0 as t  . Indeed, we see from the Problem

43(a) solution x(t)  1  C  12 t  that x(t)   as t  2C . However, with k   21 it is

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2
clear from the resulting solution x(t)  1  C  1 t  that x(t) remains bounded on any

bounded interval, but x(t)  0 as t   .

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 Section 1.1 7

Problem 44a Problem 44b

5 6

5
4

4
3
x x
3
2
2

1
1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
t t
45. Substitution of P  1 and P  10 into the differential equation P  kP 2 gives k  1
, so

Problem 43(a) yields a solution of the form P(t)  1  C  100

1
t  . The initial condition

P(0)  2 now yields C  12 , so we get the solution

100

1 100
P(t)   .
1 t 50  t

2 100
We now find readily that P  100 when t  49 and that P  1000 when t  49.9 . It ap-

pears that P grows without bound (and thus “explodes”) as t approaches 50.
46. Substitution of v  1 and v  5 into the differential equation v  kv 2 gives k   251 , so

Problem 43(a) yields a solution of the form v(t)  1  C  t 25 . The initial condition

v(0)  10 now yields C  101 , so we get the solution

1 50
v(t)   .
1 t 5  2t

10 25
We now find readily that v  1 when t  22.5 and that v  0.1 when t  247.5 . It ap-
pears that v approaches 0 as t increases without bound. Thus the boat gradually slows,
but never comes to a “full stop” in a finite period of time.
47. (a) y(10)  10 yields 10  1  C 10  , so C  101 10 .

(b) There is no such value of C, but the constant function y(x)  0 satisfies the condi-
tions y  y 2 and y(0)  0 .
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8 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS

(c) It is obvious visually (in Fig. 1.1.8 of the text) that one and only one solution curve
passes through each point (a, b) of the xy-plane, so it follows that there exists a unique
solution to the initial value problem y  y 2 , y(a)  b .

48. (b) Obviously the functions u(x)  x 4 and v(x)  x 4 both satisfy the differential equa-

tion xy  4 y. But their derivatives u(x)  4x3 and v(x)  4x3 match at x  0 , where

both are zero. Hence the given piecewise-defined function y  x  is differentiable, and

therefore satisfies the differential equation because u  x  and v  x  do so (for x  0 and

x  0 , respectively).
4

(c) If a  0 (for instance), then choose C fixed so that C a  b . Then the function
C x 4 if x  0
y  x    4
C x if x  0

satisfies the given differential equation for every real number value of C .

SECTION 1.2
INTEGRALS AS GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

This section introduces general solutions and particular solutions in the very simplest situation
— a differential equation of the form y  f  x  — where only direct integration and evaluation

of the constant of integration are involved. Students should review carefully the elementary con-
cepts of velocity and acceleration, as well as the fps and mks unit systems.
1. Integration of y  2x 1 yields y(x)    2x 1 dx  x 2  x  C . Then substitution of

x  0 , y  3 gives 3  0  0  C  C , so y  x   x 2  x  3 .

Integration of y   x  2  yields y  x    x  2  dx  13  x  2   C . Then substitution

2 2 3
2.

of x  2 , y  1 gives 1  0  C  C , so y  x   13  x  2  1.
3

3. Integration of y  x yields y  x    x dx  23 x3/2  C . Then substitution of x  4 ,

y  0 gives 0  163  C , so y  x   23  x 3/2  8  .

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4. Integration of y  x 2 yields y  x    x 2 dx  1 x  C . Then substitution of x  1,

y  5 gives 5  1 C , so y  x   1 x  6 .

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 Section 1.2 9

Integration of y   x  2  yields y  x     x  2 
1 2
5. dx  2 x  2  C . Then substitu-
1 2

tion of x  2 , y  1 gives 1  2 2  C , so y  x   2 x  2  5 .

Integration of y  x  x 2  9  yields y  x    x  x 2  9  dx  13 x  9   C . Then

12 12
2 32
6.

substitution of x  4, y  0 gives 0  31 (5)3  C , so y  x   13  x 2  9  125  .

