FUNDAMENTALS OF

Travel &
A PRACTICAL GUARD

FUNDAMENTALS OF
FUNDAMENTALS OF

Travel &
A PRACTICAL GUARD

FUNDAMENTALS OF
 FUNDAMENTALS OF

TRAVEL
& TOURISM

Revised Edition 2024

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Reproduction or Translation of any part of this
book beyond that permitted under the
relevant sections of the Nigeria
Copyright Act of 1990 without permission of the
copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for permission should be addressed
to the authors; and for academic purpose
due credit must be given to any
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Published in Nigeria by:

Graxpot Nigeria Ltd
Printed By:
Graxspot technology
Tel: 08035238254
 DEDICATION
This book is Dedicated to the
Glory of Almighty, the giver of life,
the One who gives
wisdom and knowledge to the
development of mankind
 CONTENTS/
MODULES

MODULE 1:
AIR TRANSPORT ESSENTIALS-(ATE 101)

MODULE 2:
AIR TRAFFIC REGULATION-(ATR 101)

MODULE 3:
GEOGRAPHY IN TRAVEL PLANNING-(GTP 121)

MODULE 4:
TRAVEL SALESMANSHIP AND ENTREPRENEUR-(TSE 401)

MODULE 5:
AIR TRAVEL FORMALITIES-(ATF 101)

MODULE 6:
ESSENTIAL OF TOURISM-(TOU 121)

MODULE 7:
GDS PRACTICAL (AMADEUS)
AIR TRANSPORT ESSENTIALS

Unit Learning Objectives By completing this Unit you will be able to:
CHAPTER1: INDUSTRY CODES, TERMINOLOGY, AND DEFINITIONS
1.0: Overview
Demonstrate correct usage and interpretation of airline timetables
Dene, decode and encode airline industry terminology and codes used to make ght reservations
This Module introduces the many elements involved in making International air travel
arrangements.

Describe and interpret the main aircraft types and classes of service, seating plans, and other in-
ight services

Describe auxiliary services and outline the relevant rules and procedures for the carriage of checked
and unchecked baggage, and domestic pets

Describe airport facilities for departing, arriving, and transit/transfer passengers

Understand and explain international regulations pertaining to international air transportation.

This Module introduces the many elements involved in making international air travel
arrangements. Finally, we will look at the international regulations applying to the transport of
passengers and cargo for all international air transportation.

Exercises, discussions, and activities are included in this Module to help you practice applying your
new knowledge. Completing these tasks will also help to build your condence prior to dealing with
customers.

In this Module you will look at codes that are universally recognized throughout the air transport
industry. Airlines and travel professionals use codes to facilitate booking procedures. By working
with this Module you will also become familiar with other abbreviations, terms, and denitions that
are in general use within the air and travel industries.
The travel professionals primary function is to help make travel arrangements for their customers.
Therefore, the main goal of this Module is to introduce you to the industry's common reference
guides. You will be taught how to access information relating to ight schedules and other services.
In addition, you will look at and be able to describe the services and facilities available to passengers
both before and during travel.

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

Airline staff and travel agents use this method to communicate clearly and more efciently. Words
and references can be easily misunderstood, especially when talking over the telephone, so spelling
words and references phonetically helps reduce the possibility of misunderstandings.
Various internationally recognized phonetic alphabetic exist; the following just one example:
 A ALPHA N NOVEMBER/NANCY
B BRAVO O OSCAR
CHARLIE
C P PAPA
D DELTA Q QUEBEC
E ECHO R ROMEO
F FOX-TROT/FATHER S SIERRA/SUGAR
G GOLF T TANGO
H HOTEL U UNIFORM
I INDIA V VICTOR
J JULIET W WHISKEY
K KILO X X-RAY
L LIMA Z ZULU
M MIKE Y YANKEE

Apply Your Learning

Practice using the phonetic alphabet by using it in your everyday work or by reading sections of web
pages or brochures phonetically. Check details or passenger names by spelling words out
phonetically. It will also help to give information such as booking references, seat numbers etc.
phonetically. Airline staff this method of communicating when quoting booking references. You are
advised to practice both using and listening to this technique.

