Dynamic Business Law 4Th Edition Kubasek Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Chapter 05 - Constitutional Principles
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR DYNAMIC BUSINESS LAW

4TH EDITION BY KUBASEK BROWNE BARKACS
HERRON WILLIAMSON DHOOGE ISBN
1260110699 9781260110692
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Students often find the constitutional law material very difficult. One way to approach the material is
to focus on the purpose of a country’s constitution, in general. A country’s constitution makes clear
what that particular country values. For example, someone from another country would be quick to
point out the U.S. Constitution’s emphasis on freedom. So, start out with a broad proposition, such as,
“A country’s constitution shows what the country values.” Then, highlight perhaps three cases from the
chapter. Use the rules from the three cases you chose to encourage students to apply a particular rule to
a new scenario. The “Teaching Ideas” section of this manual gives you some scenarios to try with your
students.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, students will be able to answer the following questions:
1. What is federalism?
2. How does the U.S. government’s system of checks and balances operate?
3. What effects does the commerce clause have on the government’s regulation of business?
4. How does the Bill of Rights protect the citizens of the United States?
“BUT WHAT IF…” SECTIONS
These sections serve as sort of checkpoints to assure that students have developed some understanding
of their reading material. Checking for understanding occurs by having students relate new material
learned to the Case Opener at the beginning of the chapter. The following are examples of appropriate
responses to the questions posed in each of the “But What If…” sections:
1.) Recall that in the case opener, that Obama’s mandate was spurring people into action, actions that
could affect interstate commerce. What if Obama’s Act imposed certain rules only on those who already
had healthcare and in other words it imposed rules on preexisting actions. Why might people be more
open to this scenario as opposed to the real facts?
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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The individual mandate in the PPACA requires that individuals either purchase health insurance (or
continue to have health insurance) or incur a fine known as a “shared responsibility payment.” Some
people might be more open to the above scenario because those individuals who do not want to purchase
health insurance could refrain from doing so without incurring a penalty. This issue is addressed by
Justice Roberts when the justice creates a distinction between regulating existing activity and creating
activity. The former is seen as affecting interstate commerce, and thus within the scope of Congressional
regulation; the latter is considered outside the scope of the Commerce Powers.
2.) What if the facts had been different and the language of the statute had explicitly stated that even
though the payment was to be made through the IRS, this payment was a penalty and not a tax? Would
that language have affected the constitutionality of the provision as an exercise of congressional taxing
authority?
No. Using the world “penalty” as opposed to “tax” does not affect the constitutionality of the
individual mandate. With regard to the individual mandate and associated penalty, the Supreme Court
reasoned that while the payment was intended to encourage the purchase of insurance, there was
nothing in the mandate that made the failure to purchase insurance unlawful. Consequently, the law
could be read as simply imposing a tax, collected by the IRS like other taxes, on those choosing not to
purchase health insurance. There was no problem in referring to this “tax” as a “penalty.”
LECTURE NOTES WITH DEFINITIONS

In the news… Teaching tip: For each chapter, consider asking students to relate current
news items to material from the chapter.
In addition to ideas students come up with on their own, consider weaving
in news stories provided by the textbook publisher. Stories are available via
a McGraw-Hill DVD, and on the publisher’s web site.
For Chapter Five, McGraw-Hill offers the following stories:
“Close Up: The Domestic Surveillance Debate.”
 What makes domestic surveillance a constitutional issue?
 As an American citizen, are you concerned about domestic
surveillance, or are you glad surveillance is taking place?
“In Depth: Taking Sides: Cato Institute’s Tim Lynch and Federal Appeals
Court Judge Richard Posner Debate the Legality of Warrantless Domestic
Eavesdropping.”
 Do Lynch and Posner agree about the legality of warrantless
domestic eavesdropping?
 What do you think? Why?
“Government vs. Google,” also known as “Google’s Privacy Flight.”
 As a Google user, what kinds of privacy rights do you want Google
to have? Why?
 Why is this issue one of international importance?
“Mission from God? Catholic Town, USA: Controversy Surrounds Ave
Maria,
An All Catholic Town Being Built in Florida.”
 What makes the issue of an all Catholic town a constitutional issue?
 Would you want to live in a town that embraces your religion of
choice? Why or why not?
What is federalism?  The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of government based on
How does the U.S. federalism.
 Federalism refers to the authority to govern is divided between the
government’s system of federal and state governments.
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checks and balances o Under federalism in the U.S. Constitution, all powers not
operate? given exclusively to the federal government are
reserved to the states.
o Federal legislation that affects business must be based on
expressed constitutional grant of authority.
o Constitution allocates power among the three branches of
government: executive, legislative, and judicial
branches.
o Constitution includes separation of powers: powers given to
each branch serve as a check on other branches to
prevent their taking enough power to control the
government.
 The Supremacy Clause and Federal Preemption
o Supremacy Clause: the Constitution, laws, and
treaties of the United States constitute the supreme law of the
land.
o Federal preemption: when federal government has expressed
intent to provide exclusive regulation of an area and a state
attempts to regulate in this area, the state law will be struck
down.
What effects does the  The Commerce Clause is the primary source for the most federal
commerce clause have regulations. NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp – turning point in
on the government’s Supreme Court's interpretation of the Commerce Clause. The Court
regulation of business? held Congress could regulate labor relations at the plant because
work stoppage would have a serious impact on interstate commerce.
Many statutes (e.g., Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, Americans with
Disabilities Act, and the Consumer Protection Act) are valid exercises of
Commerce Clause power.
 In 1995, in U.S. v. Lopez – Supreme Court begins giving less deference
to the Commerce Clause. The Court found that Congress had exceeded its
authority by passing the Gun-Free School Zone Act, an act that bans
possession of guns within 1000 feet of any school. Court argued that
Congress was attempting to legislate in an area that had
nothing to do with commerce or economic enterprise.
Brzonkala v. Morrison. (briefed below) considers the commerce clause in

the context of the Congressional power to regulate.
 The Commerce Clause as Restriction on State Authority. Police power

refers to residual powers retained by the state to enact legislation to
safeguard the health and welfare of the state's citizens (e.g., building
codes, zoning laws, sanitation standards.
o What happens when these police powers conflict with interstate
commerce? If the purpose of the state law is to regulate interstate
commerce, the state law will be struck down. If the state law
substantially interferes with interstate commerce, it will be struck
down.
o If the state regulation is rationally related to a legitimate state end,
courts determine whether the regulatory burden imposed on
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interstate commerce outweigh the state interest in enforcing

legislation?
Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins (briefed below) illustrates how

the U.S. Supreme Court considers a challenge to a state regulation on the
grounds that it places an undue burden on interstate commerce.
Teaching tip: Use the “Mad About Milk” hypothetical (below,

