Correl 2 Finals - No Ore Dep

GIS, Remote Sensing
GIS
¢ Geographic Information System (GIS)
# It combines location and information about the location.
® Ability to analyze information
= Analyze as many layers of information at once
#" Can overlay different spatial information at once
“Seographic
os
Woieltitelsei. Cs
a
Systems
GIS
Spatial information — information associated with an
underlying geography, or description of location
Cartography — the science that deals with the construction,

use, and principles behind maps and map use
City of San \, Mexico
San
Fernando San Luis lidefonso
Santa Rita
Guagua\, Baliuag
lines City'ot Plaridel Angat Norzagaray
asantol Malolos *Santa Maria City of San
gonoy Bulacan Marilao Jose del Monte
Valenzuela), @@fuezon City
City \ior
Viarikina ._ Antipolo
F
Manila Pasig City C ity a
Taguig City, Binangonan =

Las Pifas Paranaque Pililla
Imus City
Tanza
Naic. General Santa

Ternate Trias Rosa City
Latitude
¢ Imaginary lines that runs horizontally
¢ Degrees latitude are numbered from 0 to 90 north
and south
¢ The Equator is the imaginary line that divides the
north and south hemisphere
¢ Also known as parallels since they are parallel and
are equal distant from each other (69 miles or 111
km apart)
Longitude
¢ Imaginary lines that runs vertically and also known as
meridians.
¢ They converge at the poles and are widest at the
equator (69 miles or 111 apart).
¢ O degree refer to Prime Meridian located at
Greenwich England and continues 180 degrees east
and west where they meet and form the
International Date line in the Pacific Ocean
Map Legend
¢ The legend is the key to read a map.
¢ |t provides essential information for the map reader.
Map Scale
¢ Ratio between distance on a paper map and distance
of the same stretch in actual terrain
1:100,000 1:50,000 1:25,000

Resolution
¢ The accuracy with which a given map scale can
depict the location and shape of map features
¢ The smaller the map scale the, the higher the
possible resolution
¢ Resolution plays a large role in GIS, especially in
raster — based modelling
¢ Spatial resolution — the minimum size of objects that
can be detected by a sensor system
Map Project
¢ A map projection is used to portray all or part of the
round Earth (3D) on a flat surface (2D) map
¢ All map projections distort the surface in some
fashion
* amap or parts of a map can show one or more, but
never all of the following:
— True Directions
— True Distances
— True Areas
— True Shapes.
Cylindrical Projection
Longitudes equally spaced
Latitudes unequally spaced
Scale is true along equator
Shape and scale distortions increase near poles
Shows true direction
Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM)
Conic Projection
Result from projecting a spherical surface onto a
cone.
Best for mid- latitudes with an East- West
orientation like Canada
Azimuthal (planar) Projection
¢ Result from projecting a spherical surface onto a
plane.
¢ Best for polar or circular regions
¢ Direction always true from center
Planar Conical Cylindrical
Orthographic Perspective Conic Mercator
Projection Concepts
Perspective Examples
* Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to
use common locations for integration
* Reference system used to represent the locations of
geographic features, imagery, and observations such
as GPS locations within a common geographic
framework
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Spatial Reference Framework — a combination of factors; ellipsoid, geoid.,

datum, coordinate system and projection that identify a point on
a sphere and on a two dimensional representation of the sphere.
Geodesy — the science of measuring the earth.
Surveying — the science of identifying and measuring specific locations on
the earth.
Ellipsoid — a mathematical model of the size and shape of the earth
Spheroid — slightly non-spherical object, but not necessarily

mathematically definable.
Geoid — a theoretical surface generally defined as mean sea level. Used as
the basis for a vertical datum and as a reference for a horizontal
datum.
Horizontal Datum — a spheroid used as an (X,Y) reference to all points on
the real globe.
Vertical Datum — level surface to which heights (elevation) are referenced.
Two type
* A global or spherical coordinate system such as
latitude—longitude. These are often referred to as
geographic coordinate systems
¢ A projected coordinate system based on a map
projection, such as transverse Mercator, which
provide various mechanisms to project maps of the
earth's spherical surface onto a two-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate plane.
Luzon 1911
is a geodetic datum first defined in 1911 and is suitable
for use in Philippines - onshore.
Luzon 1911 references the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid and the
Greenwich prime meridian.
origin is Fundamental point: Hinanggayon, Marinduque.
Latitude: 13°33'41.000"N, longitude: 121°52'03.000"E (of
Greenwich).
a geodetic datum for Topographic mapping.
It was defined by information from Coast and Geodetic
Survey Replaced by Philippine Reference system of 1992
(datum code 6683).
* PRS92 or the Philippine Reference System of 1992 is
a homogeneous national network of geodetic control
points (GCPs), marked by concrete monuments or
mojons, that has been established using Global
Positioning System (GPS) technology —- NAMRIA
* It is a local projection designed specifically for the
Philippines and primarily used for surveying political
boundaries.
¢ PTM reduces distortion by creating a series of central
meridians
¢ Philippine Transverse Mercator coordinate system.
Local series of projections designed primarily for
collecting survey data in the Philippines
Zone | 117° East Area west of 118° E
yAeln{=a 119° East Palawan and Calamian Islands
Zone Ill 121° East Luzon (except SE), Mindoro
Zone IV 123° East SE Luzon, West Mindanao
Zone V 125° East East Mindanao, Bohol, Samar
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zone! | Zone ll Zone IiifZone lV) Zone V
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Datum WGS84 Luzon 1911 PRS92
Ellipsoid | WGS84 Clarke 1866 Clarke 1866
Coordinate
System UTM UTM/PTM UTM/PTM
Wee TE Wie WE TBE
Figure 5. PTM Zones with Central Meridians

Raster
Single square cells
Each cell will have a value
corresponding to its land cover
type.
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pL RM Kate
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of cells in continuous space.
Raster
data Tilé | Row ATTRIBUTE |
©
=
=
=
Vector
* Points
¢ Lines/ routes
¢ Polygons/ regions
¢ TINs (triangulated irregular
networks)
eograpnic
coordinate system
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Orginal
Predfe
Vector
data Tile
ENTITY | x, COORDINATES
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Feature Type Vector Model Raster Model
Point Feature ° a:
a Building
Line Feature Road
Area Feature a Land-use

RASTER VECTOR
1. | Simple data structure | Complex data structure.
2. | Easy and efficient Difficult to perform
overlaying. overlaying.
3. | Compatible with Not compatible with
Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
imagery. Imagery.
4. | Occupies larger disk | Less of space required.
space.
5. | Suffers from No such effect.
discretization
6. | Resolution depends on | Depends on the source
the cell size. data.
7. | Suitable for Suitable for feature with
phenomenon of distinct gradational
transition boundaries. | changes.
8. | Errors in perimeter Efficient encoding of
and shape topology.
9. | Easier for processing | Data processing is
data. complex.
10. | Difficult to perform Easy to perform network
network analysis. analysis.
11. | E.g.: DEM E.g.: TIN
DA
The “Paper Map World” (analog)
POINTS LINES AREAS

