SOLITO, KIZZY RAE J.

MARCH 05, 2024

CE103_A4 2023103167 HOMEWORK 02

Unmasking the Foundations: Filipino Civil Engineers Reshaping the Landscape

1) In each field of civil engineering, name a Filipino Civil Engineer and briefly discuss their

contribution.

Filipino Civil Engineers that have made significant contributions to their respective fields of civil

engineering, contributing to the advancement and development of civil engineering in the Philippines.

Geotechnical Engineering:

Engr. Gerardo Sicat

He is a respected geotechnical engineer in the Philippines. His contributions include designing

and overseeing the construction of various critical infrastructure projects. One notable project is the

Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway (CAVITEX), which plays a crucial role in connecting Metro Manila to

the province of Cavite. CAVITEX has improved transportation efficiency and accessibility for commuters

and businesses alike.

Transportation Engineering:

Engr. Virgilio Castillo

He is a prominent transportation engineer who has made significant contributions to the country’s

road network. He was involved in the planning and design of major highways, bridges, and expressways.

One of his notable projects is the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), a vital highway connecting Metro
Manila to the northern provinces. NLEX has facilitated smoother traffic flow, reduced travel time, and

enhanced economic connectivity.

Water Resources Engineering:

Engr. Reynaldo Vea

He is an accomplished water resources engineer. His work focuses on sustainable water

management and flood control. He played a key role in the development of the Angat Dam, a critical

water supply source for Metro Manila. The Angat Dam provides potable water, irrigation, and

hydroelectric power generation, benefiting millions of people in the region.

Environmental Engineering:

Engr. Antonio La Viña

He is an environmental engineer and advocate for sustainable development. His contributions

extend beyond engineering projects to policy and advocacy. He has been involved in initiatives related to

climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and environmental law. His work has influenced

national policies and international agreements, emphasizing the importance of environmental protection.

Structural Engineering:

Engr. Felino Palafox Jr.

He is a renowned structural engineer and urban planner. His firm, Palafox Associates, has been

instrumental in shaping the skylines of many Philippine cities. Palafox has contributed to the design and

development of iconic structures, including commercial buildings, hotels, and residential complexes. His

vision emphasizes sustainable and resilient urban planning.

Construction Engineering:

Engr. Francisco "Bobby" Mañosa

He revolutionized Philippine architecture with his advocacy towards incorporating local materials

into building designs, having originated Bahay Kubo-inspired concepts. He championed sustainability,

cultural preservation, and community-oriented design throughout his career. These remarkable

individuals showcase not only their technical expertise but also their commitment to improving society

through innovative approaches tailored specifically to address unique challenges faced by Filipinos.

2) Name a structure (local or international) and give a brief description.

International structure: Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is an international waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by

traversing the Isthmus of Panama in Central America. It serves as a vital shortcut for ships, avoiding the

lengthy and perilous journey around the southern tip of South America. The canal, inaugurated in 1914, is

a remarkable engineering feat, featuring a system of locks and channels that raise and lower water levels

to enable ships to navigate the varying elevations of the isthmus. Its impact on global shipping routes and
international trade is significant. The canal spans approximately 50 miles (80 kilometers) from the

Atlantic Ocean in the north to the Pacific Ocean in the south.

 French efforts to construct the canal in the late 19th century faced challenges like tropical

diseases (malaria and yellow fever).

 The United States took over the project in 1904 and successfully completed it under the

leadership of chief engineers John F. Stevens and later George W. Goethals.

 The canal includes a series of locks that raise and lower ships to accommodate the differing water

levels between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

 Notable features include the Gatun Locks, the Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut), and the Pedro Miguel

Locks.

 The entire transit through the canal typically takes 8 to 10 hours.

In summary, the Panama Canal revolutionized global maritime trade and remains a testament to human

ingenuity and cooperation. The canal has been a crucial conduit for global maritime trade, significantly

reducing travel time and costs for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It continues to

be a strategic and vital waterway in the realm of international shipping and commerce.

3) Discuss the history of civil engineering.