Hypothetical Three) in class.
How does the Bill of  The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of
Rights protect the Rights. Refer to Exhibit 5-1
citizens of the United  The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech and press,
States? prohibits the abridgement of the right to assemble peacefully and
petition for redress of grievances, and prohibits the government from
aiding the establishment of religion and from interfering with the free
exercise of religion. First Amendment rights are not absolute (i.e.,
there are times when our speech is restricted).
o Corporate commercial speech is treated differently than
corporate political speech.
o Commercial speech is analyzed under the Central Hudson test.
Teaching tip: Use the “Dr. Snell” hypothetical (below, Hypothetical Two)
in class.
 The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and

seizure. It also ensures that the government issues warrants only with
probable cause. Riley v. California (briefed below) considers what
evidence should and should not be allowed to be seized without a
warrant.
 The Fifth Amendment ensures due process in a variety of contexts,

from trials to government attempt to “take” property.
o Under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, if the
government takes private property for public use, it must pay the
owner just compensation. When does a governmental regulation
become so onerous that it constitutes a taking for which just
compensation is required?
o The text highlights the David Lucas case (Lucas v. South
Carolina Coastal Commission), which considers whether a
state law was so onerous that it constituted a “taking” requiring
compensation to a land owner.
Teaching tip: Use the “Oscar’s II” hypothetical (below, Hypothetical One)
in class.
Point/Counterpoint: Teaching tip: Here are some questions to help you tie the
Should warrantless Point/Counterpoint into class discussion:
wiretapping be allowed  What interests can take priority over procedural safeguards the
under the Fourth legal system typically protects?
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Amendment?  Why does the “yes” side of the debate bring up the Internet?
 Why does the “no” side of the debate use the phrase “shrouded in
secrecy”?
For further arguments on both sides of the issue, see:
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=hono
rs
and
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&cont
ext=yjolt
CASE BRIEFS WITH ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS
Case 5-1 Brzonkala v. Morrison, 120 S.Ct. 1740 (2000).

Case Brief
Issue:
Did Congress have authority to provide a civil remedy under the Violence against Women Act
(VAWA)?
Facts:
Christy Brzonkala was allegedly raped by two male students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute
(Virginia Tech). One of her alleged attackers (Morrison) later bragged in public areas about what he
would do to women. Brzonkala stopped attending classes, withdrew from the university, and started
taking antidepressant medication. Brzonkala filed a complaint with the school. Morrison was initially
found guilty and was suspended for 2 semesters, but his suspension was ultimately set aside.
Brozonkala sued the two alleged attackers, along with Virginia Tech under VAWA. The attackers
moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that VAWA's civil remedy was unconstitutional.
Procedural History:
District Court dismissed the complaint because Congress lacked authority to enact the section. The
Court of Appeals affirmed.
Holding:
Affirmed. Congress may not regulate noneconomic, violent criminal conduct based solely on the
conduct's aggregate effect on interstate commerce. The activity must "substantially affect" interstate
commerce.
Reasoning:
 Every law enacted by Congress must be based on one or more of the powers enumerated
in the Constitution.
 Under Lopez, laws cannot fall under the Commerce Clause simply
because they have an aggregate economic effect on interstate commerce.
 Gender-motivated violent crimes are not economic activity.
 Although the Congressional findings suggest that the impact of gender-
motivated violence is severe, Congressional findings are not enough to fit the
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VAWA civil remedy provision under the Commerce Clause. The idea that violent
crime may lead to fewer women participating in interstate commerce is too far
down the but-for causation line.
Dissent: Unlike the findings in Lopez, Congress provided mountains of data to support its findings
that violence against women affects interstate commerce. Some congressional conclusions are given
weight in that they "substantially affect" interstate commerce, while other conclusions are not.
Answers to the questions
Ethical Decision Making
Women generally have greater rights under the minority opinion, compared to the majority opinion.
Furthermore, members of Congress would have preferred the minority opinion because their ability
to create effective legislation has been cut down by the court’s decision in Brzonkala.
Case 5-2 Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins, 592 F. 3D 1 (2010).

Case Brief
Issue:
Is the 2006 Massachusetts law that limits the distribution methods a “large” winery can use in
violation of the Commerce Clause?
Facts:
A group of winemakers from California challenged a Massachusetts law that distinguishes how “large”
and “small” winemakers may distribute their wines in the state of Massachusetts. The law defined
wineries that produced over 30,000 gallons of wine as “large” and allowed large wineries to either sell
directly to consumers, or sell through wholesalers, but not both. On the other hand, “small” wineries
could use both distribution methods. All wineries in Massachusetts were below the 30,000 gallon cap.
Thus, the only wineries being blocked from certain forms of distribution were wineries from outside of
the state. Consequently, out of state winemakers decided to sue, claiming that the state’s laws on this
matter were violating the Commerce Clause by giving in-state businesses an unfair advantage over out
of state businesses.
Procedural History:
The district court enjoined the enforcement of the law and the state of Massachusetts appealed.
Holding:
Affirmed.
Reasoning:
 The Massachusetts law violated the Commerce Clause because the effect of its
particular gallonage cap is to change the competitive balance between in-state and out-of-
state wineries in a way that unfairly benefits Massachusetts’s wineries.
 The court assumes that the law does not serve any legitimate local purpose that
cannot be reached through a non-discriminatory means.
 Further, the court holds that the Twenty-first Amendment and relevant common
law does not exempt alcohol laws, such as the one in question, with discriminatory effects
from the non-discrimination rule of the Commerce Clause.
Finally, the court assumes that the purposes of the Twenty-first Amendment of
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“promoting temperance, ensuring orderly market conditions, and raising revenue”