e —"s
Dat of Ink
Dragged How of ink
Dragged and filed
flow of Ink
The “GIS Map World” (digita/)
X,Y coordingies |
spo (Vector) (Vector) tae!
7 Cell Co! Row eae BSEESEEE (Raster)
POINTS are stored as LINES are stored as a AREAS are stored as a set
individual X, Y set of mathematically of mathematically connected
coordinates (Vector) or connected X, Y X. Y coordinates defining the
as individual Column, coordinates (Vector) or boundary (Vector) or as a set
Row cell entries ina as a set of connected of contiguous cells defining
grid (Raster) grid cells (Raster) the interior (Raster)
— Sources of data
Primary Sources
¢ Those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS project
by direct measurement.
¢ Typical examples of primary GIS sources include raster satellite
images, and vector building-survey measurements captured using a
ne }k-] MCIU)AYCchAci: INL) 9
Secondary Sources
those reused from earlier studies or obtained from other systems
Typical secondary sources include raster scanned color aerial
photographs of urban areas and paper maps that can be scanned
and vectorized (digitized).
Data Completeness: It is the measure of totality of
features.
Data Precision: Precision can be termed as the
degree of details that are displayed on a uniform
space
Data Accuracy: This can be termed as the
discrepancy between the actual attributes value and
coded attribute value
Data Consistency: Data consistency can be termed as
the absence of conflicts in a particular database.
RY=)0gce]Rmei =) aii alo
¢ In its simplest form, remote sensing means gathering
information about something (object) without
actually being in any contact with it.
¢ Images taken from space/air permit us to see
differences over time; to measure sizes, areas,
depths, and heights; and in general, to acquire
information that is difficult to acquire by other
nasa
Satellite
¢ A satellite in orbit around the earth has a sensor
which scans the Earth's surface measuring the
amount of light reflected/transmitted.
* Geostationary orbit-A
{ose ULOl are TAYAe) a elim Me) a-ml a
which the satellite is always in
the same position with respect
to the rotating Earth.
¢ Polar orbit/Sun-Synchronous
Orbit - An orbit that goes over
both the North and the South
Pole is called a Polar Orbit.
Sensor
* A sensor is a device t hat measures a certain energy
level of the electromagnetic spectrum and converts it
into a signal which can be read by an instrument.
¢ Sensors are developed to measure a certain amount
of energy dependent on the usage.
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Satellite(Sensor System)
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Remote sensing using passive sensor system
Satellite(Souree and Sensor System)
Land Features( Object)

ct
Ground Station .
Remote sensing using active sensor system

High Resolution
Satellite Spatial Bands Swath Quantizati
(Sensor) Resolutio on
n
WorldView-2 0.46 m 1 (Panchromatic) 16.4 km (Nadir) 11 bit
1.8m 8 (Multispectral) 16.4 km (Nadir) 11 bit
WorldView-1 0.55m 1 (Panchromatic) 17.6 km (Nadir) 11 bit
Quick Bird 0.61 m 1 (Panchromatic) 16.5 km (Nadir) 11 bit
2.44m 4 (B, G, R, NIR) 16.5 km (Nadir) 11 bit
IKONOS 0.82 m 1 (Panchromatic) 11.3 km (Nadir) 11 bit
3.2m 4 (B, G, R, NIR) 11.3 km (Nadir) 11 bit
FORMOSAT-2 2m 1 (Panchromatic) 24km 12 bit
8m Multispectral 24km 12 bit
ALOS (PRISM) 25m 1 (Panchromatic) 70 km (Nadir) 8 bit
ALOS (AVNIR) 10m 4 (B, G, R, NIR) 70 km (Nadir) 8 bit
CARTOSAT-1 2.5m 1 (Panchromatic) 55 km (Nadir) 10 bit
SPOT-5 2.5m/5m 1 (Panchromatic) 60 km-80 km 8 bit
(Nadir)
10m 4(G, R, NIR, 60 km-80 km 8 bit
(G,R,NIR), MIR) (Nadir)
20 m (MIR)
Wi.a Medium Resolution
| n
ASTER (VNIR) 15m 3 (G, R, NIR) 60 km 8 bit
ASTER (SWIR) 30 m 6 60 km 8 bit
ASTER (TIR) 90 m 5 60 km 8 bit
Landsat ETM+ 30 m 7 185 km 8 bit
Low Resolution
n
MODIS 250 m (1-2) 2330 km (cross 12 bit
500 m (3-7) track) by 10 km
1000 m (8-36) (along track ad
nadir)
Getting DEM
* DEM is generated by feature extraction from high
resolution stereo satellite imagery
¢ Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) has a
product of 90m DEM data sets for orthorectification
of satellite image data
¢ Other remote sensing techniques are also utilized to
get DEM, such as radar interferometry or LIDAR
* The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) uses
inSAR which measures Earth’s elevation with two
antennas. In only a couple days, SRTM has collected
one of the most accurate digital elevation models of
Earth.
¢ Light detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is an active
sensor that measures ground height. Using light from
an airplane or helicopter platform, it measures the
time it takes to bounce back to the sensor. From this,
you can create Digital Surface Models which is useful
in forestry
IFSAR
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR)
¢ Data to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM's). This

radar mapping technology is an effective tool for
collecting data under challenging circumstances such as
cloud cover, extreme weather conditions, rugged terrain,
and remote locations.
¢ This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic

aperture radar (SAR) images to generate maps of surface
deformation or digital elevation, using differences in
the phase of the waves returning to the satellite
EFA
Not seen with
standard stereo
STEREO TRISTEREO
IFSAR
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GIS Application:
* Groundwater
— Water quality mapping (interpolating)
— Search for groundwater
* Geohazard
— Landslide susceptibility mapping (rainfall or landslide induced)
— Flood susceptibility mapping (flood simulation)
¢ Regional geology mapping
— Landsat classification
¢ Fault line mapping
— Classification of SPOT images, Landsat images and the same
laaos
* Earthquake movement
— Interferometry uses satellite data to visualize earthquake
aatey'=Taatevae
— Satellite Imaging
Earth observation satellites
Are satellites specifically designed for Earth
observation from orbit, similar to spy satellites but
intended for non-military uses such as
environmental monitoring, meteorology, map
making etc.
Google Earth
RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging
is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to

determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be
used to detect aircraft, ships, soacecraft, guided missiles,
motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.
A radar system consists of a transmitter producing
electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a
transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same
antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver
and processor to determine properties of the object(s).
Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter
reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving
information about the object's location and speed
LIDAR
Light Detection and Ranging
¢ ls aremote sensing method that uses light in the form of a

pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the
Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data
recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three-
dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its
surface characteristics.
¢ A LIDAR instrument principally consists of a laser, a scanner,

and a specialized GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are
the most commonly used platforms for acquiring LIDAR data
over broad areas.
LIDAR
Light Detection and Ranging
Two types of LIDAR are topographic and bathymetric.

— Topographic LIDAR typically uses a near-infrared laser to
map the land, while;
— Bathymetric LIDAR uses water-penetrating green light to
also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations.
LIDAR systems allow scientists and mapping professionals to

examine both natural and manmade environments with
accuracy, precision, and flexibility.
— SONAR
Sound Navigation rere
Is helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean because sound
waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.
Active Sonar
— Active sonar transducers emit an acoustic signal or pulse of
sound into the water. If an object is in the path of the sound
pulse, the sound bounces off the object and returns an “echo”
to the sonar transducer. If the transducer is equipped with the
ability to receive signals, it measures the strength of the signal.
By determining the time between the emission of the sound
pulse and its reception, the transducer can determine the
range and orientation of the object.
— a
SONAR
Sound Navigation Tile areraite
Is helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean because sound
waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.
¢ Passive Sonar
— Passive sonar systems are used primarily to detect noise from
marine objects (such as submarines or ships) and marine
animals like whales. Unlike active sonar, passive sonar does not
emit its own signal, which is an advantage for military vessels
that do not want to be found or for scientific missions that
concentrate on quietly “listening” to the ocean. Rather, it only
detects sound waves coming towards it. Passive sonar cannot
measure the range of an object unless it is used in conjunction
with other passive listening devices. Multiple passive sonar
devices may allow for triangulation of a sound source.
Field ‘Techniques
oe
Geologist Starter Pack
Geologist Starter Pack
SS
large and small
cold chisels
: notebook and
pencil
magnifying lens
=>
>—
compass
Field Equipments
>» Hand Lens
» Anessential piece of equipment for the detailed

observation of all rock types and fossils
materials.
" Most have a lens with 10x magnification and
some contains both a 10X and a 15X or 20X.
> i a
alamy stock photo uae tices

Field Equipments
am eU Caselli
» Essential for most of geological fieldwork

# Used in breaking and collecting rock sample
» Used to expose fresh portion of outcrop
» In using hammer, safety must be put first. Step

on the sample and move your head away the
direction of hammer motion to avoid the
projectiles due to impact.
Field Equipments
Pst ee | » Field Notebook and Writing Materials
» Essential in taking down notes and sketching

outcrops for better understanding.
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Field Equipments
» Field Notebook and Writing Materials
# What to note?
Date
Weather
GPS Reading / Location
Facing Direction
A
horeCes
Sketch
Observations (Weathering, Attitudes,
Structures, Material Present, Sizes of grains
or materials, Remarks)
Pin point on your sketch where you get the
<
strike and dip or observable features.