3/ 2

 

yields y  x    2
10 10
7. Integration of y  dx  10 tan 1 x  C . Then substitution of
x 1
2
x 1

x  0 , y  0 gives 0  10 0  C , so y  x   10 tan 1 x .

2

8. Integration of y  cos 2x yields y  x   cos 2x dx  1 sin 2x  C . Then substitution of

x  0 , y  1 gives 1  0  C , so y  x   12 sin 2x 1.

yields y(x)  
1 1
9. Integration of y   dx  sin 1 x  C . Then substitution of
2 2
1 x 1 x

x  0 , y  0 gives 0  0  C , so y  x   sin 1 x .

10. Integration of y  xe  x yields

y  x    xe x dx   ueu du   u 1 eu    x 1 e  x  C ,

using the substitution u  x together with Formula #46 inside the back cover of the

textbook. Then substituting x  0 , y  1 gives 1  1 C, so y(x)   (x 1) e x  2.

11. If a  t   50 , then v  t    50dt  50t  v0  50t 10 . Hence

x  t    50t 10  dt  25t 2 10t  x  25t 2 10t  20 .

0

12. If a  t   20 , then v  t     20  dt  20t  v0  20t 15 . Hence

x  t    20t 15  dt  10t 2 15t  x0  10t 2 15t  5 .

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 
If a  t   3t , then v  t    3t dt  2 t  v0  2 t  5 . Hence
3 2 3 2
13.

x  t    32 t 2  5  dt  12 t3  5t  x0  12 t 3  5t .

If a  t   2t 1, then v  t    2t 1 dt  t  t  v0  t 2  t  7 . Hence

2
14.

x  t   t  t  7 dt  3 t  2 t  7t  x0  3 t  2 t  7t  4 .
2 1 3 1 1 3 1

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10 INTEGRALS AS GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

If a  t   4  t  3 , then v  t   4  t  3 dt  43  t  3  C  43 t  3  37 (taking

2 2 3 3
15.

C  37 so that v  0   1). Hence

x  t    43  t  3  37 dt  13  t  3  37t  C  13  t  3  37t  26 .
3 4 4

1 1
16. If a  t   , then v  t   dt  2 t  4  C  2 t  4  5 (taking C  5 so
t4 t4
that v  0   1). Hence


xt  2 t  4  5  dt    t  4
4 3/2 4 3/2 29
3 t4
 5t  C  3
 5t  3

(taking C   29 3 so that x  0   1).

2 2 2
If a  t    t 1 , then v  t    t 1 dt   1  t 1  C   1  t 1  1 (taking
3 3 2 2
17.

C 1
2 so that v  0   0 ). Hence

x t    1  t 1  1 dt  1  t 1  1 t  C  1  t 1  t 1

2 1 1

 2 2 2 2 2  
(taking C   21 so that x  0   0 ).

18. If a  t   50sin 5t , then v  t    50 sin 5t dt  10 cos 5t  C  (taking C  0 so

10 cos 5t
that v  0   10 ). Hence
x  t    10 cos 5t dt  2sin 5t  C  2sin 5t 10

(taking C  10 so that x  0   8 ).

Students should understand that Problems 19-22, though different at first glance, are solved in
the same way as the preceding ones, that is, by means of the fundamental theorem of calculus in
t t
the form x  t   x  t0    0 v  s  ds cited in the text. Actually in these problems x  t    v  s  ds
t 0

, since t0 and x  t0  are each given to be zero.

if 0  t  5
The graph of v  t  shows that v  t   
5
19. , so that

5t ©C2015 PearsonifEducation,

Copyright 0  t  5 Inc.
10  t if 5  t 
10
x t    . Now C  0 because x  0   0 , and continuity of
1

10t  1 t 2  C if 5  t  10 1
 2 2

x  t  requires that x  t   5t and x  t   10t  1 t 2  C agree when t  5 . This implies