are not served by the Massachusetts law. The state has thus failed to show that their
discriminatory statute is justified.
Critical Thinking
It is possible that Massachusetts created the definition of “large” and “small” wineries so as to benefit
in-state wineries. After all, doing so would help sustain local and state wineries, as opposed to having
local and state wineries close due to large out-of-state wineries offering cheaper wine to consumers.
The outcome might have been different if the definition of small wineries included many in-state
wineries because then the state would have had an empirical basis for arguing that the gallonage caps
created were not designed so as to discriminate against out-of-state wineries.
Any company that is large, and holds substantial market power in a particular market, has the ability
to exert control over prices in a way that benefits itself. A substantial hold on market power can
even enable a large firm to eliminate competition in the product market it operates in by lowering its
prices, outcompeting smaller firms, and merging with other firms. In other words, without any
regulation, large firms have certain privileges that help these firms exert control over other firms
without such privileges. If one believes that small firms, that operate on local and state levels only,
are good for consumers and the economy, then giving only small firms certain advantages might be
justified.
Case 5-3 David Leon Riley v. California and United States v. Wurie, Supreme Court of the
United States 134 S.CT (2014)
Case Brief
Issue:
Was the evidence admitted at trial from Riley and Wuries' cell phones discovered through a search
that violated their Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches?
Facts:
The case heard by the Supreme Court as Riley v. California was actually a combination of two cases,
Riley v. California and United States v. Wurie. Both cases involved the seizure of a cell phone.
Riley v. California began in 2009, when David Leon Riley was pulled over for expired
registration tags on his car. It was then discovered that Riley's license had been suspended, which
authorized impounding of Riley's car. Upon an immediate search of the vehicle, illegal weapons were
found, and Riley was placed under arrest. The police then seized and searched Riley's phone without
a warrant, and pictures and videos on the phone indicated that Riley was involved in a recent gang-
related shooting. Police charged Riley in connection with the shooting. Riley moved to suppress the
evidence that was found on his phone.
In United States v. Wurie, Brima Wurie was arrested after police observed him participate in
a drug sale. At the police station, two of Wurie's cell phones were confiscated. Information on the
phones led police to search Wurie's home, where illegal drugs and weapons were found. Wurie was
subsequently charged with drug and weapons offenses. Wurie moved to suppress the evidence that
was found through the seizure of his phones.
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Procedural History:
The trial court in Riley's case denied his motion and Riley was convicted. The California Court of
Appeals affirmed. The district court in Wurie's case also denied his motion, and Wurie was
convicted.
Holding:
The warrantless seizure of a cell phone is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Riley and
Wuries' requests to suppress evidence gathered from their cell phones were granted.
Reasoning:
 The lower courts relied on Chimel v. California, in which it was ruled that police
officers may search a suspect's body and the “area into which he might reach” without a
warrant to protect material evidence or the officer's safety.
 The Supreme Court argued that there's no way that the data on a cell phone can be
used as a weapon to harm an officer.
 Chief Justice Roberts acknowledged that evidence on phones may be destroyed, but
due to the security features on today's phones, the evidence would likely be destroyed long
before the phone is actually searched.
 Due to the highly personal nature of the information stored on today's phones, cell
phones differ from most other objects that would be on someone's person at the time of arrest.
 Thus, for the above reasons, cell phones should not be subject to the warrantless search
and seizure procedures allowed by Chimel v. California.
Critical Thinking
The analogy is strong in several regards, but is certainly not perfect. The search of either a
phone or a house would likely reveal several personal details to an investigator. Many of
these details may not be pertinent to the case, and some of them may be details that the
searchee would prefer that the world at large did not know about.
However, it's arguable that the search of a phone isn't quite as personal as the search of a
house. After all, while a phone may contain personal data, a home is where one sleeps at
night, where one bathes, where one stores their personal objects, etc. Some may argue that a
search of a home is an even more flagrant invasion of one's privacy. So while the analogy
stands in the sense that both types of searches are often considered invasions of privacy, the
analogy falls apart when one considers the different grades of personal invasions that each
search represents.
The ethical norm that personal privacy protected being from unwarranted searches is an
inalienable right was upheld in this decision. The ethical norm that was sacrificed is the right of
a police officer to search for and seize evidence in order to keep the community safe.
TEACHING SKILLS: USING HYPOTEHICALS TO TEST STUDENTS’

UNDERSTANDING
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The “Teaching Skills” and “Teaching Ideas” sections for Chapter Five ask you to use three
hypothetical fact situations, which are presented after the skills and ideas sections.
Tips for creating and using hypothetical  Create hypothetical from news stories. The “Mad
questions About Milk” scenario is based upon on NPR story I
heard while driving to work one day.
 Create hypotheticals from real cases. Use Westlaw and
look for cases that cite the cases you highlight in the
chapter. Then, shorten and simplify the facts for use as
a hypothetical.
 When you use a hypothetical, give your students
specific instructions for what they should do with the
facts, e.g., ask good questions.
 Use a hypothetical at the beginning of class, to assess
how well students understood a particular case. If they
understood it, you can spend less time on that particular
case.
 Have students read the hypotheticals individually, but
allow them to discuss the hypotheticals in groups of
three of four before discussing the hypotheticals as a
class.
TEACHING IDEAS
Connecting to the Core For hypotheticals one, two, and three, ask your students to identify a
business issue the facts raise that is not a legal questions.
Here is an idea for each hypothetical:
Hypothetical One: If you owned a small family business, and the
neighborhood started to become a high crime neighborhood (this is what
really happened), how would you decide whether to relocate your business?
What factors would be important?
Hypothetical Two:
Think of two concrete ways Dr. Snell could market his chiropractic services
that would not raise any concerns.
Hypothetical Three
What kinds of production questions does this hypothetical fact situation
raise? Can you think of any other industries that have faced something
similar, e.g., newer companies have an advantage because they started out
with new processes?
Teaching Basics The first thing you want to do is set the stage for your students to be on
track when looking at the hypotheticals. You may want to give them all
three hypotheticals in the same handout, without any questions that
specifically link a case they read to a particular hypothetical. Then, ask the
students, “Which case that you read for today will help you respond to each
hypothetical?”
They should say:
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Hypothetical One—the David Lucas case (described in the text)