Field Equipments
colour for vegetation
or to distinguish features onentation >» Field Notebook and
aetna Eee eS
minimal
labels
positioned
so they
are not
obscuring
the sketch
simple
omament
fo help shading to
define the show darke
unit coloured
layers
small
amount of
interpretation
use of
different
line weights
edge of sketch inset box to show position

clearly defined of higher resolution
skeiches or position
of photographs
Field Equipments
Distinguishing \
\__ foliations —_/ > Field Notebook and
aetna Eee eS
Are planes
spaced or » Determination of
penetrative? ALE
foliations
Penetratve Fonniat
lanes?
P ¥
Microfold Dissolution
Are matrix limbs seams
grains visible to
naked eye? - PRESSURES,
ef (CRENULATION\ eee )
\ SEE \ CLEAVAGE_/
Fractures
ff a Evidence
of
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ase ry aleemig
\ strain? / fDISJUNCTIVE5
r = ic
yi FOLIATION /
No
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(— SLATY
\ CLEAVAGE J
Field Equipments
» Field Notebook and Writing Materials
» Determination of foliations
Fabric Typical setting Formed by Clues in the field
Pressure solution Upper crust, outer zones Dissolution of soluble Dark/pale colour striping;
cleavage of mountain belts grains due to directed partially dissolved fossils,
stress clasts; stylolitic surfaces
Slaty cleavage Upper crust, outer zones Alignment of platy grains Fine fabric that rock cleaves
of mountain belts; by rotation, dissolution and along; typically associated
fine-grained rocks recrystallization during with folds
applied stress
Fracture cleavage Upper crust, outer zones Tensional failure under Spaced cracks in competent
of mountain belts; high fluid pressure* in rock type
competant rocks competent rock typas
Mylonitic foliation High strain faults and Extreme flattening and Strongly planar fabric; other
shear zones at all but stretching in narrow, high-strain features {see text
shallowest depths high-strain zones of for examples)
shearing
Schistosity Middle crust, inner Mineral alignment under Visible mineral grains;
zones of mountain belts; applied stress, during millimetre. to centimetre-scale
metamorphosed rocks metamorphic crystallization folia, rougher than slaty
cleavage
Crenulation Middle crust, inner Microfolding of a pre- Microfold hinges, crenulation

cleavage zones of mountain belts; existing planar fabric lineation (Section 8.3.5)
metamorphosed rocks {tectonic or sedimentary]
“Many of the mechanisms for cleavage formation (especially fracture cleavage) are a matter of debate.
Field Equipments
>» Compass-clinometer
» Used to measure
a. The orientation of geological planes and
lineations with respect to north.
b. Angle of dip of geological feature with
respect to the horizontal
# Can also use in conjunction with a topographic

map to accurately determine location
» There are two main types

¥Y Brunton — type
¢ More sensitive device because of the in-
built spirit levels and the graduation of
the scales in 1° rather than 2 °
increments
¥ Silva - types
Field Equipments
peep sight
PaO Le
long sight, clinometer
*%y
hinge clinometer
eo Se osNEIaive}a ema 4 el~
declination adjustment
screw
horizontal level
clinometer arm long edge magnetic needle

clinometer scale azimuth scale
— “ a
pin to lock magnetic

needle
peep
long sight — sight
sighting mirror window in compass window round level

mirror
(b)
Field Equipments
PaO Le
clinometer
SIME IaIco}Ameem ag el~
_ ——_ - : — ™lock for

adjuster for clinometer arm compass needle
(arrows show movement) (arrow shows movement)
Figure 2.3 Labelled photographs of the parts of two of the most commonly used types of compass-linometer.
These terms are referred to in the text and in other figures. {a]-[c) The Brunton-type compass<linometer: in this
case the Brunton Geo. Views: (a) side; (b) top; {c) bottom.
Field Equipments
>» Compass-clinometer
Siet Oh em Aig 91
1. Scales / Rulers
2. Direction of Travel
3. Orienting Arrow
4. Declination Scale
5. Dial with Degrees
(part of housing)
6. Index Line
7. Magnetic Needle
8. Orienting Lines
9. Rotating Housing
10. Base Plate
www.\WildernessCamping.com
Sampling
» Things to do:
= Know your sampling method

" Get the sample that has the bulk composition of the outcrop
= Geta fist size sample for petro, and crushed sample for geochemistry
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«= Name the sample properly
Sampling
Pem er ile) (ecm eam cae
Ce a
= A sample of about 10 cm thick x 5 cm x5 cmis usually sufficient for

producing one or more thin - sections provided the rock is not too coarse -
grained. If the rock is coarse - grained then a sample size that is
appropriate to the grain size should be taken. The sample needs to be
large enough to enable it to be clamped in the rock saw and care needs to
be taken with sample position and shape if it needs to be orientated. In
deformed rocks it is useful to cut two or even three thin - sections at right
angles to each other, so a slightly larger sample may be required.
Sampling
» Oriented Samples
e aCe u clam ce CMHC Ori tsabarss

ite tate MAC simate pela ce mice mc
usually recorded on the face
perpendicular to bedding with an
ETUC AMM M tecnica CM cone Ee
not clear this may also need to be
e-taene (Comoe aie tas Co imes mel
cut perpendicular to the bedding.
Se ey aw EAC Batre CR Cm eli na bars
oreo stim iar hmpatttem come ctu cel re ;
for cumulates, pyroclastic rocks,and |
igneous rocks containing fl ow em
features and vesicles. ae
eats sCMeR TNCs acy
rocks itis also often necessary to
record the top surface because of the
need to obtain thin -sections in a
particular orientation relative to the
structural fabric(s).
Sampling
Paar Cwm a ce ee hee
A 200 g sample is usually sufficient for a range of major and minor

element, trace element and isotopic analyses, except for very coarse -
grained or heterogeneous rocks, where about 1 kg may be required.
Particular care needs to be taken to ensure that the sample is fresh. This
might mean that weathered material needs to be removed first. If
possible it is better to remove the weathered material in the field to
ensure that what you take back is a fresh sample, and also because it is
easier to allow for the extent of the weathering in the field.
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pattern and hardness of the rock tend to change.
In addition some rocks contain minerals that are the product of

weathering (e.g. weathered mudstones often develop gypsum crystals).
Some caution may also need to be exercised if the sample is being
analysed for metal isotopes in order to avoid contamination from metal
chisels and hammers.
Sampling
» Samples for mineral extraction
The amount of sample that needs to be collected for mineral analysis

depends on the minerals to be extracted and the composition of the rock.
For heavy minerals such as zircon that are present only in low
abundance, 1 — 2 kg of rock may be required.
For volcanic glass and feldspars for « Ar—» Ar and K - Ar dating,

generally at least 1 kg of rock is required.
For pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks it is particularly important to

collect from the base of the bed as the coarser — grained minerals that are
more easily picked out will be most abundant there.
Sampling
» Samples for fossils
«= Samples for megafossil analysis:
«= Megafossil samples and their supporting rock material tend to be