Study Check 1.0

1. Which of the following booking references(written phonetically) is described here:
Alpha, Zulu,Lima, Hotel, Tango, Yankee?
(a). QTIFBZ
(b). HJUTZE
(c). AZLHTY
2. Write out your full name using the phonetic alphabet
3. Write out the name of your college using the phonetic alphabet

1.1: TRANSMITTING RESERVATION INFORMATION TO AIRLINES

The air transport industry uses various codes, such as those for cities, airports, and airlines. City and
airport codes consist of 3 letters and are dealt with in other Modules such as: Geography in Travel
Planning. n this Module we will identify and name a selection of 2-character carrier codes.
In this Unit we will also concentrate on identifying codes that are used to request services and
facilities, and to supply passenger-related information.
Travel professionals use computer systems called GDS's (Global Distribution Systems) to check ight
information such as schedules and seat availability and to make reservations for passenger. A travel
agent will create passenger reservations, which are known as Passenger Name Records (PNR). The
PNR information is then transmitted directly to the booked carriers/airlines. PNR's are also
sometimes referred to as booking les(BF)or reservation codes.

Travel professionals also make use of the internet and online search engines to nd ight schedules on
airline website. When the GDS system and the internet cannot provide the necessary schedule
information the Ofcial Airline Guide (OAG), in manual or web-based format is an alternative
resource of ight schedule information. A more specic example would be: A married couple books a
ight from Singpapore to New York to
attend their son's wedding. Both passengers are vegetarians and require the airline to prepare
appropriate meals for their long ight. Furthermore, the passengers are members of multiple airline
loyalty programs for frequent travelers. Their membership account numbers must transmitted to the
airlines booked.
Key Learning Point
Travel agents can request special services that are to be provided for their customers while on board
a ight. Perhaps a passenger is a diabetic or a vegetarian; if so, the agent should nd out so that a
request for a special meal can be sent to the carrier. in general, given adequate time,(not less than 48
hours) carriers will do what is possible to provide a more enjoyable ight.
In order to be sure that this information is passed on to the relevant airline, the agent must add a
service request to the passenger's electronic reservation or PNR in the form of data entered into a
Service information eld (also called a Special Service Request, or SSR). The insertion of a special
service request to a passenger PNR requires a four-letter code representing the service required.

Table 1.1:List of Special Service Request Codes (SSR)& Their Meanings.

Code Meaning
AVML Asian vegetarian meal
AVIH Animal (pet)travelling in the hold (baggage compartment) of the aircraft, specify in SSR remark
type of pet and kennel dimensions and weight
BBML Baby meal
BIKE A bicycle carried as accompanied baggage, specify in SSR remark the number of bicycles
BLML Bland meal (no spices and sauces)
BSCT Baby bassinet/skycot/basket,specify in SSR remark the baby's age in months
BULK Bulky baggage-specify in SSR remark if accompanied by seeing-eye dog
BLND Blind passenger-specify in SSR remark if accompanied by seeing-eye dog
CBBG Cabin baggage (for which extra seating has been purchased)*Specify weight and size, if known
CCAR Compact Car
CHML Child meal
CTCA Passenger home or hotel address
CTCB Passenger business telephone number
CTCE Passenger e-mail address
CTCF Passenger fax number
CTCH Passenger home telephone number
CTCM Passenger mobile telephone number
CTCP Passenger telephone number (type unknown)
CTCT Travel Agency telephone number
DBLB Double room with bath(for hotel booking)
DBML Diabetic meal
DEAF Deaf passenger* Specify if passenger can lip-read
DEAP Deportee (accompanied by an escort)
DEPU Unaccompanied deportee
DPNA Dissabled passenger with intellectual or developmental dis-ability needing assistance (specify
details in SSR remark)
EXST Extra seat required on board
FPML Fruit platter meal
FQTV Frequent traveller information
FRAG Fragile baggage"Specify number, weight, size, if known
GFML Gluten free meal
GPST Group seat request
HNML Hindu meal request
INFT Infant travelling, specify in SSR remarks date of birth
KSML Kosher meal
LANG Specify in SSR remark language spoken by passenger and if interpreter required
LCML Low calorie meal request
LFML Low fat meal request