Hypothetical Two—the Bad Frog Brewery case
Hypothetical Three—Granholm (the wineries case)
Advanced Teaching Here are more advanced questions for each hypothetical:
Hypothetical One
Explain: (1) one significant way in which the David Lucas case provides
support for the McCoys’ argument, and (2) one significant difference
between the two cases that makes the David Lucas case less helpful than the
McCoys would prefer.
Hypothetical Two
In trying to reach a decision about whether IMMA Section 26(2) violates

the First Amendment, you should have questions. In the space below, draft
the two most important questions that will help you decide whether IMMA
Section 26(2) violates the First Amendment, then tell me why these two
questions are particularly significant.
Here’s my first question:
This question is significant because:
Here’s my second question:
This question is significant because:
Hypothetical Three
If Mad-About-Milk challenges California’s regulation as unconstitutional,

which side is more likely to win? Why?
HYPOTHETICAL ONE*
Recently, Oscar’s II restaurant, located in Seattle, Washington, was sued by the city of Seattle under
the state’s 1988 state drug-abatement law. This law gives the city the power to shut down a business
temporarily if it has credible evidence that drug dealing is taking place within a business
establishment. With regard to Oscar’s II restaurant, the city had set up 18 undercover drug buys inside
Oscar’s II. After the drug buys, the city shut down Oscar’s II for a period of one year because it
believed the restaurant allowed, furthered, and condoned drug dealing within their business
establishment. The city made no arrests.
The McCoys, owners of Oscars II and the land on which Oscars II sits, have filed a lawsuit against the
* Hypothetical One is based upon the facts in City of Seattle v. McCoy, 48 P.3d 993 (Wash.App. Div.
1)(2002).
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state and the city, arguing that the Washington state law allowed the city to “take” their property, and
that they should be compensated for the taking. Although the restaurant will be shut down for just one
year, the McCoys argue that a temporary closure is the death knell for a small family business such as
theirs. To pursue a legal fight, the McCoys have refinanced their home mortgage and are in serious
debt.
HYPOTHETICAL TWO**
The state of Illinois has passed a law called the Illinois Medical Malpractice Act (IMMA). This
Department of Professional Regulation, which administers the IMMA, filed a complaint against
chiropractor Joseph Snell alleging that, among other things, he violated the advertising restrictions set
forth in section 26(2) of the act by displaying in his office waiting room a 27-page booklet. Section
26(2) states, “It is unlawful for any person licensed under this act to use testimonials or claims of
superior quality of care to entice the pubic.” The booklet contained preprinted forms entitled “My
Chiropractic Story.” Each form contained 14 questions addressed to Snell’s past or current patients.
The questions: What led you to try chiropractic care? What was your experience with the doctor?
Did the chiropractic services help? Would you recommend this form of care to others? Answers to
the questions were supplied by the patients in their own handwriting, and each form was accompanied
by the patient’s photograph and signature.
The administrative law judge who heard the case ruled that the booklet contained testimonials in
violation of the act. The judge recommended that Snell be reprimanded and pay a fine. When an
administrative law judge renders an opinion, an individual is allowed to appeal the decision to a
regular court. Snell decided to appeal the administrative court’s decision to a federal district court. In
particular, he asked the court to rule on the question whether the IMMA, section 26(2) violates his
First Amendment rights. He believes the IMMA, section 26(2) is an invalid restriction on commercial
speech.
HYPOTHETICAL THREE***
California fluid milk standards, established by government regulators, are the highest in the United
States. California produces and sells the most nutritious milk in the country. California law requires
milk producers to add milk solids and extra nutrients to milk before it can go on to grocery store
shelves. The state is trying to maintain the good health of its residents, and is especially interested in
preventing osteoporosis.
The state’s regulations impose the same requirements on out-of-state milk producers. All milk sold in
California must meet the state’s nutrition requirements.
A nonprofit organization based in Wisconsin, Mad-About-Milk, wants to challenge California’s

regulations as unconstitutional. Mad-About-Milk points out that Wisconsin milk producers would
have to make serious changes in processing plants before they could meet California’s requirements.
California is newer to milk production, so plants in California were initially built to comply with the
state’s high standards. Mad-About-Milk argues that, in effect, California is “taxing” out-of-state milk
* * Hypothetical Two is based upon the facts in Snell v. Department of Professional Regulation, 742
N.E.2d 1282
(Ill.App. 4 Dist.)(2001).
* ** I heard a story on NPR that focused on Mad-About-Milk’s concerns. I do not believe a lawsuit was
ever filed, but I remembered the facts because I knew they would work well with a commerce clause scenario.
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producers by asking them to change their processing plants so they can produce milk that meets
California’s requirements.
A BEST PRACTICES TEACHING TIP