large. They are best wrapped in paper. If they are fragile or the rock
needs to dry out slowly, wrap them in cling fi Im/plastic food wrap
and then paper. They commonly have commercial value and
este eer Oem N Mewie CeCe uC Cae ume we
them out of the locality or country where they were collected.
Important specimens should be donated to a museum after analysis
and their sample (or museum acquisition) number referred to in any
subsequent publication.
Sampling
» Samples for fossils
= Samples for microfossil analysis:
SWARM IEC ee Cee Cee MO th Cay

abundance of fossils within the sample.
erie heer ECC RU eC act Comer wena Cac ne
for nanofossils and diatoms a small 10 g sample is ample. For
palynology samples of 0.5 -1 kg are required.
= Samples for molecular fossils:
Very small samples are required for molecular fossils but the sample
needs to be large enough (2 —5 g) to avoid contamination.
The samples should be packaged in metal foil or glass or polythene
bags of known composition.
In addition care needs to be taken not to cross - contaminate samples
MAUR Cette mC ee R CSM Cte ean Clea
sample.
Sampling
Paar iil trem a mes 4c meekly
" Regional and low - resolution studies require samples that are
representative of the whole area. In addition samples should be collected
from units that need laboratory analysis because their composition is
enigmatic. It is difficult to generalize here though, as the sampling
strategy will need to be adapted according to the hypothesis being tested.
Collecting a sample from each of the main lithostratigraphic units is
erie meee MC Me emer CM IbOR ICICI RCC KU
instance a large igneous province) then take regularly spaced samples
that are spatially separated both horizontally and vertically, in addition to
other key features such as potential feeder dykes. Other samples that are
COM mUCune OBR ma eC eC Ree
igneous body, representative fossils, tectonic contacts, representative
samples from metamorphic zones and representative samples froma set
meh 2 Coe
Sampling
» High - resolution sample sets
« High - resolution sampling requires great 5

F
-
.
+
od = “-
care and patience. A logical means of =r
labelling the samples/sample positions will *s. .
emer se Cem A ate madi Cae 2 es

closely spaced samples are required it is best
to mark the exposure clearly first with a scale _—
and, if irregularly spaced samples are = ie
required, mark where the samples will be

elu ORM Co dole mec Tam iCai mer
photographed as a permanent record before
Page Cucn itemsCm etl
esc emhA re anitemelem sal x=
section can be done with a tile scribe, a
marker pen, paint or paper correction
Sampling
» Labeling
# On the sample bag or outside of the packing material itself

itis useful to record the following as appropriate:
* sample number;
* cross reference to field notebook page and/or date collected;
* location;
* whether or not the sample is orientated;
* rock type;
Meee Cremer lie) Coe
Area-Date-Sample Number
MNL-02032018-001(A)
Sampling
PsA Cel cece Comins
Topographic Map
Pep GA {Le ericmur lelder<tm Melero CeCe iMe i Cemeiteiiletelea C
representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a
variety of methods
Topographic Map
Pep GA {Le ericmur lelder<tm Melero CeCe iMe i Cemeiteiiletelea C
representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a
variety of methods
Gentle slope (widely «

spaced contours)
References
» Coe, A. (2010). Geological Field Techniques. 9600
Garsington Road, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell A John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
Lecture 11
Mining Laws and Environn
H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 2

Republic Act No. 7942 (The Philippine Mining
Act of 1995)

Article 12, Section 2 of Philippine Constitution. Declaration
of Policy.
= All mineral resources in public and private lands within
the territory and exclusive economic zone of the
Republic of the Philippines are owned by the State. It
shall be the responsibility of the State to promote
their rational exploration, development, utilization
and conservation through the combined efforts of
government and the private sector in order to
enhance national growth in a way that effectively
safeguards the environment and protect the rights of
affected communities.
= Also known as Regalian Doctrine
Some Important Definition of terms
"Ancestral lands" refers to all lands exclusively and actually possessed,
occupied, or utilized by indigenous cultural communities by
themselves or through their ancestors in accordance with their
customs and traditions since time immemorial, and as may be defined
and delineated by law.
"Block" or "meridional block" means an area bounded by one-half
(1/2) minute of latitude and one-half (1/2) minute of longitude,
containing approximately eightyone hectares (81 has).
"Bureau" means the Mines and Geosciences Bureau under the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
"Contract area" means land or body of water delineated for purposes
of exploration, development, or utilization of the minerals found
therein.
"Department" means the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources.

= "Environmental compliance certificate (ECC)" refers to the
document issued by the government agency concerned certifying
that the project under consideration will not bring about an
unacceptable environmental impact and that the proponent has
complied with the requirements of the environmental impact
statement system.
=" "Environmental impact statement (EIS)" is the document which
aims to identify, predict, interpret, and communicate information
regarding changes in environmental quality associated with a
proposed project and which examines the range of alternatives for
the objectives of the proposal and their impact on the environment.
= "Exclusive economic zone" means the water, sea bottom and
subsurface measured from the baseline of the Philippine
archipelago up to two hundred nautical miles (200 n.m.) offshore.

= "Force majeure" means acts or circumstances beyond the reasonable
control of contractor including, but not limited to, war, rebellion,
insurrection, riots, civil disturbance, blockade, sabotage, embargo,
strike, lockout, any dispute with surface owners and other labor
disputes, epidemic, earthquake, storm, flood or other adverse weather
conditions, explosion, fire, adverse action by government or by any
instrumentality or subdivision thereof, act of God or any public enemy
and any cause that herein describe over which the affected party has
no reasonable control.
“Foreign-owned corporation" means any corporation, partnerships,
association, or cooperative duly registered in accordance with law in
which less than fifty per centum (50%) of the capital is owned by
Filipino citizens.
"Government" means the government of the Republic of the
Philippines.

s "Indigenous cultural community’ means a group or tribe
or indigenous Filipinos who have continuously lived as
communities on communally-bounded and defined land
since time immemorial and have succeeded in preserving,
maintaining, and sharing common bonds of languages,
customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits,
and as may be defined and delineated by law.
"Minerals" refers to all naturally occurring inorganic
substance in solid, gas, liquid, or any intermediate state
excluding energy materials such as coal, petroleum, natural
gas, radioactive materials, and geothermal energy.

" "Private land" refers to any land belonging to any private
person which includes alienable and disposable land being
claimed by a holder, claimant, or occupant who has already
acquired a vested right thereto under the law, although the
corresponding certificate or evidence of title or patent has
not been actually issued.
"Public land" refers to lands of the public domain which
have been classified as agricultural lands and subject to
management and disposition or concession under existing
laws.
"Quarrying" means the process of extracting, removing
and disposing quarry resources found on or underneath
the surface of private or public land.
Land Classification
Forest Land — In the beginning, all land are part of public
domain and fall under this classification by default.
Agricultural Land — Can be acquired thru congress
Mineral Land — Can be acquired by acquiring mineral/
mining permit
National Park — Can be acquired thru congress by “law”
*If the person has been living in the forest land for 30 years and
continuously, they can request a patent for them to own the forest
land
*Only Agricultural land is alienable and disposable

Mineral Reservations — Section 5
=" When the national interest so requires, such as when there is a
need to preserve strategic raw materials for industries critical
to national development, or certain minerals for scientific,
cultural or ecological value, the President may establish
mineral reservations upon the recommendation of the Director
through the Secretary.
Mining operations in existing mineral reservations and such
other reservations as may thereafter be established, shall be
undertaken by the Department or through a_ contractor:
Provided, That a small scale-mining cooperative covered by
Republic Act No. 7076 shall be given preferential right to apply
for a small-scale mining agreement for a maximum aggregate
area of twenty-five percent (25%) of such mineral reservation,
subject to valid existing mining/quarrying rights as provided
under Section 112 Chapter XX hereof.
Mineral Reservations — Section 5
# All submerged lands within the contiguous zone
and in the 9 exclusive economic zone of the
Philippines are hereby declared to be mineral
reservations
= 6 out of 10 mineral reservations were declared by
the national government based on results of the
then Bureau of Mines’s in-house exploration
program.

