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soma synapse
nervous system
endorphins
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-01
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: An Overview of the Nervous System
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system
all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the
body itself
a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-02
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: An Overview of the Nervous System
Skill: F
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.
Test Item File for Psychology: An Exploration, Canadian Edition 73
Objective: 2.1
Answer: a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
3. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the and _.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-03
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
4. The branch of life sciences that involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system,
while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behaviour, is called _.
neuroscience
bioscience
brain scientology
neurostemology
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-04
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: neuroscience
5. A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within
that system is called a __ _.
glial cell
neuron
cell body
myelin sheath
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-05
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: neuron
6. What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives
and sends messages within that system?
neuron glial
cell myelin
sheath
dendritic spine
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-06
Page-Reference: 42
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: neuron
axon
dendrite
myelin
soma
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-07
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: dendrite
8. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called .
axons
nerve bundles
dendrites
synapses
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-08
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: dendrites
9. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?
axon
soma
dendrite
cell membrane
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-09
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: soma
10. The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the
.
axon
cell membrane
dendrite
soma
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-10
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: soma
11. Which part of a neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells?
soma
axon
dendrite
cell membrane
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-11
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: axon
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-12
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Axons; dendrites
Axons; soma
Soma; glial cells
Dendrites; axons
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-13
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
send is to receive.
send is to regulate.
receive is to send.
receive is to release.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-14
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-15
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
16. Glial cells are now believed to make up of the brain's cells.
10 percent
70 percent
50 percent
90 percent
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 02-1-16
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: 50 percent
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 02-1-17
Page-Reference: 43-44
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
occipital; lobitical
oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
occipital; Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes; lobitical
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 02-1-18
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
19. A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure
for neurons on which they may develop and work is called a(n) _ .
epidermal cell
adipose cell
glial cell
myelin cell
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-19
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-20
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
21. A fatty substance wrapped around the shaft of axons in the nervous system and whose function is
to insulate neurons and speed up the neural impulse is called (a) _ _.
synaptic vesicle
dendrite
glial cell
myelin
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-21
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: myelin
It is a fatty substance.
It is covered by axons.
It inhibits neural communication.
It slows down neuronal operations.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-22
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
receptor site
axon terminal
myelin
synaptic vesicle
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-23
Page-Reference: 43
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
Answer: myelin
24. Groups of myelin-coated axons that travel together through the body are called __.
a synaptic vesicle
nerves
neurilemma
a myelinated pathway
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-24
Page-Reference: 44
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: nerves
25. A nerve is a group of bundled together.
axons
interneurons
dendrites
glial cells
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-25
Page-Reference: 44
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: axons
26. Holly is interested in decreasing her risk for multiple sclerosis. Which of the following would most
likely help her to achieve her goal?
Stay indoors to avoid pollution.
Take vitamin D supplements.
Avoid fried foods.
Decrease her physical activity.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-26
Page-Reference: 44
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: A
Objective: 2.1
27. The charge that a neuron at rest maintains is due to the presence of a high number of
charged ions inside the neuron's membrane.
actively
passively
negatively
positively
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-27
Page-Reference: 44
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
Answer: negatively
28. The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside
the cell and is not firing is referred to as the _.
action potential
quiet potential
synaptic membrane potential
resting membrane potential
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-28
Page-Reference: 45
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
stopping point
obcipitation junction
resting membrane potential
action potential
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-29
Page-Reference: 45
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
30. What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?
action potential
resting membrane potential
myelination signal
transmission impulse
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-30
Page-Reference: 45
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
31. When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge
reversal is known as the .
resting membrane potential
excitation reaction
action potential
permeable reaction
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-31
Page-Reference: 45
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-32
Page-Reference: 45
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
33. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) _ fashion, as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.
all-or-none
rapid fire
accidental patterned
quick successioned
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-33
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1
Answer: all-or-none
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-34
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.1
Answer: a neuron either fires at full strength or does not fire at all.
35. Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels down
during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?
dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob
terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites
axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic knob
dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 02-1-35
Page-Reference: 43-47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.1-2.2
axon terminals
synaptic vesicles
synapses
receptor sites
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-36
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
37. What is the term used to describe the branches located at the end of the axon?
axon terminals
synaptic vesicles
synapses
receptor sites
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-37
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
38. What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals?
synaptic vesicles
axons
dendrites
synaptic knobs
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-38
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
39. The saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called _ .
axon terminals
synapses
synaptic vesicles
receptor sites
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-39
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
40. Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse?
synaptic vesicles
synaptic nodes
terminal buttons
synaptic gaps
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-40
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
41. A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell is
called a _
glial cell
neurotransmitter
precursor cell
synapse
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-41
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
Answer: neurotransmitter
a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system
the chemical substance found in the cell membrane
the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-42
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
Answer: a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
43. The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is
called the .
receptor site
synapse
synaptic knob
axon terminal
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-43
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
Answer: synapse
44. are holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands that
are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters
Axons
Synaptic vesicles
Receptor sites
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 02-1-44
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
45. Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
synapses receptor
sites neural
chiasms response
terminals
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-45
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: C
Objective: 2.2
myelin sheath
axon
synapse
synaptic vesicle
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 02-1-46
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: Neurons and Nerves—Building the Network
Skill: F
Objective: 2.2
Answer: synapse
47. The process that is associated with neurotransmitter molecules floating across the synapse to bind
with receptor sites is .
diffusion
infusion
inhibition
reuptake
PART I
NAVAL PRINCIPLES
1. The Value of Historical Study 3
2. “Theoretical” versus “Practical” Training 8
A Historical Instance 8
What is Practical? 10
3. Elements of Sea Power 16
4. Definition of Terms: Strategy, Tactics, Logistics 49
5. Fundamental Principles 50
Central Position, Interior Lines, Communications 50
Concentration 60
6. Strategic Positions 68
I. Situation 69
II. Military Strength 70
III. Resources 74
7. Strategic Lines 75
Communications 75
Importance of Sea Communications 76
8. Offensive Operations 79
9. The Value of the Defensive 87
10. Commerce-Destroying and Blockade 91
Command of the Sea Decisive 98
11. Strategic Features of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean 100
12. Principles of Naval Administration 113
Opposing Elements 113
The British System 118
The United States System 122
13. The Military Rule of Obedience 125
14. Preparedness for Naval War 128
PART II
SEA POWER IN HISTORY
15. A Nation Exhausted by Isolation 137
France under Louis XIV 137
16. The Growth of British Sea Power 141
England after the Peace of Utrecht, 1715 141
17. Results of the Seven Years’ War 147
18. Eighteenth Century Formalism in Naval Tactics 155
19. The New Tactics 159
Rodney and De Guichen, April 17, 1780 159
20. Sea Power in the American Revolution 164
Graves and De Grasse off the Chesapeake 164
21. The French Navy Demoralized by the Revolution 171
22. Howe’s Victory of June 1, 1794 175
23. Nelson’s Strategy at Copenhagen 184
24. England’s First Line of Defense 191
25. The Battle of Trafalgar 196
“The Nelson Touch” 200
The Battle 208
Commerce Warfare after Trafalgar 223
26. General Strategy of the War of 1812 229
Results of the Northern Campaign 235
27. Lessons of the War with Spain 241
The Possibilities of a “Fleet in Being” 241
28. The Santiago Blockade 250
29. “Fleet in Being” and “Fortress Fleet” 256
The Port Arthur Squadron in the Russo-Japanese War 256
Divided Forces 269
30. Rozhestvensky at Tsushima 276
PART III
NAVAL AND NATIONAL POLICIES
31. Expansion and Over-Sea Bases 285
The Annexation of Hawaii 285
32. Application of the Monroe Doctrine 288
Anglo-American Community of Interests 288
33. Changes in the United States and Japan 296
34. Our Interests in the Pacific 299
35. The German State and its Menace 302
The Bulwark of British Sea Power 306
36. Advantages of Insular Position 309
Great Britain and the Continental Powers 309
37. Bearing of Political Developments on Naval Policy and
Strategy 317
38. Seizure of Private Property at Sea 328
39. The Moral Aspect of War 342
40. The Practical Aspect of War 348
41. Motives for Naval Power 355
APPENDIX
Chronological Outline 359
Academic Honors 360