Problem Centered This teaching technique requires the teacher to start a lecture by posing a
Teaching Tip. question or problem that is meaningful to the students (much like the
problems posed in the Case Opener of each chapter.) Because you want to
present a meaningful problem, the problem should try to relate to students’
immediate lives. Once the problem is presented, the teacher should attempt
to weave evidence and concepts from the textbook into his or her lecture in
a way that would allow the average student to discover the solution to the
initial problem before the instructor point it out. Having students find a
solution in their own minds, as opposed to the teacher’s revealing the
solution, will help students have a deeper understanding of the concepts and
ideas that led to the solution (McKeachie, 25). To learn more about a
problem centered approach to teaching, see Wilbert J. McKeachie’s
Teaching Tips: A Guidebook for the Beginning College Teacher.
References:
Wilbert J. McKeachie, Teaching Tips: A Guidebook for the Beginning
College Teacher, 7th ed., 1978.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. All branches of government operate under checks and balances. The executive branch, the President,
can veto a legislation passed by the legislation branch, Congress. However, legislation can then over
turn the veto by a vote of two thirds of the members of Congress. The judicial branch can strike down
an act by Congress or the President, if it is found unconstitutional.
2. When Sue claims the Commerce Clause increase government power, she would be speaking of the
federal government. However, when Sam says the clause limits government power, he would be talking
about the state government.
3. The purpose of the Contract Clause is to prevent the passing of a law that unreasonably interferes with
a contract that already exists.
4. Protection of corporate political speech is protected differently than corporate commercial speech
because in commercial speech there are more restrictions. The restrictions are known as the Central
Hudson analysis.
5. The Court in Sorrell v. IMS agreed with the companies. The court reasoned that Vermont had
failed to demonstrate a government interest that would be significantly supported by the
Prescription Confidentiality Law. As a result, the court ruled that the companies’ right to free
speech under the First Amendment outweighed any public benefits or privacy benefits to doctors
that would potentially result from the law in question. Justice Breyer dissented, along with two
other justices, that the regulatory objectives of the law in question did merit the small limitation
that the law would place on companies’ free speech.
6. The appellate court affirmed the District Court’s decision. The reason for this decision is that all
out-of-state wineries were entitled to the same rights according to the law in question as in-state
wineries. Consequently, the law was not discriminating against out-of-state wineries to help in-
state wineries.
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7. The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of Reed, arguing that the sign restrictions were
unconstitutional because they were content-based restrictions, meaning that the restrictions were
applied differently depending on the message of the sign. The town of Gilbert argued that the
restrictions do not single out a single nonprofit or church but restrict all of them, and the Court
countered this argument by stating that the First Amendment prohibits censorship of all speech on
a whole topic. The Court also held that the town had no compelling interest in adding restrictions
to only a certain type of sign, and so the restrictions cannot survive strict scrutiny.
8. The reasoning underlying the court’s decision seems to be that the public interest in mitigating
animal cruelty does not significantly outweigh an individual’s right to free speech. In other
words, the court seemed to reason that in the context of selling videos of animal cruelty, the
content of the speech should have no impact on a person’s right to free speech. The court
provided a broad interpretation of the First Amendment.
9. The court vacated Milam's guilty plea, and did so for several reasons. First, the court ruled that a
fraternity house is effectively no different than a private residence (as opposed to a hotel or
apartment building) in the Fourth Amendment protections it provides. No part of the fraternity
house is open to the general public, and the officers should not have expected normal entry into
the house. Thus, the officers had no right to search the property without a warrant.
Second, even though the police met Neagli upon their entrance into the house, Neagli never
consented to a search of the premises. The officers didn't even ask Neagli his name, let alone ask
if they could search the house. Neagli was understandably surprised at the police presence and
answered the officers' questions even though their presence was illegal.
Finally, in Quintana v. Commonwealth, the court ruled that any information discovered as a result
of an officer's unlawful presence was “improper and thereby tainted the search warrant based on
it.” The same logic applied here: the officers' unlawful entry irreparably tainted any consent
allegedly obtained from Neagli. Thus, the search of Milam's room and the seizure of his
possessions was unlawful.
10. The Wyoming Supreme Court upheld the court of appeal's decision. The curtilage of one's home
is defined as the land immediately surrounding it, including any closely associated building and
structures, but excluding nearby buildings and structures that contain the separate activities of
other persons. A home owner can have a reasonable expectation of privacy within the curtilage of
her home; the question at hand in this case was whether the parking garage was within the curtilage
of Dumstrey's home.
The Court ruled that because the parking garage underneath the apartment building was shared
and used by all of the residents of the building and not just Demstrey, it did not fall within the
curtilage of Demstrey's home. Because Demstrey had no individual claim over any part of the
garage, he could not claim a reasonable expectation of privacy and therefore Demstrey's arrest in
the garage did not occur during a warrantless entry.
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Uutimineen
kellokukan sineen
huone hukkuu udunhimmeään.
Kerran ilma alakuloinen

tulvi tuoksuin aavistuttavin.
Punaisena
valmunkukkasena
hehkui lampun silkkivarjostin.
Hiilen lailla hiipui, luhistui sydän polttavine haaveineen.

Valkeata, vilunraukeata lamppu kylvää härmää huoneeseen.
AKORDI.
Sinä, sinä olet viileys, tuoksu ja valo. Sinuun, sinuun

tuskainen tuleni sammuu.
Hengitän sua kuin sairas

vuoriston ilmaa.
Silmin sinua juon
kuin merta ja aurinkoa —!
Sinä, sinä olet onni ja sieluni rauha. Sinussa, sinussa elän,

liikun ja olen.
HILJAISIMMAT.
Me, jotka olemme maailmassa hiljaisimmat ja köyhimmät,
emme pelkää Kuolemaa.
Sillä me seisomme joka hetki niin lähellä Kuolemaa, että

me kuulemme sen hengityksen huo'unnan. Eikä se herätä
meissä kauhua.
Kun suljemme vihdoin väsyneet silmämme

iankaikkisuneen, tarttuu se lempeästi jalokivin
koristamattomaan käteemme ja johdattaa meidät suuriin,
hämäriin pylvässaleihin, missä tummain hyasinttien tuoksu
leijailee ilmassa kuin suitsutus.
HARTAUS.
Oi metsä, metsä, huminasi on niinkuin kaukaisen rannan

pehmeä kuohu, johon venheeni vaahtoaalloista ajautuu. Oi
metsä, hiljaisuutesi on pilvikorkea, sinisenhimmeä vuori, min
sammalta haavainen jalkani astua saa.
Oi metsä, metsä, tuoksusi kuin pyhä sauhu mäntyjen yllä

keinuu ja lailla suurten lintujen kasvoillani sun havuntummat
varjosi leyhyvät. Oi kuule huokaukseni, oi tajua sieluni
äänetön, janoova hartaus: oi anna mulle ruskea rauhasi ja
vihreä viileytesi!
KEVÄTHÄMÄRÄ.
Ui sateen henki yllä kaupungin, ja lyhdyt kuni silmät hunnun
takaa niin salamyhkäisinä hehkuvat.
Ja puussa laulaa näkymätön lintu.

On arka mutta kiihkeä sen ääni
kuin ensimmäinen, värähtävä nuoruus.
Ja maailmani kesken ihmisten on aavistavan hiljainen ja

yksinäinen. Mun hyvä on: se nöyrä onni, jota pyysin, nyt
kypsyy salaa sydämessäni.
Ui sateen henki yllä kaupungin.