Mineral Reservations - Section 5
» Surigao Laterite Mineral Reservation,
» Zambales Chromite Mineral Reservation,
» Siruma White Clay Mineral Reservation,
> Offshore Mineral Reservation,
» Samar Bauxite Mineral Reservation
» \locos Norte Feldspar Mineral Reservation
» Zamboanga Mineral Reservation in 1987,
> Biak-Na-Bato Mineral Reservation in 1989,
>» The lahar-affected rivers and embankment areas in the
provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales in 1999 and the
>» Davao Mineral Reservation in 2002.

Qualified Person: Any citizen of the Philippines w/
Capacity to contract, or a corporation partnership,
association, or cooperative organized or authorized for
the purpose of engaging in mining, with technical and
financial capacity to undertaken mineral resources
development and duly registered in accordance with
law at least 60% of the capital of w/c is owned by
citizen of the Philippines; Provided, that a legally
organized foreign-owned corp. shall be deemed a
qualified person for purposes of granting an exploration
permit, FTAA or MP permit

Republic Act No. 7942 (The Philippi
Act of 1995)
Exploration Permit
* An exploration permit grants the right to conduct
exploration for all minerals in specified areas. The
Bureau shall have the authority to grant an
exploration permit to a qualified person

Exploration Permit
The term of this Permit shall be for a period of two (2) years from date of issuance
thereof, renewable for like periods but not to exceed a total term of six (6) years for
non-metallic mineral exploration or eight (8) years for metallic mineral exploration:
Provided, That no renewal of this Permit shall be allowed unless the Permittee has
complied with the terms and conditions thereof and has not been found guilty of
violation of any provision of the Mining Act and its Implementing Rules and Regulations:
Provided, further, That in case of failure to file the declaration of mining project
feasibility during the total term of four (4) years of this Permit for non-metallic minerals
or six (6} years of the same Permit for metallic minerals, the Permittee may apply for
further renewal of the Permit, which may be granted by the Secretary for another term
of two (2) years for the very purpose of preparing or completing the feasibility studies,
and filing of the declaration of mining project feasibility and the pertinent Mineral
Agreement or Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA) application. The
complete and final exploration report shall be required in this renewal of the Permit:
Provided, furthermore, That in case the Permit expires prior to the approval of the
declaration of mining project feasibility and/or filing of the Mineral Agreement or FTAA
application, the said Permit shall be deemed automatically extended until such time
that the Mineral Agreement or FTAA application is approved;
Republic Act No. 7942 (The Philifpine y
Act of 1995)
Exploration Permit
¢ Covered Area
Onshore (One Province) Onshore (Entire OffShore (Beyond 500m
Philippines) from low tide)
Individual | Partnership | Individual | Partnership | Individual | Partnership

Corp, Coop, Corp, Coop, Corp, Coop,
ASSC ASSC ASSC
20 Blocks 200 Blocks 40 Blocks 400 Blocks | 100 Blocks 1,000

Blocks

Exploration Permit
¢ The Permittee shall annually relinquish at least 20% of
the Permit Area during the first two (2) years of
exploration and at least 10% of the remaining Permit
Area annually during the renewed Exploration Period.
However, if the Permit Area is less than five thousand
(5,000) hectares, the Permittee need not relinquish any
part thereof.

Exploration Permit
¢ Withdrawal or Termination
— Exploration permit may be transferred or assigned
to a qualified person subject to the approval of the
Secretary upon the recommendation if the Director
¢ Rights and Obligations
— His heirs or successors-in-interest, the right to enter,
occupy and explore the area
¢ Guarantor/ Remarks
— After the exploration, the permitee can apply for
Mineral Agreement and FTTA under certain
qualifications.

Areas Close to Mining
¢ (a) In military and other government reservations,
except upon prior written clearance by the government
agency concerned;
(ob) Near or under public or private buildings,
cemeteries, archeological and historic sites, bridges,
highways, waterways, railroads, reservoirs, dams or
other infrastructure projects, public or private works
including plantations or valuable crops, except upon
written consent of the government agency or private
entity concerned;
¢ (c) In areas covered by valid and existing mining rights;

Areas Close to Mining
{d) In areas expressly prohibited by law;
{e) In areas covered by small-scale miners as defined by law
unless with prior consent of the small-scale miners, in which
case a royalty payment upon the utilization of minerals shall be
agreed upon by the parties, said royalty forming a trust fund for
the socioeconomic development of the community concerned;
and
(f) Old growth or virgin forests, proclaimed watershed forest
reserves, wilderness area, mangrove forests, mossy forests,
national parks, provincial/municipal forests, parks, greenbelts,
game refuge and bird sanctuaries as defined by law and in areas
expressly prohibited under the National Integrated Protected
Area System (NIPAS) under Republic Act No. 7586, Department
Administrative Order No. 25, series of 1992 and other laws.
Mineral Agreement
¢ Exclusive for Filipino-owned Mining Companies
¢ For purposes of mining operations, a mineral agreement may take the following
forms as herein defined:
L] Mineral production sharing agreement - is an agreement where the
Government grants to the contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining
operations within a contract area and shares in the gross output. The
contractor shall provide the financing, technology, management and
personnel necessary for the implementation of this agreement.
L] Co-production agreement - is an agreement between the Government and
the contractor wherein the Government shall provide inputs to the mining
operations other than the mineral resource.
L] Joint-venture agreement - is an agreement where a joint-venture company is
organized by the Government and the contractor with both parties having
equity 15 shares. Aside from earnings in equity, the Government shall be
entitled to a share in the gross output.
H.D.A. Reyes | Correlatior

Mineral Agreement
* Term of 25 years and can be renewed for another 25 years
* upon renewal, ownership can be taken by the government or still the
contractor (highest bidder)
Onshore (One Province) Onshore (Entire OffShore (Entire

Philippines) Philippines)
Individual Partnership Individual | Partnership | Individual | Partnership

Corp, Coop, Corp, Coop, Corp, Coop,
Assc ASssc Assc
10 Blocks 100 Blocks 20 Blocks 200 Blocks 50 Blocks 500 Blocks
Off Shore (Entire Philippines): For exclusive economic zone, a large area to be determined by
the Secretary.

Mineral Agreement
— The contractor may apply for cancellation of the
agreement due to cause w/c, in the opinion of the
contractor; make continued mining operations no longer
feasible or viable. Provided that, the contractor has met
all its financial fiscal and legal obligations
— Can be transferred or assigned prior to the approval of
the Secretary.
— Filed to region of the area (For mineral reservation — be
filed to the Bureau)
— Secretary - Approve.

FTAA - Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement
¢ Applicable for foreign-owned mining companies
¢ Term of 25 years and renewable for another 25 years
¢ Minimum capital of USS 50 million
¢ Not applicable to cement raw materials, marble, granite,
sand and gravel, and construction aggregates
Onshore Offshore Combination of

Onshore and Offshore
1,000 meridional blocks | 4,000 meridional blocks Must not exceed the
maximum limits for
onshore and offshore

nathan ecient
FTAA - Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement

— The contractor shall manifest in writing to the
Sec. his intention to withdraw from the
agreement, if in his judgement the mining
project is no longer economically feasible.
— Department to President
— Can be converted to Mineral Agreement.
— Can be transferred in whole or part.