2 2

that C2   25
2 , leading to the graph of x  t  shown.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 prison in Frederica,
Georgia. He was
left to die in the fort.
The British soldiers
were not as friendly
as British
diplomats. During
the French and
Indian War of the
late 1750s and the
early 1760s, when
England battled
France for
supremacy in the
New World, English
soldiers treated the
Cherokees with
disdain and
violence. The
Cherokees returned
the atrocities in
kind. The frontier
blazed with death
and destruction;
each side
accumulated its
own collection of
horrors endured
Smithsonian Institution and meted out.
Although Cherokee
In 1730, Sir Alexander Cuming took chiefs sued for
seven Cherokee leaders to England peace, Gov. William
in an attempt to build up good Henry Lyttleton of
relations with the tribe. Among the South Carolina
group was the youth Ukwaneequa declared war on
(right), who was to become the great them in 1759. The
Cherokee chief Attakullakulla. Carolinas offered
 25 English pounds
for every Indian scalp. A year later the Cherokees, under the
command of Oconostota, captured Fort Loudoun at the fork of the
Tellico and Little Tennessee rivers. But in June of 1761, Capt. James
Grant and some 2,600 men destroyed the Nation’s Middle Towns,
burning 600 hectares (1,500 acres) of corn, beans, and peas, and
forcing 5,000 Cherokees into the forests for the winter.
After the English defeated the French in 1763, the British
government moved to appease the Indians and consolidate its
control of the continent. A British proclamation forbade all white
settlement beyond the Appalachian divide. But the proclamation was
soon to be broken. Pioneers such as Daniel Boone and James
Robertson successfully led their own and neighbors’ families through
Appalachian gaps and river valleys until a trickle of explorers
became a flood of homesteaders. During the next decade, settlers
poured across the mountains into Kentucky and northeastern
Tennessee.
While England was regaining the friendship of the Cherokees, the
American colonists were alienating both the Indians and the British.
In the late 1760s a group of North Carolinians calling themselves
Regulators opposed taxation, land rents, and extensive land grants
to selected individuals, and caused unrest throughout the Piedmont.
In 1771, at Alamance, an estimated 2,000 Regulators were defeated
by the troops of British Gov. William Tryon. Thousands of anti-
royalist North Carolinians fled westward as a result of this battle.
Alexander Cameron, an English representative living in the Overhill
Towns, wrote in 1766 that the pioneer occupation of Cherokee lands
amounted to an infestation by villains and horse thieves that was
“enough to create disturbances among the most Civilized Nations.”
The protest spirit of the Regulators spread to the New England
colonies during the early 1770s. By 1776, when the American
Revolution began, the Cherokees had understandably but
unfortunately chosen to take the British side. Britain issued guns to
all Indians and offered rewards for American scalps, yet this was not
enough to secure the over-mountain territory for the English crown.
Within a year, American forces were fighting for the frontier, and in a
coordinated pincer movement, Col. Samuel Jack with 200
Georgians, Gen. Griffith Rutherford with 2,400 North Carolinians,
Col. Andrew Williamson with 1,800 South Carolinians, and Col.
William Christian with 2,000 Virginians demolished more than 50
Cherokee towns. Two treaties resulted from this campaign; more
than 2 million hectares (5 million acres) of Indian land, including
northeastern Tennessee, much of South Carolina, and all lands east
of the Blue Ridge, were ceded to the United States.
 Ayunini, or Swimmer, was a medicine man. He was a
major source of information about Cherokee history,
mythology, botany, and medicine when James
Mooney of the Bureau of American Ethnology visited
the area in 1888.
Smithsonian Institution
Peace did not follow the treaties, however. Dragging Canoe, pock-
marked son of Attakullakulla, decided to fight. Against the wishes of
many Cherokee chiefs, he organized a renegade tribe that moved to
five Lower Towns near present-day Chattanooga where they became
known as the Chickamaugas. But the eventual outcome of the
drama had already been determined. Despite conflict and danger,
the settlers pushed on. In 1780 the Tennesseans John Sevier and
Isaac Shelby joined forces with those of William Campbell from
Virginia and Joseph McDowell from North Carolina and managed to
win a decisive victory over the English at Kings Mountain, South
Carolina. By fighting Indian-style on rugged hillside terrain, they
overwhelmed a detachment of General Cornwallis’ southern forces
under Col. Patrick Ferguson. These over-mountain men immediately
returned to Tennessee and in reprisal for Indian raids during their
absence destroyed Chota and nine other Overhill Towns,
slaughtering women and children as well as Cherokee warriors.
In 1783, with the end of the Revolution, all hope for the survival of
the original Cherokee Nation was extinguished. Although the newly
formed American government attempted to conciliate the Indians, it