LAULU KAUKAISESTA
RAKKAUDESTA.
BLAYAN PRINSSI.
Moni donna kaunis ja nuori ois mulle tuhlannut viehkeyttään,

mut en haaveen taivaita nähnyt ma heidän silmissään.
Vain laulu kaukaisen lemmen

soi sydämessäni päivin, öin.
On alla vieraiden tähtein
hän, jota ikävöin.
Hänen valkea kaupunkinsa

kuin lintu kylpee vaahdossa veen.
Näen rannalla huojuvat palmut
ja linnan torneineen.
Hän pylväiden varjossa kulkee,

ja huntunsa hiljaa häilyvät.
Sinitummat silmät on hällä,
kädet hienot, lempeät.
Miten aamuni tuoksuvatkaan,
miten iltani hiutuvat hurmioon!
Hänen sielullensa ma haastan,
sen värinän kuullut oon. —
Yli Välimeren siintojen kerta ui laivani Tripoliin valkamaan,

ja ma uskollisuuteni palkan hänen huuliltansa saan.
TRUBADUURILAULU.
Donna, kirsikankukkien aikaan olivat tunteenne lempeämmät.

Alta vihreän samettihilkan ruskeat silmänne hymyilivät.
Valkeiden kirsikankukkien aikaan

lähditte lehtohon käyskelemään
aivan ilman aikojanne,
seurana neittä ei yhtäkään.

heititte silkinkirjailutyön.
Syyttä suotta kynttilä paloi
ikkunassanne halki yön.

suostuitte laulajan suuteloon.
Nytpä ilkutte neitoinenne.
Kuinka ansainnut sen oon?
Donna, kirsikankukkien aikaan
olivat tunteenne lempeämmät.
Alta vihreän samettihilkan
ruskeat silmänne hymyilivät.
AAVELINNA.
Ritari se nuori harpunsoiton kuuli syksy-yössä kulkeissaan,

huomas jyrkänteellä linnan loiton, lähti sitä kohden ratsullaan.
Tuohustulet paloi ikkunoissa, valoi synkkään pimeyteen
loistettaan.
Kiiti halki metsän kammottavan ritari ja takaa piilipuun näki

vallihaudan ammottavan kuni kuilun paistehessa kuun.
Nostosilta vaipui vingahtaen, haipui portin kumu tuulen
voihkailuun.
Vartijoita etsein harhailivat miehen silmät — turhaan

kuitenkin. Ovet itsellänsä aukenivat autioihin holvisaleihin.
Jälleen soitto kumma kuului, laulu tumma johti askeleita
ritarin.
»Sieluni mun valittuaan vuottain liekin lailla kesken

myrskysään lepattanut on, sen tuloon luottain tuijottanut
yöhön pimeään. Niinkuin pilvet tuolla, vuodet kiitää — kuolla
orpo kaipuu ei voi ikänään.»
Hämärästä salin sisimmäisen löysi ritari nyt laulajan, neidon

nuoren, kultakutripäisen, ihanan, mut oudon valkean. Soi kuin
huokausta harppu — lukki musta punoi verkkoaan sen
laitahan.
»Vieras olet mulle, armas impi. Sinut sentään sydämeni

mun tuntee: olet muita kaunihimpi, ääni, kasvot sull' on
kaihotun. Lempeni ma annan kodiksesi, kannan täältä kauhun
kammioista sun»
»Liian myöhään saavut, noutajani.

Kuule sana julma kohtalon:
ruusut, jotka hehkuu hiuksillani,
kukkia jo ovat kalmiston.
Kolkko, ah, on hauta,
kylmä kirstun lauta!
Mutta rauha mulla vihdoin on»
Haamu vaikeni ja usvaan haihtui. Muurit harmaat linnan

äskeisen jylhään kivirauniohon vaihtui hiljaa, kumeasti
jyristen. — Kuu vain yössä paloi, hohdettansa valoi yli miehen
vanhan, murheisen.
SULEIKA.
Minä talomme katolta kerran sun ohitse kulkevan näin, ja

niinkuin erämaan palmupuu sa olit silmissäin. Tosin kertoivat
köyhyydestä sun ryysyiset vaattehes, mut kuitenkin korkein
haaveeni ois olla arvoises.
Sillä mustien silmäisi liekki oli ylpeä, ylhäinen. Ah, tuhkaksi
palaa tahtoisin ma tulessa liekin sen! En muuta autuutta
tunne, kuin että sinut nään: jos ohi talon taas et käy, ma
kuolen ikävään!
II
Joka ilta sun askeleesi mun luokseni johtavat ja raoista

ristikkoportin sataa kuumat suudelmat. Mikä onni: on kolkassa
muurin tuo tuuhea öljypuu. Sen ryhmyiset oksat suojellen yli
päittemme kaareutuu.
Kas, tähtivalo kirkas läpi lehvien lankeaa! Sen taakse

tummat kasvonsa yötaivas hunnuttaa. Sano, tyttöä lempiä
voitko, jok' on huntunsa poistanut? Joka yö minä nyyhkytän
vuoteellain, kun oot mua suudellut.
III
Minä riemusta väristen varron sitä päivää, mi valjetessaan

sinut vieraaksi isäni huoneeseen tuo tytärtä anelemaan! Sinä
viet minut matalaan majaan. On puutarha ympäri sen. Minä
puutarhurin vaimo olen nuori, onnellinen.
Käyn aamuin kaivolla kantain saviruukkua päällä pään. Ma

jauhan, leivon, askaroin ain' iltapimeään. Kukat, hedelmät,
joilla ei vertaa, sinä vaalit ja korjailet. Yön tullen käymme
nukkumaan kuin pesässä kyyhkyset.
IV
Oi, miksi halvan neidon näin petit, mahtavin? Et köyhä
armaani ollutkaan, josta lauloin, haaveksin! Oot rikas, kultaa
sulla on täynnä kammiot ja kallein helmin kivetyt sun linnasi
permannot.
Tuhat vaimoa haaremissas on kaunista, kiemailevaa. Mua

kaipaat hetken leluksi vain, millä ikävääs haihduttaa. Mut
vaikka parvessa neitoin olen halvin, mitättömin, on puhdas
lempeni liian kallis kaliifin linnaankin!
Minä koraanin lausetta silkkiin nyt kirjailen viheriään. Voi

häntä, ken enää armastaan ei kohtaa eläissään! Sen poskilta
punaiset valmut pian haaltuu, varisee, pois hiusten kimmel
katoaa, säde silmäin himmenee.
Yks ajatus mieltäni vainoo, en rauhaa siltä saa: hänen

omansa olla voisin nyt, hänen luonansa asustaa. Oi Allah,
ankarasti et takana kuoleman mua tuominne, jos rintahain ma
tikarin painallan!
YÖ KEITAALLA.
Kaivolta hiljaa kamelin kellot soivat.