Republic Act No. 7942 (The Phil
Act of 1995)
-5 years Minimum of 5 has Can be cancelled -Upon Provincial

Provided, That in large- by the provincial cancellation Governor
Renewabl scale quarry operation governor for of permit, the
e to d involving cement raw violation of the holder must
period material s, marble, provisions of this be heard in
not granite, sand and gravel, Act or its an
exceedin and construction implementing investigation
g to total aggregates, a qualified rules and conducted on
of 25 person and government regulations or purpose.
years may enter into a mineral the terms and
agreement as defined condition of said
herein. permit.
Republic Act No. 7942 (The Phil at
Act of 1995)
Not more Provincial

than 5 has. Governor
| -5 years More Than 5 Bureau
-Renewable to has.
a period not
exceeding to
total of 25
years
Provincial
Governor
Republic Act No. 7942 (The Phil * 7
Act of 1995)
Not more than 2 has. Provincial

(Use for constructing Governor
buildings or
infrastructure for
public purposes)
Provincial
Governor
Provincial
Governor
MINERAL PROCESSING PERMITS
A 5-year Term, renewable for like periods, up to a maximum
of 25 years;
Allows both local and 100% foreign-owned corporations;
Requirement to submit adequate ore supply contract to justify
the establishment of the processing plant;
Can be granted for cement plants, smelting and refining;
beneficiation plants; marble cutting and processing plants,
and others of similar nature;
Issued by the Secretary for projects with cost of more than
PhP 500 Million, by the MGB Director for projects with cost of
more than PhP 200 Million but less than PhP 500 Million, and
by the MGB Regional Director for projects with cost of PhP
200 Million or lesser.

Republic Act No. 7942 (The Philippi
Act of 1995)
Taxes
= National Government
= Income Tax= 35 %of Taxable Income;
=" Excise Tax= 4% of actual value of minerals extracted:
=" Royalties, if extracted from government Mineral
Reservation = 5% of market value

a ‘ ;
Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) System

* Project proponent of environmentally critical
projects and projects within environmentally critical
areas must obtain an environmental compliance
certificate prior to commencement
* Environmental Management Bureau as lead agency

¢ Environmental Impact Assessment
— All mining projects considered environmentally critical;
— Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and to secure the
necessary Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB); and
— Activities during the exploration period exempted from the EIA/ECC
requirement.
¢ Environmental Work Program

— In lieu of the ECC during the exploration period;
— Program to address environmental impact; and
— Defines financial commitment to be included in the annual exploration
budget.

¢ Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program
(EPEP)
— Provides specific annual plans, programs and activities to institute
environmental protection measures and/or rehabilitate mining-
affected areas, during development and production stages; and
— Gives support in attaining the objectives of the Environmental
Clearance Cerrtificate granted.
¢ Final Mine Rehabilitation/Decommissioning Plan

— Provides activities to achieve mine closure, i.e., decommissioning,
rehabilitation, residual care, etc.
— Establishment of a Fund to be deposited during early years of the
mine life.

DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2008- 20
— This Order shall cover the guidelines for the filing, processing and
issuance of Mineral Ore Export Permit (MOEP) for the
transport/shipment outside the Philippines of all mineral ore(s),
including tailings; by permit holders and other mining rights holders,
including small scale mining permits.
— The exportation of processed minerals, including gold bullions, by
permit holders and other mining right holders, including those within
the special economic zones, shall continue to be in accordance with
existing guidelines and not covered by this Order.

DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2008- 20
— Every transport/shipment outside the Philippines of mineral ore(s),

including tailings by permit holders and other mining rights holders,
including small scale mining permits, must be accompanied by the
MOEP issued by the Secretary and the proof of payment of the
required excise tax.
— Any transport/shipment outside the Philippines of mineral ore(s),
including tailings, without a validly issued OTP and MOEP shall be
considered prima facie evidence of illegal mining and shall cause the
seizure/confiscation of the mineral ore(s)/tailings, along with the
tools, equipment and conveyances used in the transport/shipment of
the said materials, and shall serve as sufficient ground for the
cancellation of the permit/contract/accreditation/lease agreement.

Qualified Miners
° Filipino citizens who, individually or in the company
of other Filipino citizen, voluntarily from a
cooperative duly licensed by the DENR to engage,
under the terms and condition of a contract, in the
extraction or removal of minerals or ore-bearing
materials from the ground.
¢ Acontractor must be an individual or cooperative of
small-scale miners, registered with the SEC
(Securities and Exchange Commission) or other
appropriate government w/ the State for the small-
scale utilization of a plot of mineral land w/in a
people’s small-scale mining area.

Republic Act No. 7076 (People’stSimi
Mining Act of 1991)
Mining Plans
—-A 2. years program of activities and
methodologies employed in the extraction and
production of minerals or ore-bearing materials,
including financial plan and other resources in
support thereof.

People’s Small- -2 years According to Mineral Resource Development Decree of 1974 (Presidential
scale Mining -Renewable Decree No. 463), but in no case shall the area exceed 20 has. per
Contract subject to contractor and the department ar length of the tunnel or adit not
verification by the exceeding that recommended by the director taking into account the
Boards for like following circumstances:
periods as long as a. Size of membership and capitalization of the cooperative
the contractor b. Size of mineralized area
complies with the c. Quantity of the mineral deposits
provisions set d. Safety of miners
forth in the Act, e. Environmental impact and other considerations
and confers upon f. Other related circumstances
the contractor the
right to mine
within the
contract area.

, Sm: .
| I-scale
a
<i ¢
est at
| \
rs
>Nancompliance with the terms and Bureau

conditions of the contractor violating
the rules and regulations issued by
the Secretary pursuant to this Act,
>as well as abandonment of the
mining site by the contractor
>In addition, a fine of not less than
P20,000 and not more than P100,000
>The Secretary, upon

recommendation of the director, shall
withdraw the status of the people’s
small-scale mining area when it can
no longer feasibly operated on a
small-scale mining basis or when the
safety, health and environment
conditions warrant that the same
shall revert to the State for proper
disposition.
Other Laws Related to Geology and Mining

Ra Ea ‘i
f a_i @ mam a4 *) 0 ay a my £ ! ' :
= Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997; (IPRA) RA 8371

= Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 ;Republic Act No. 8749
= Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004; Republic Act (R.A.)
No. 9275
= Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000; Republic
Act (RA) 9003
= Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes
Control Act of 1990; Republic Act No. 6969
= Pollution Control Law; Republic Act No. 3931
= National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of
1992; Republic Act 7586
Geology Profession Law of the Philippines; Republic Act
No. 4209
Geology Profession Act of 2012; Republic Act No. 10166
“No Go Zone”; Executive Order No. 79
Renewable Energy Act of 2008; Republic Act No. 9513
The Coal Development Act of 1976.; Presidential Decree
No. 972
The Oil Exploration And Development Act Of 1972;
Presidential Decree No. 87

Republic of the Philippines (1995). Republic Act No. 7942: AN ACT INSTITUTING A NEW
SYSTEM OF MINERAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT,
UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION or The Philippine Mining Act of 1995.
Metro Manila, Philippines
Tumonong, M.M.L. and Manipon C.J.C.. Mineral Reservations of the Philippines:
Overlooked Resources for Development. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE
PHILIPPINES, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
httos://www.geolsocphil.org/geocon_abstracts/geocon2004_ 15.htm
htto://www.megb.gov.ph/images/stories/RA 7942.pdf
http://mgb.gov.ph/attachments/article/79/PFC_EP.pdf
https://www.syciplaw.com/Documents/Client%20Alert%2020130226.
pdf
http://www.mgb.gov.ph/images/stories/DAO_2008-20.pdf
httos://www.lawphil.net