could not prevent its own citizens from hungering for ever larger
bites of land. Treaties with the loose Cherokee confederation of
clans became more and more frequent. As if by fate, a disastrous
smallpox epidemic struck the Cherokees; the number of warriors
dwindled to less than half of what it had been 50 years before. The
Cherokee capital was moved from Chota southward into Georgia. In
1794 Maj. James Ore and 550 militiamen from Nashville, Tennessee,
obliterated the Chickamaugas and their Five Towns.
Most of the Cherokees parted with the Smokies. At the Treaty of
Holston in 1791, they gave up the northeastern quarter of what is
now the park. Seven years later, they ceded a southern strip. And at
Washington, D.C., in February of 1819, nearly a century after their
first treaty with the white man in 1721, the Cherokees signed their
21st treaty. This time they parted with a quarter of their entire Nation,
and they lost the rest of their sacred Smoky Mountains. Scattered
families continued to live in the foothills. But the newcomer—this
pioneer turned settler—had arrived.
 Between her many had-to-be-done tasks around the
house, Mollie McCarter Ogle rocks her daughter Mattie
on the porch.
Laura Thornborough
 The Pioneers Arrive
Into the Smokies they came, but the coming was slow. The early
pioneers of the Old Southwest had conquered the lowlands of North
Carolina and Tennessee with relative ease. The higher country of the
Great Smoky Mountains, set into the Southern Appalachians like a
great boulder among scattered stones, would yield less quickly.
The pioneers began, as the Cherokees had done, with the most
accessible land. The level Oconaluftee valley, stretching its timbered
swath from present-day Cherokee, North Carolina, on up into the
forks and tributaries of the Great Smokies, beckoned with at least
some possibilities to the hopeful settler. As early as 1790, Dr. Joseph
Dobson, a North Carolina Revolutionary War veteran who had
accompanied Rutherford on his 1777 campaign against the
Cherokees, entered into deed a tract on the Oconaluftee. But the
claim was void; the valley still belonged to the Indians.
John Walker had also ridden with Rutherford. His son Felix, a
student and friend of Dr. Dobson, lawfully received in 1795 a sizable
land grant to the valley. Young Walker was more than willing to let
settlers attempt development of this wild area. Two North Carolina
families decided to try. John Jacob Mingus and Ralph Hughes took
their wives and children and journeyed into the “Lufty” regions of the
Smokies. They cleared small homesteads by the river; they were all
alone.
In 1803, Abraham Enloe and his family moved up from South
Carolina and joined the growing families of Mingus and Hughes.
Enloe chose land directly across the river from John Mingus, and by
1820 Abraham’s daughter Polly had married John, junior. “Dr. John,”
as the younger Mingus was respectfully called in his later years,
learned much about medicine from the scattered Cherokees
remaining in the area.
Other families, Carolinian and Georgian and Virginian alike, arrived
and stayed. Collins, Bradley, Beck, Conner, Floyd, Sherrill: these and
others settled beside the river itself, and their children moved along
the creeks and branches. Fresh lands were cleared, new homes
built; the Oconaluftee was being transformed. And further to the
southwest, Forney Creek was being claimed by Crisps and
Monteiths, Coles and Welches; Deep Creek had already been
colonized by Abraham Wiggins and his descendants.
The Tennessee side of the Smokies, furrowed by its own series of
rivers and creeks, awaited settlement. By 1800 a few Virginians and
Carolinians were drifting into the four-year-old state of Tennessee,
willing to settle.
The first family of Gatlinburg was probably a mother and her seven
children. This widow, Martha Huskey Ogle, brought five sons and
two daughters from Edgefield, South Carolina. Richard Reagan, a
Scotch-Irishman from Virginia, and his family joined the Ogles and
began to clear land. His son, Daniel Wesley Reagan, born in 1802,
was the first child of the settlement and later became a leading
citizen of the community. The elder Reagan was fatally injured when
a heavy wind blew the limb from a tree on him, reminding the little
community once more of the precarious nature of survival in this
free, stern country.
Maples, Clabos, and Trenthams followed the Ogles and the
Reagans into the Gatlinburg area. Nearby Big Greenbrier Cove
became known as “the Whaley Settlement.” Some settlers traveled
directly across the crest of the Smokies, via Indian and Newfound
Gaps, but these old Cherokee trails and cattle paths were rough and
overgrown. Horses could barely make it through, and most
possessions had to be carried on stout human shoulders. Besides
the usual pots, tools, guns, and seeds were the Bibles and treasured
manmade mementos.
Many settlers, having been soldiers of the Revolution, had received
20-hectare (50-acre) land grants for a mere 75 cents. They pushed
along the West Prong of the Little Pigeon River, past Gatlinburg, up
among the steep slopes of the Bull Head, the Chimney Tops, the