Punaisin liekein leimuaa nuotion palo.
Jalkaisi juuressa uskollisna ma valvon,
telttas on minulle armahin asuintalo.
Kaivolta hiljaa kamelin kellot soivat.
Muistatko kangastuksen kaupunkia?

Kuin sen korkeat minareetit hohti,
hartain kaipuin kohoten taivahalle,
niin minun sieluni halaa sinua kohti.
Muistatko kangastuksen kaupunkia?
Laulaa palmujen latvoissa tuulen humu.

Kylmä on yö, mutta poveni polttavan kuuma.
Hengitä oliivintummilta kasvoiltani
suloisimpain yrttien tuoksu ja huuma!
Laulaa palmujen latvoissa tuulen humu.
OI SULAMITH, ON PÄIVÄT HÄMÄRTÄYNEET.
Oi Sulamith, on päivät hämärtäyneet ja tippuu kypressien

kyyneleet. Sun liljas sateen alla väsyneihin ja kylmiin unelmiin
on vaipuneet. Oi Sulamith, on päivät hämärtäyneet.
Ja jalkas, yli kukkuloiden käyneet,

on niinkuin metsälinnut uupuneet.
Ei kuninkaasi marmor'altahilla
oo kyyhkyt valkeammat kylpeneet
kuin jalkas, yli kukkuloiden käyneet.
Sa katsot kammiosi ikkunasta:

Siell' ohi kantotuoli Salomon
nyt mustain orjain olkapäillä keinuu,
ja verhot purppuraiset alhaall' on.
Sa katsot kammiosi ikkunasta.
Mut illan varjoin langetessa vasta sa päästät ikäväsi

valloilleen, ja jähmettynyt sydämesi puhkee nyt itkuun
lämpimään ja hiljaiseen, ah, illan varjoin langetessa vasta.
NETKRON SADUSTA.
Netkron laulu.
Ma kylven aamun noustessa Niilin rannalla, kun taivas

sinihehkuvana palaa. Soi pääni yllä palmujen raikas humina,
ja vesiheinä polviani halaa.
Mun ruumiini on nuori ja ruusuntuoksuva,

sen syleilyynsä sulkee vilpas Niili.
Ma lootuskukan lailla keinun virran laineilla,
mut poskeni on polttavat kuin hiili.
Ma lootuskukan lailla keinun virran laineilla, ja tyttö valkein

kaupungissa lienen, mut poskeni on punaiset, ah, pelon
hurmasta: on kotka vienyt sandaalini pienen!
Pyhä lintu.
Ja kedolla juur' oikeutta jakaa ruhtinas, kun huutoon

puhkee tuhatpäinen kansa: sen yllä kaartaa korppikotka,
ilman valtias, ja kohu kuuluu siiveniskuistansa!
Kuin tervehtien pudottaa se pienen sandaalin

nyt maahan mahtavimman jalkain juureen,
ja taivaan sineen kohoo jälleen komein kaarroksin!
Jää kansa kaikki ihmetykseen suureen.
Mut papit viisaat selittää: »Oi poika Auringon,

tää ennusmerkki onnea on tuova!
Näin pyhä lintu valinnut lie sulle puolison.
Oot hänen kanssaan kulta-ajan luova.»
»Ape rek!»
Tää mistä torven toitotus ja rumpuin pauhu tuo

ja huudot, jotka valtatiellä kajaa?
Käy Farao nyt viininmyöjän, muukalaisen luo.
Hän majan eteen vaunuillansa ajaa.
On kautta pyramiidein maan hän neittä etsinyt,

ken sandaalin vois tuta omaksensa.
Oi Netkro, synnyinhetkelläs on tähti hymyillyt:
sun ruhtinas nyt nostaa rinnallensa!
Oi Netkro, laske viiniruukku kädestäsi pois,

mi liian kaunis halpaan ompi työhön.
Hän vaunuissaan sua odottaa, ei viipyvän sun sois
Vain kiinnä kukka tummain hiustes yöhön!
PUISTOKUJA.
KEVÄT.
Oi kevät, liian paljon valoa sa kylvit yli köyhän maailmani ja

sädeverkoin kimaltelevin sa häikäisit ja kiedoit katsettani.
Sun kuuma ihanuutesi on tuleen sytyttänyt olentoni. Nyt

kevät sielussani on, mun polttaa oma julma aurinkoni!
KULTAISET PALLOT.
Oi ystäväni, kentälle jo käy!

On aamu, pilvenhattaraa ei näy.
Kuin mahla nuoruus kuohuu suonissamme.
On kevät villi tuoksu, joka huumaa,
ja sydän pursuu kaipausta kuumaa.
Se veripunaisena kukkii poskillamme.
Lyö maila, pallot kilvan kiitävät
ja sinitaivaan lakeen liitävät.
Ah, kuinka hiekka säihkyy silmissämme!
Ja päivät, jotka vierimistään vierii,
kuin kultapallot ajan verkkoon kierii.
On huima, aurinkoinen leikki elämämme!
KELLASTUNEESTA VIHKOSTA.
Tähti.
Konsa palaa kotiin yön ihanaisin tähti? Iäisyys jo mennyt

on, siitä kun se lähti.
— Oi, en ehdi milloinkaan loppuun taivaltani. Kauneuden

kaipaus mull' on povessani!
Tähtikruunu:
Laps iltataivaan tähtihin kun silmin katsoi sinisin, tämä

kuului kuiskaus huuliltaan: »Oi, tähtikruunun kuinka saan?»
Ohi tuskan tuliterien,

ilon, lemmen kultamerien
kun kuljet rauhan kaupunkiin,
siell' astut seetritemppeliin,
viet unelmistas armaimmat ja uhrin niistä rakennat! Niin

vasta, kaikki kadottain, saat tähtösiä sadoittain.
KATKENNEIDEN PILARIEN KAUPUNKI.
Me vuorilaaksoon rakensimme kauniin kaupungin.