Published Works 361
Uncollected Essays 362
References 362
INDEX 365
LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS
PAGE
Diagram Illustrating the Value of the Central 54
Position
Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea 101
Rodney and Guichen, April 17, 1780 161
Graves and De Grasse, September 5, 1781 167
The Baltic and Its Approaches Facing page 185
North Atlantic Ocean Facing page 197
The Attack at Trafalgar 214
Scene of Naval War, Japan and Russia 278
PART I
NAVAL PRINCIPLES
MAHAN
ON NAVAL WARFARE
A Historical Instance
There have long been two conflicting opinions as to the best way to
fit naval officers, and indeed all men called to active pursuits, for the
discharge of their duties. The one, of the so-called practical man,
would find in early beginning and constant remaining afloat all that
is requisite; the other will find the best result in study, in elaborate
mental preparation. I have no hesitation in avowing that personally I
think that the United States Navy is erring on the latter side; but, be
that as it may, there seems little doubt that the mental activity which
exists so widely is not directed toward the management of ships in
battle, to the planning of naval campaigns, to the study of strategic
and tactical problems, nor even to the secondary matters connected
with the maintenance of warlike operations at sea.[15] Now we have
had the results of the two opinions as to the training of naval officers
pretty well tested by the experience of two great maritime nations,
France and England, each of which, not so much by formulated
purpose as by national bias, committed itself unduly to the one or the
other. The results were manifested in our War of Independence,
which gave rise to the only well-contested, widespread maritime war
between nearly equal forces that modern history records. There
remains in my own mind no doubt, after reading the naval history on
both sides, that the English brought to this struggle much superior
seamanship, learned by the constant practice of shipboard; while the
French officers, most of whom had been debarred from similar
experience by the decadence of their navy in the middle of the
century, had devoted themselves to the careful study of their
profession. In short, what are commonly called the practical and the
theoretical man were pitted against each other, and the result
showed how mischievous is any plan which neglects either theory or
practice, or which ignores the fact that correct theoretical ideas are
essential to successful practical work. The practical seamanship and
experience of the English were continually foiled by the want of
correct tactical conceptions on the part of their own chiefs, and the
superior science of the French, acquired mainly by study. It is true
that the latter were guided by a false policy on the part of their
government and a false professional tradition. The navy, by its
mobility, is pre-eminently fitted for offensive war, and the French
deliberately and constantly subordinated it to defensive action. But,
though the system was faulty, they had a system; they had ideas; they
had plans familiar to their officers, while the English usually had
none—and a poor system is better than none at all....
What is Practical?
The first and most obvious light in which the sea presents itself from
the political and social point of view is that of a great highway; or
better, perhaps, of a wide common, over which men may pass in all
directions, but on which some well-worn paths show that controlling
reasons have led them to choose certain lines of travel rather than
others. These lines of travel are called trade routes; and the reasons
which have determined them are to be sought in the history of the
world.
Notwithstanding all the familiar and unfamiliar dangers of the sea,
both travel and traffic by water have always been easier and cheaper
than by land. The commercial greatness of Holland was due not only
to her shipping at sea, but also to the numerous tranquil water-ways
which gave such cheap and easy access to her own interior and to
that of Germany. This advantage of carriage by water over that by
land was yet more marked in a period when roads were few and very
bad, wars frequent and society unsettled, as was the case two
hundred years ago. Sea traffic then went in peril of robbers, but was
nevertheless safer and quicker than that by land. A Dutch writer of
that time, estimating the chances of his country in a war with
England, notices among other things that the water-ways of England
failed to penetrate the country sufficiently; therefore, the roads being
bad, goods from one part of the kingdom to the other must go by sea,
and be exposed to capture by the way. As regards purely internal
trade, this danger has generally disappeared at the present day. In
most civilized countries, now, the destruction or disappearance of
the coasting-trade would only be an inconvenience, although water
transit is still the cheaper. Nevertheless, as late as the wars of the
French Republic and the First Empire, those who are familiar with
the history of the period, and the light naval literature that has grown
up around it, know how constant is the mention of convoys stealing
from point to point along the French coast, although the sea
swarmed with English cruisers and there were good inland roads.
Under modern conditions, however, home trade is but a part of the
business of a country bordering on the sea. Foreign necessaries or
luxuries must be brought to its ports, either in its own or in foreign
ships, which will return, bearing in exchange the products of the
country, whether they be the fruits of the earth or the works of men’s
hands; and it is the wish of every nation that this shipping business
should be done by its own vessels. The ships that thus sail to and fro
must have secure ports to which to return, and must, as far as
possible, be followed by the protection of their country throughout
the voyage.