Sugarland Mountain. This narrow Sugarlands valley, strewn with
water-smoothed boulders and homestead-sized plateaus of level
land, attracted dozens of families. But this rocky country forced the
settlers to clear their fields twice, first of the forest and then of the
stones.
The work of clearing demanded strong muscles, long hours, and
sturdy spirits. It meant denting the hard armor of the forest and
literally fighting for a tiny patch of cropland. Men axed the huge trees
with stroke after grinding stroke, then either wrenched the stumps
from the earth with teams of oxen or burned them when they had
dried. Some trees were so immense that all a man could do was
“girdle” them, which meant deep-cutting a fatal circle into the bark to
arrest the flow of sap. Such “deadenings” might stand for years with
crops planted on the “new ground,” before the trees were finally cut
and often burned. Logs and stumps from the virgin forest often
smouldered for days or weeks.
The soil itself was rich and loamy with the topsoil of centuries. Land
that had produced great forests could also nourish fine crops. During
the first year of settlement, all able-bodied members of the family
helped cultivate the new ground. Such land demanded particular
attention. Using a single-pointed “Bull tongue” plow to bite deep into
the earth and a sharp iron “coulter” to cut tough roots left under the
massive stumps, a succession of plows, horses, and workers
prepared and turned the newly cleared field. The first man “laid off”
the rows into evenly spaced lengths, the second plowed an adjacent
furrow, and the wife or children dropped in the seed. A third plow
covered this planted row by furrowing along its side. A short while
later, the same workers would “bust middles” by plowing three extra
furrows into the ground between the seeded rows. This loosened the
soil and destroyed any remaining roots.
While fields throughout the Smokies were yielding to the plow, even
more isolated coves and creeks were being penetrated and settled.
Gunters, Webbs, McGahas, and Suttons found their way into Big
Creek. And in 1818, John Oliver walked into a secluded Tennessee
cove, spent the night in an Indian hut, and then became familiar with
one of the most beautiful and productive spots in all the Great
Smokies. This
broad, well-watered
basin of fertile land
was named after the
wife of an old
Cherokee chief; it
was called Kate’s
Cove, later Cades
Cove.
John Oliver settled in
that cove. Three
years later—two
years after the
decisive 1819 treaty
with the Cherokees
—William Tipton
settled there legally,
bought up most of
the land, and
parceled it out to
paying newcomers.
David Foute came
and established an
iron forge in 1827.
By mixing iron ore
with limestone and
charcoal, this
“bloomery forge”
produced chunks of Edouard E. Exline
iron called “blooms.”
The forge, similar to Uncle George Lamon sits next to
many which sprang one of his honey bee boxes at his
up throughout home in Gumstand, near
Appalachia, was Gatlinburg.
indeed an asset, but
its low-grade ore and the cost of charcoal forced it to close only 20
years later.
Russell Gregory built a homestead high in the cove and ranged
cattle on a nearby grassy bald. These mysterious open meadows
scattered throughout the Smokies were of unknown origin. Had
Indians kept them cleared in years gone by? Had some unexplained
natural circumstance created them? Pioneers and later experts alike
remained baffled and attracted by the lush grass which, growing
among forest-covered crags and pinnacles, provided excellent
forage for livestock. The present-day Parson’s and Gregory Balds
were named for enterprising farmers who made early use of this
phenomenon. Peter Cable, a friend of William Tipton, joined the
valley settlement in Cades Cove. Cable’s son-in-law, Dan Lawson,
expanded Cable’s holdings into a narrow mountain-to-mountain
empire.
Cades Cove, with its vast farmland, soon rivaled Oconaluftee and
Cataloochee. The lower end of the cove sometimes became
swampy, but this pasture was reclaimed by a series of dikes and log
booms. To escape an 1825 epidemic of typhoid in the Tennessee
lowlands, Robert Shields and his family moved up into the hill-
guarded cove. Two of his sons married John Oliver’s daughters and
remained in Cades Cove. A community had been formed.
But the life in these small communities was not easy. Each family
farmed for a living; each family homestead provided for its own
needs and such luxuries as it could create. Isolation from outside
markets made cash crops, and hence cash itself, relatively
insignificant. The settlers of the Great Smokies depended upon
themselves. They built their own cabins and corncribs, their own
meat- and apple- and spring-houses. They cultivated a garden
whose corn, potatoes, and other vegetables would last the family
through the winter. They set about insuring a continuous supply of
pork and fruit and grains, wool and sometimes cotton, and all the
other commodities necessary to keep a family alive.
Edouard E. Exline
Most families had several scaffolds in their yards on
which they dried fruits, beans, corn, and even duck
and chicken feathers for stuffing pillows.