History of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The earliest known civil

engineering projects include the construction of irrigation systems, roads, and structures such as the

Pyramids of Egypt. Throughout history, civil engineering evolved with advancements in materials,

techniques, and technologies. The Roman Empire, for instance, is celebrated for its aqueducts, roads, and
monumental structures like the Colosseum. During the Industrial Revolution, civil engineering

experienced significant growth and specialization. The development of iron and steel allowed for the

construction of larger and more robust structures, including bridges and skyscrapers. The profession

further expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries, with a focus on improving infrastructure,

transportation, and public health.

Structural Engineering

The recorded history of structural engineering dates back to ancient Egypt, around 2700 BC.

Imhotep, the first architect known by name, constructed the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser. Pyramids

were common structures in ancient civilizations due to their inherent stability and scalability. In the

Renaissance, understanding of physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to develop. The

Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete further shaped structural engineering. Today,

structural engineers design and analyze buildings, bridges, and other structures to ensure safety and

stability. The recorded history of structural engineering dates back to ancient times. Imhotep, an Egyptian

architect, constructed the first known step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser around 2700 BC. The Great

Pyramid of Giza, built in the 26th century BC, remained the largest man-made structure for millennia.

During ancient and medieval times, architectural design and construction were carried out by artisans,

with limited theoretical understanding. The Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete in the

19th century marked a turning point for structural engineering.

Geotechnical Engineering

Early forms of geotechnical engineering date back to ancient times when cities developed canals,

levees, and dams for irrigation and flood control. Soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering began in

the 18th century. Coulomb (1773) used mechanics to solve soil problems, but Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)

is considered the father of soil mechanics. He laid the foundation for understanding soil behavior and its
importance in engineering. Ancient civilizations faced challenges constructing structures on different soil

types. Notable examples include the pyramids of Egypt. Geotechnical engineers analyze soil behavior,

design foundations, and address water-related issues.

Transportation Engineering

The Romans pioneered road construction, but modern highways emerged in the late 19th to early

20th century. Rail, water, and air transport also developed during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Wright

brothers' aircraft marked the beginning of air transport in the early 1900s. Transportation engineers plan,

design, and manage infrastructure for safe, efficient movement of people and goods¹³.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental engineering focuses on protecting and improving the environment. Ancient

civilizations used soil for flood control, irrigation, and building foundations. In the 19th century, cities

like London and Paris built sewer systems and water treatment facilities. Environmental engineers

address water quality, pollution control, and ecosystem health. They play a crucial role in sustainable

development and public health.

Water Resources Engineering

Water resources engineering traces back to ancient times when Romans built aqueducts. In the

19th century, modern water infrastructure emerged, including municipal water filtration systems. Water

resource engineers analyze water movement, design solutions, and manage water distribution. Their work

includes dam construction, groundwater exploration, and irrigation systems.

Construction Engineering

Construction engineering involves planning, designing, and managing construction projects.

Throughout history, artisans and master builders constructed structures based on empirical evidence. With

advances in science and technology, construction engineering evolved. Today, construction engineers

oversee projects, ensuring safety, efficiency, and quality.

Civil Engineering in the Philippines

In the Philippines, civil engineering has played a crucial role in shaping the nation's

infrastructure. The Spanish colonial period introduced engineering concepts with the construction of

churches, forts, and bridges. However, it was during the American colonial era in the early 20th century

that formal education in civil engineering began, with the establishment of the University of the

Philippines College of Engineering. Since then, civil engineering in the Philippines has seen continuous

development. The country has faced various challenges, including natural disasters like typhoons and

earthquakes, necessitating resilient and disaster-resistant infrastructure. Civil engineers in the Philippines

contribute to the design and construction of roads, bridges, dams, buildings, and other critical structures to

support the nation's growth and development. Today, civil engineering in the Philippines is a dynamic

field that incorporates modern technologies and sustainable practices to address the country's evolving

infrastructure needs. The profession continues to be vital in ensuring the resilience and sustainability of

the Philippines' built environment.