This protection in time of war must be extended by armed
shipping. The necessity of a navy, in the restricted sense of the word,
springs, therefore, from the existence of a peaceful shipping, and
disappears with it,[17] except in the case of a nation which has
aggressive tendencies, and keeps up a navy merely as a branch of the
military establishment. As the United States has at present no
aggressive purposes, and as its merchant service has disappeared,
the dwindling of the armed fleet and general lack of interest in it are
strictly logical consequences. When for any reason sea trade is again
found to pay, a large enough shipping interest will reappear to
compel the revival of the war fleet. It is possible that when a canal
route through the Central-American Isthmus is seen to be a near
certainty, the aggressive impulse may be strong enough to lead to the
same result. This is doubtful, however, because a peaceful, gain-
loving nation is not far-sighted, and far-sightedness is needed for
adequate military preparation, especially in these days.
As a nation, with its unarmed and armed shipping, launches forth
from its own shores, the need is soon felt of points upon which the
ships can rely for peaceful trading, for refuge and supplies. In the
present day friendly, though foreign, ports are to be found all over
the world; and their shelter is enough while peace prevails. It was not
always so, nor does peace always endure, though the United States
have been favored by so long a continuance of it. In earlier times the
merchant seaman, seeking for trade in new and unexplored regions,
made his gains at risk of life and liberty from suspicious or hostile
nations, and was under great delays in collecting a full and profitable
freight. He therefore intuitively sought at the far end of his trade
route one or more stations, to be given to him by force or favor,
where he could fix himself or his agents in reasonable security, where
his ships could lie in safety, and where the merchantable products of
the land could be continually collecting, awaiting the arrival of the
home fleet, which should carry them to the mother-country. As there
was immense gain, as well as much risk, in these early voyages, such
establishments naturally multiplied and grew until they became
colonies; whose ultimate development and success depended upon
the genius and policy of the nation from which they sprang, and form
a very great part of the history, and particularly of the sea history, of
the world. All colonies had not the simple and natural birth and
growth above described. Many were more formal, and purely
political, in their conception and founding, the act of the rulers of the
people rather than of private individuals; but the trading-station
with its after expansion, the work simply of the adventurer seeking
gain, was in its reasons and essence the same as the elaborately
organized and chartered colony. In both cases the mother-country
had won a foothold in a foreign land, seeking a new outlet for what it
had to sell, a new sphere for its shipping, more employment for its
people, more comfort and wealth for itself.
The needs of commerce, however, were not all provided for when
safety had been secured at the far end of the road. The voyages were
long and dangerous, the seas often beset with enemies. In the most
active days of colonizing there prevailed on the sea a lawlessness the
very memory of which is now almost lost, and the days of settled
peace between maritime nations were few and far between. Thus
arose the demand for stations along the road, like the Cape of Good
Hope, St. Helena, and Mauritius, not primarily for trade, but for
defense and war; the demand for the possession of posts like
Gibraltar, Malta, Louisburg, at the entrance of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence,—posts whose value was chiefly strategic, though not
necessarily wholly so. Colonies and colonial posts were sometimes
commercial, sometimes military in their character; and it was
exceptional that the same position was equally important in both
points of view, as New York was.
In these three things—production, with the necessity of
exchanging products, shipping, whereby the exchange is carried on,
and colonies, which facilitate and enlarge the operations of shipping
and tend to protect it by multiplying points of safety—is to be found
the key to much of the history, as well as of the policy, of nations
bordering upon the sea. The policy has varied both with the spirit of
the age and with the character and clear-sightedness of the rulers;
but the history of the seaboard nations has been less determined by
the shrewdness and foresight of governments than by conditions of
position, extent, configuration, number and character of their
people,—by what are called, in a word, natural conditions. It must
however be admitted, and will be seen, that the wise or unwise action
of individual men has at certain periods had a great modifying
influence upon the growth of sea power in the broad sense, which
includes not only the military strength afloat, that rules the sea or
any part of it by force of arms, but also the peaceful commerce and
shipping from which alone a military fleet naturally and healthfully
springs, and on which it securely rests.
The principal conditions affecting the sea power of nations may be
enumerated as follows: I. Geographical Position. II. Physical
Conformation, including, as connected therewith, natural
productions and climate. III. Extent of Territory. IV. Number of
Population. V. Character of the People. VI. Character of the
Government, including therein the national institutions.