Charles S. Grossman
Near most houses was a smokehouse in which meat
was cured and often stored for later use.
Charles S. Grossman
Fruits and other goods were stored in barns or sheds,
often located over cool springs.
Edouard E. Exline
Food also was stored in pie safes. The pierced tin
panels allow air into the cabinet but prevent flies from
getting at the food.
Living off the land required both labor and ingenuity. These early
settlers did not mind fishing and hunting for food throughout the
spring, summer, and early fall, but there were also the demands of
farming and livestock raising. They carved out of wood such
essentials as ox yokes and wheat cradles, spinning wheels and
looms. Men patiently rebuilt and repaired anything from a broken
harness to a sagging “shake” roof made of hand-riven shingles.
Children picked quantities of wild berries and bushels of beans in
sun-hot fields and gathered eggs from hidden hen nests in barn lofts
and under bushes. They found firewood for the family, carried water
from the spring, bundled fodder from cane and corn, and stacked
hay for the cattle, horses, mules, and oxen.
Women made sure that the food supply stretched to last through the
winter. They helped salt and cure pork from the hogs that their
husbands slaughtered. They employed a variety of methods to
preserve vital fruits and vegetables. Apples, as well as beans, were
carefully dried in the hot summer or autumn sun; water, added
months later, would restore a tangy flavor. Some foods were pickled
in brine or vinegar.
Women also used sulphur as a preservative, especially with apples.
Called simply “fruit” by the early settlers, apples such as the favorite
Limbertwigs and Milams gave both variety and nutrition to the
pioneer diet. A woman might peel and slice as much as two
dishpans of “fruit” into a huge barrel. She would then lay a pan of
sulphur on top of the apples and light the contents. By covering the
barrel with a clean cloth, she could regulate the right amount of
fumes held inside. The quickly sulfurated apples remained white all
winter and were considered a delicacy by every mountain family.
Food, clothing, shelter, and incessant labor: these essentials formed
only the foundation of a life. Intangible forces hovered at the edges
and demanded
fulfillment. As hardy
and practical as the
physical existence of
the pioneers had to
be, there was
another dimension
to life. The pioneers
were human beings.
Often isolated,
sometimes lonely,
they yearned for the
comforts of myth
and superstition and
religion—and the
roads that led in and
out. The Cherokees
in their time had
created such
comforts; they had
woven their myths
and had laced the
Smokies with a
network of trails.
Now it was the white
man’s turn.
The early settlers of
the Great Smoky
Mountains were not Aiden Stevens
content to remain
only in their hidden In the days before refrigerators,
hollows and on their many methods and kinds of
tiny homesteads. containers were used in preserving
Challenging the and storing foods. Corn meal, dried
mountain ranges beans and other vegetables, and
and the rough sulphured fruits were kept in bins
terrain, they made from hollow black gum logs.
constructed roads.
In the mid-1830s, a project was undertaken to lay out a road across
the crest of the Smokies and connect North Carolina’s Little
Tennessee valley with potential markets in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Although the North Carolina section was never completed, an old
roadbed from Cades Cove to Spence Field is still in existence. When
Julius Gregg established a licensed distillery in Cades Cove and
processed brandy from apples and corn, farmers built a road from