Se hurmas silmää pylvästöin ja puistoin kukkivin.
Se kohos säihkyin ihanuutta ilmaan siniseen.

Se oli sydäntemme usko onneen, valkeuteen.
Mut kerran outo vavistus sai järkkymähän maan,

ja pilarimme korkeat ne sortui sijoiltaan.
Oi kaupunki, oi kaupunki, oi aarre nuoruuden!

Nyt muratti ja sammal verhoo raunioita sen.
TÄHTISUMUA.
Lasna Totuus niinkuin tulisäen

heitti sydämeeni hohdettaan.
Nytpä tuhat totuutta ma näen:
taajan tähtisumun yllä maan.
Huntuaan yön hämähäkki kutoo

yli avaruutten himmeäin.
Tähti tähden jälkeen lentää, putoo.
Kaikk' on samanlaiset silmissäin!
UNEKSIJAT.
Suur Uneksija parhain kun hylkäs tämän maan, niin meidät
suossa harhain hän jätti tarpomaan.
Niin vaikea nyt vuottaa

on suurta hetkeään
ja valtakuntaan luottaa,
ah, näkymättömään.
Siks moni eri teitä

on kulkenut jo pois
ja pilkannutkin meitä,
kuin verivieras ois.
Mut luopioiden luku

vaikk' yhä kasvaa vain,
niin suuri myöskin suku
on meidän, uskovain.
Ei epäilyksen peikot
voi meitä käännyttää:
jos voimamme on heikot
ja murhe näännyttää,
me suojaan vaellamme taas katakombien, ja yössä

soihtuinamme on liekit laulujen.
PUISTOKUJA.
Näin usein tuntuu: on kohtalomme kuin pitkä, varjoisa puistotie.
Me sitä käymme, ja loputonten se hämäryyksien halki vie.
Ah, joskus kaartuvat lehtiholvit niin vihannoivina yllä pään,

ja kevätkiurujen laulu villi siell' yhtyy lähteiden helinään.
Ja joskus keltaiset lehdet lentävät lailla liekkien nääntyväin.

Käy kylmä, viiltävä koillistuuli ja pilvet painuvat maata päin.
Mut uupumatta vain eespäin rientää on yhä kaipaus kulkijan,

siks kunnes Kuoleman lintu laulaa ja kuultaa kartano Kuoleman.
Yön yhden siellä me levähdämme, pois aamun tullen jo matka

on.
Ei unen ikuisen kammioihin voi jäädä henkemme rauhaton.
Oi ystäväni, on kohtalomme kuin pitkä, varjoisa puistotie.

Me sitä käymme, ja loputonten se hämäryyksien halki vie.
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Chapter 05 - Constitutional Principles

SOLUTION MANUAL FOR DYNAMIC BUSINESS LAW

“BUT WHAT IF…” SECTIONS

LECTURE NOTES WITH DEFINITIONS

Brzonkala v. Morrison. (briefed below) considers the commerce clause in

 The Commerce Clause as Restriction on State Authority. Police power

interstate commerce outweigh the state interest in enforcing

Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins (briefed below) illustrates how

Teaching tip: Use the “Mad About Milk” hypothetical (below,

 The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and

 The Fifth Amendment ensures due process in a variety of contexts,

For further arguments on both sides of the issue, see:

CASE BRIEFS WITH ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS

Case 5-1 Brzonkala v. Morrison, 120 S.Ct. 1740 (2000).

Ethical Decision Making

Case 5-2 Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins, 592 F. 3D 1 (2010).

“promoting temperance, ensuring orderly market conditions, and raising revenue”

Ethical Decision Making

TEACHING SKILLS: USING HYPOTEHICALS TO TEST STUDENTS’

They should say:

Hypothetical One—the David Lucas case (described in the text)

In trying to reach a decision about whether IMMA Section 26(2) violates

Here’s my first question:

This question is significant because:

Here’s my second question:

This question is significant because:

If Mad-About-Milk challenges California’s regulation as unconstitutional,

A nonprofit organization based in Wisconsin, Mad-About-Milk, wants to challenge California’s

A BEST PRACTICES TEACHING TIP

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Kerran ilma alakuloinen

Hiilen lailla hiipui, luhistui sydän polttavine haaveineen.

Sinä, sinä olet viileys, tuoksu ja valo. Sinuun, sinuun

Hengitän sua kuin sairas

Sinä, sinä olet onni ja sieluni rauha. Sinussa, sinussa elän,

Sillä me seisomme joka hetki niin lähellä Kuolemaa, että

Kun suljemme vihdoin väsyneet silmämme

Oi metsä, metsä, huminasi on niinkuin kaukaisen rannan

Oi metsä, metsä, tuoksusi kuin pyhä sauhu mäntyjen yllä

Ja puussa laulaa näkymätön lintu.

Ja maailmani kesken ihmisten on aavistavan hiljainen ja

Ui sateen henki yllä kaupungin.

Moni donna kaunis ja nuori ois mulle tuhlannut viehkeyttään,

Vain laulu kaukaisen lemmen

Hänen valkea kaupunkinsa

Hän pylväiden varjossa kulkee,

Yli Välimeren siintojen kerta ui laivani Tripoliin valkamaan,

Donna, kirsikankukkien aikaan olivat tunteenne lempeämmät.

Valkeiden kirsikankukkien aikaan

Valkeiden kirsikankukkien aikaan

Valkeiden kirsikankukkien aikaan

Ritari se nuori harpunsoiton kuuli syksy-yössä kulkeissaan,

Kiiti halki metsän kammottavan ritari ja takaa piilipuun näki

Vartijoita etsein harhailivat miehen silmät — turhaan

»Sieluni mun valittuaan vuottain liekin lailla kesken

Hämärästä salin sisimmäisen löysi ritari nyt laulajan, neidon

»Vieras olet mulle, armas impi. Sinut sentään sydämeni

»Liian myöhään saavut, noutajani.

Haamu vaikeni ja usvaan haihtui. Muurit harmaat linnan

Minä talomme katolta kerran sun ohitse kulkevan näin, ja

Joka ilta sun askeleesi mun luokseni johtavat ja raoista

Kas, tähtivalo kirkas läpi lehvien lankeaa! Sen taakse

Minä riemusta väristen varron sitä päivää, mi valjetessaan