the cove down Tabcat Creek to the vast farmlands along the Little
Tennessee River.
By far the most ambitious road project was the Oconaluftee
Turnpike. In 1832, the North Carolina legislature chartered the
Oconaluftee Turnpike Company. Abraham Enloe, Samuel Sherrill,
John Beck, John Carroll, and Samuel Gibson were commissioners
for the road and were authorized to sell stock and collect tolls. The
road itself was to run from Oconaluftee all the way to the top of the
Smokies at Indian Gap.
Work on the road progressed slowly. Bluffs and cliffs had to be
avoided; such detours lengthened the turnpike considerably.
Sometimes the rock was difficult to remove. Crude blasting—
complete with hand-hammered holes, gunpowder inside hollow
reeds, and fuses of straw or leaves—constituted one quick and sure,
but more expensive, method. Occasionally, the men burned logs
around the rock, then quickly showered it with creek water. When the
rock split from the sudden change in temperature, it could then be
quarried and graded out. Throughout the 1830s, residents of
Oconaluftee and nearby valleys toiled and sweated to lay down this
single roadbed.
This desire and effort to conquer the wilderness also prompted the
establishment of churches and, to a lesser extent, schools. In the
Tennessee Sugarlands, services were held under the trees until a
small building was constructed at the beginning of the 19th century.
The valley built a larger five-cornered Baptist church in 1816.
Prospering Cades Cove established a Methodist church in 1830; its
preacher rode the Little River circuit. Five years later, the church had
40 members.
Over on the Oconaluftee, Ralph Hughes had donated land and Dr.
John Mingus had built a log schoolhouse. Monthly prayer meetings
were held there until the Lufty Baptist Church was officially organized
in 1836. Its 21 charter members included most of the turnpike
commissioners plus the large Mingus family. Five years later, the
members built a log church at Smokemont on land donated by John
Beck.
Nothing fostered these settlers’ early gropings toward community
more than stories. Legends and tall tales, begun in family
conversations and embellished by neighborly rumor, forged a bond,
a unity of interest, a common history, in each valley and on each
meandering branch. For example, in one western North Carolina
tradition that would thrive well into the 20th century, Abraham Enloe
was cited as the real father of Abraham Lincoln. Nancy Hanks, it was
asserted, had worked for a time in the Enloe household and had
become pregnant. Exiled to Kentucky, she married Thomas Lincoln
but gave birth to Abraham’s child.
Stories mingled with superstition. The Cherokees dropped seven
grains into every corn hill and never thinned their crop. Many early
settlers of the Smokies believed that if corn came up missing in
spots, some of the family would die within a year. Just as the
Cherokees forbade counting green melons or stepping across the
vines because “it would make the vines wither,” the Smokies settlers
looked upon certain events as bad omens. A few days before
Richard Reagan’s skull was fractured, a bird flew on the porch where
he sat and came to rest on his head. Reagan himself saw it as a
“death sign.”
Superstition, combined with Indian tradition, led to a strangely exact
form of medicine. One recipe for general aches and pains consisted
of star root, sourwood, rosemary, sawdust, anvil dust, water, and
vinegar. A bad memory required a properly “sticky” tea made of
cocklebur and jimsonweed.
A chief medicinal herb was an unusual wild plant known as ginseng.
Called “sang” in mountain vernacular, its value lay in the manlike
shape of its dual-pronged roots. Oriental cultures treasured ginseng,