Board of Geology
Code of Ethics for Geologists in the Philippines
Pursuant to Section 3 of Republic Act No. 4209 known as Geology Profession Law of the Philippines
and Section 6 of P.D. No. 223, this Code of Ethics for Geologists in the Philippines is hereby adopted by the
Board of Geology as part of the Rules and Regulations governing the practice of
Geology.
Article |
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The practice of geology is a noble profession and the privilege of professional practice
requires the high degree of morality, technical knowledge and personal responsibility.
Section 2. Honesty, integrity, loyalty, fairness, impartially, candor and fidelity shall be ingrained in the
practice of every Geologist.
Section 3. The Geologist shall be guided by the highest ethical principles in the discharge of his duties.
Article Il
RELATION OF GEOLOGIST
TO THE COMMUNITY
Section 1. A Geologist shall avoid and discourage sensational, exaggerated and unwarranted
statements. When called upon to give evidence or otherwise to speak on matters of fact, a Geologist shall state
only what he knows to be the facts.
Section 2. A Geologist, who finds that his obligations to his employer are in conflict with his professional
obligations or ethics, shall immediately give to his employer written notice to terminate his employment, unless
the conflict is resolved.
Section 3. A Geologist, having or expecting to have any beneficial interest in a property which he
reports on, must state in his report the existence of such interest or expected interest.
Section 4. A Geologist shall not give a professional opinion or make a report without being as
thoroughly informed as might reasonably be expected, considering the purpose for which the opinion
or report is requested. The degree of completeness of information upon which it is based shall be clearly stated.
Section 5. A Geologist shall not express any professional opinion, which reflects on the ability or
integrity of any person or organization, unless his responsibility to the profession and the community requires
him to do so.
Section 6. A Geologist may publish simple business, professional or announcement cards but shall
not include therein, or advertise separately his work or accomplishments.
Section 7. A Geologist shall not issue any false statement or false information.
Section 8. The public responsibility of the Geologist shall be paramount at all times. He shall maintain
due regard for the welfare, safety and health of whoever may be affected by his work.
Article Ill
TO EMPLOYER AND CLIENT
Section 1. A Geologist shall protect the interest of his employer or client, with due regard to public
welfare and his professional honor.
Section 2. A Geologist, who finds that his obligations to his employer are in conflict with his professional
obligations or ethics, shall immediately give to his employer written notice to terminate his employment, unless
the conflict is resolved.
Section 3. A Geologist shall disclose to his prospective employer or client the existence of any mineral
or other interest which he holds, either directly or indirectly, which has any bearing to his employment.
Section 4. A Geologist shall not use, directly or indirectly, any confidential information derived from his
employer or client.
Section 5. A Geologist shall not accept, without his client's written consent, engagement by another,
whenever the interests of the latter shall in any manner conflict with those of his client.
Section 6. A Geologist, who has made an investigation for any employer or client, shall not profit or
attempt to profit from the information gained, unless written permission to do so is granted, or there is no
conflict of interest with his employer or client.
Section 7. A Geologist shall not divulge information given him in confidence and shall not seek to profit
there from.
Section 8. A Geologist shall advise his employer or client to engage the services of other experts and
specialist whenever the latter's interest will be best served by such engagement.
Section 9. A Geologist shall not accept any fee for referring a client or employer to an expert or for
recommending geological services other than his own.
Section 10. A Geologist shall faithfully protect the interests of his client or employer in the preparation of
contract documents, supervision of work, preparation of plans, reports and specifications, and the like. In the
interpretation of contract documents; he shall maintain impartiality
between his clients or employer and the contractor.
Section 11. A Geologist shall avoid placing himself under any obligation to any person or organization
to any person or organization who deals with his employer or client. He shall not accept any favor from such
person or organization.
Article IV
TO CO-PROFESSIONALS
Section 1. A Geologist shall not falsely or maliciously injure the reputation or business of another.
Section 2. A Geologist shall give credit for work done by others and shall refrain from plagiarism in oral
and written communications and shall not accept credit rightfully due another.
Section 3. A Geologist shall not use the advantage of a former or present status or position to compete
unfairly with Geologist in private practice, nor use unfairly the advantages of private practice to the detriment of
salaried Geologists.
Section 4. A Geologist shall endeavor to cooperate with other Geologist and shall encourage the ethical
dissemination of geological knowledge.
Section 5. A Geologist, having knowledge of the unethical practice of another Geologist, shall avoid
professional association with the latter.
Section 6. A Geologist shall not injure directly or indirectly, the reputation, prospects or business of
another Geologist. However, whenever he considers a Geologists to be engaged in unethical, illegal or unfair
practice, it is his duty to present his views and the relevant information to the Board of Geology and the
Professional Regulation Commission.
Section 7. A Geologist, especially if he is in a position of authority, shall afford to those under his
direction every reasonable opportunity to advance their knowledge and experience.
Section 8. A Geologist shall give proper credit to any associate, subordinate or employer, who has
contributed to the work for which he is responsible.
Section 9. A Geologist shall not describe himself, or permit himself to be described, as consultant
prominence and is able to act as an independent and unbiased adviser.
EFFECTIVITY
This Code of Ethics shall take effect upon approval hereof by the Commission and after fifteen (15)
days following its publication in the Official Gazette.
8. No, 2941
H. No. 5640
Republic of the Philippines
Congress of the Philippines

Metra Manila
Mitteenth Congress
Second Regular Session
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-fifth

day of July, two thousand eleven.
[RepusticAcrNo. 10166]
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF GEOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC
ACT NUMBERED FOUR THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED NINE
(R. A. NO. 4209), OTHERWISE KNOWN AS “GEOLOGY
PROFESSION ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES” AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:
ARTICLE I
TITLE, STATEMENT OF POLICY, DEFINITION
OF TERMS AND SCoPE OF PRACTICE
SECTION 1. Title. -— This Act shall be known as the

“Geology Profession Act of 2012”.
SEC. 2, Statement of Policy. —- It is hereby declared the
policy of the State to supervise and regulate the practice of
geology which is vital to national development; upgrade geology
education and the quality of geologists whose standards of
professional practice shall be excellent, world-class and globally
competitive through regulatory measures, programs and
activities. :
SEC. 8. Objectives. — This Act shall govern, but shall

‘not be limited to, the following:
(a) the examination, registration and licensure of geology

profession;
(b} the supervision, control and regulation of the practice

of geology:
(c) the development of the professional competence of

geologists through continuing professional education; and
(d) the integration of the geology profession.
SEC. 4, Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the

following terms shall mean as follows:
(a} Practice of Geology shall mean the offering or

rendering of services of any of the specialized branches of
geology for a fee, reward or compensation, paid to him/her or
through another person or persons, or even without such
reward or compensation.
(b) Board shall mean the Board of Geology.
(c) Accredited Professional Organization (APO) shall

mean the professional organization duly accredited by the
Professional Regulatory Board of Geologists. and the
Professional Regulation Commission.
(d) Continuing Professional Education (CPE) stall mean

the inculcation, assimilation and acquisition of knowledge,
skills, proficiency and ethical and moral values, after the
initial registration of a professional that raise and enhance the
professional’s technical skills and competence.
SEC. 5. Scope of Practice. - A person shall be deemed
to be practicing geology or rendering geological service in
government, industry and the academe when he/she undertakes
geological work for a fee, salary or remuneration. The scope
of practice of a geologist shall include, but not be hmited to,
the following:
(a) General geological survey or mapping, whether onshore

or offshore, to identify different types of rocks, geologic
structures, metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits and/or
energy resources such as petroleum, gas, coal, geothermal
systems as well as groundwater resources;
(b) Exploration for metallic and non-metallic mineral

resources outside active mining areas and/or mine exploration
to locate extensions or mineral deposits inside mine operating
areas:
(ec) Geological exploration for energy resources like

petroleum, gas and coal, nuclear minerals and/or geothermal
resources;
(d) Study of geohazards due to faulting, voleanism, ground

subsidence, groundwater pollution, weathering and erosion;
their characteristics, and impact on housing and infrastructure
projects and the environment;
fe) Hydrogeological studies which include search for

underground water resources, and determining their
characteristics, location, depth and volume, including
groundwater vulnerability assessment;
(f) Investigation and study of the physical and geo-

mechanical characteristics of rocks and soils;
(g) Gathering, processing and evaluation of geologic data

for environmental assessment and management, including
conservation and biodiversity projects;
th) Data processing, petrology, mineragraphy and

laboratory studies that require geological knowledge essential
in data interpretation and in the preparation of geological
report;
G) Preparation of geological reports in accordance with
best practices and applicable laws and regulations;
G) Teaching of geological courses in any academe

program leading to a professional degree, including refresher
and review courses; and
(k) Other geologic work or service which} in the

assessment and opinion of the Board, constitutes the practice
of geology.
The Board, subject to approval by the Commission, may

add to or exclude any act as the need arises after consultation
with the APO and the academe.
ARTICLE II
CREATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY

BOARD OF GEOLOGY
SEC. 6. Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board

of Geology. — There is hereby created a Professional Regulatory
Board of Geology, hereinafter referred to as the Board, under
the administrative control and supervision of the Professional
Regulation Commission, hereinafter referred tg as the
Commission, composed of a chairman and two (2) members
to be appointed by the President of the Philippines from
among those recommended by the Commission from the
nominees of the duly APO ef geologists. The new Board shall
be constituted not later than six (6) months from the effectivity
of this Act,
SEC, 7. Powers and Duties of the Board. — The Board

shall have the following powers and duties:
fa) To supervise and regulate the practice of geology

profession; i
(b) To determine and evaluate the qualifications of the

applicants for registration;
{c) To prescribe the subjects in the licensure

examinations, determine the syllabi of the subjects and their
5
relative weights, construct the test questions in the

examinations, score and rate the examination papers, and
submit the examination results to the Commission;
(d) To issue, together with the Commission, certificates

of registration and professional identification cards to
applicants who have passed the licensure examinations for
professional geologists;
{e) To issue temporary/special permits to foreign geologists

to practice the profession;
(f) To inquire into conditions affecting the practice of the

profession and adopt measures for the enhancement and
maintenance of high professional, ethical and technical
standards. Pursuant thereto, the Board may inspect
establishments where geologists practice their profession such
as mines, plants, offices and the like in order to determine
and enforce compliance with the provisions of this Act and
issue Certificates of Compliance for the purpose;
(g) In coordination with the Commission on Higher

Education (CHED), inspect the facilities, faculty, equipment
and other aspects directly related to the geology program of
educational institutions;
(h) To adopt the implementing rules and regulations

(IRR) necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Act;
@) To adopt a Code of Ethics and a Code of Professional

and Technical Standards for the practice of geology profession;
Gj) To investigate, in accordance with the rules on

administrative investigation promulgated by the Commission,
violations of this Act and its IRR, the Code of Ethics and the
Code of Professional and Technical Standards for Geologists,
administrative policies, orders and issuances promulgated by
the Board;
(k) To issue subpoena duces tecum to secure the

attendance of witness or the production of documents in
connection with administrative cases before the Board;
@ To hear and decide administrative cases.filed_ against
geologists and firms employing the same. The hearing shall
be presided by the chairman or a member of the Board with
the assistance of an attorney of the Commission. The decision
of the Board may be appealed to the Commission and to the
court within fifteen (15) days from notice, otherwise the
decision shall become final and executory;
(m) To administer oaths in connection with the

performance of its functions;
(n) To adopt an official seal and prescribe the seal of

the geology profession;
(0) To submit an annual report on the proceedings and

accomplishments during the year and/or recommendations of
the Board to the Commission thirty (80) days after the close
of each calendar year;
(p) To prosecute or institute criminal action against any

violator of this Act and/or rules and regulations of the Board;
(q) To preseribe guidelines and criteria on the CPE

program for geclogy in consultation with the integrated and
APO of geologists; and
(r) To perform regulatory, administrative and quasi-

legislative functions as mandated under Republic Act No. 8981,
otherwise known as the PRC Medernization Act, and such
other functions as may be necessary in order to implement
the provisions of this Act.
SEG. 8. Qualifications of the Chairman and Members of

the Board, — The chairman and members of the Beard, at
the time of the appointment, shall be:
(a) A natural born citizen and resident of the Philippines;
(b) A holder of at least a bachelor’s degree in geology as

conferred by a university cr school of good standing, recognized
and accredited by the government;
{c) A registered geologist with a valid certificate of
registration and professional identification card and an active
practitioner for not less than ten (10) continuous years prior
to his/her appointment;
(d) A person who does not have any pecuniary interest,

directly or indirectly, in any university, college, school or
institution conferring an academic degree necessary for the
admission to the practice of geology, or institutions where
review classes in preparation for the licensure examinations
for geologists are being officially offered or conducted; nor shall
he/she be a member of the faculty or of the administration
thereof prior to appointment to the Board; and
(ec) A member of the APO of geology but not a trustee

or officer thereof.
SEC. 9. Terms of Office. - The chairman and every

member of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3)
years or until their successors shall have been duly appointed.
They may be reappointed for ancther term of three (8) years
immediately after the expiry of their term but in no case shall
the whole term exceed six (6) years. Interim vacancies shall
be filled for the unexpired portion of the term only.
The chairman and members shall qualify by taking the

proper oaths prior to assumption of office.
SEC. 10. Compensation of the Board. ~ The chairman

and members of the Board shall receive compensation and
allowances comparable to that being received by the chairman
and members of other professional regulatory boards under the
Commigsion as provided for in the General Appropriations Act.
SEC. 11. Custodian of Records, Secretariat and Support.

~ All records of the Board, including applications for
examinations, examination papers and results, minutes of
meetings, deliberations of administrative and other investigative
cases involving the Board shall be kept by the Commission.
The Commission shall designate the Secretary of the Board
and shall provide secretariat and other support services to
implement the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 12. Grounds for Suspension or Removal of Board
Chairman/Members. - The President, upon the
recommendation of the Commission after due process and
administrative investigation conducted by the Commission, may
remove or suspend a chairman or member of the Board on
any of the following grounds:
(a) gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the

discharge of their duty;
(b) violation of any of the causes/grounds and the

prohibited acts provided in this Act and the offenses in the
Revised Penal Code, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices, and
other lawe; or
(c) manipulation or rigging of the results of the geology

licensure examination, disclosure of secret and confidential
information on the examination questions prior to the conduct
thereof, or tampering of grades.
SEC. 18, Annual Report. - The Board shall submit an

annual report to the Commission after the close of each fiscal
year giving detailed account of Board proceedings during the
year and embodying such recommendations as the Board may
desire to make.
ARTICLE III
LICENSURE EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
SEC. 14. Passing of Licensure Examination Requirement.

— Except as otherwise specifically allowed under this Act,
applicants for registration for the practice of geology shall be
required to pass a licensure examination as provided for in
this Act.
SEC. 15. Holding of Examination, — Examination of

candidates applying for registration as geologist shall be given
at least once a year in such places and dates as the
Commission may designate in accordance with the provisions
of Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the PRC
Modernization Act.
9
SEC. 16. Scope of Examination. - In the licensure

examination for geologist, the scope of examinations, methods
and procedures shall be prescribed by the Board. The licensure
examination shall cover, but shali not be limited to, the
folowing subjects:
(a) General Geology;
(b) Petrology and Mineralogy; and
(c} Applied Geology.
The Board, subject to approval by the Commission, may

revise or exclude any of the subjects and their syllabi, and
add new ones as the need arises to conform to technological
changes brought about by continuing trends in the profession:
Provided, That a detailed syllabi of the above examinations
covering the whole aspects of the geology profession and
practice shall be prepared by the Board.
SEC. 17. Qualifications for Examinations. - The

qualifications required for applicants to the licensure
examination for geology are the following:
(a) He/She is a citizen of the Philippines or a foreign

citizen whose country has reciprocity agreement with the
Philippines;
(b) A graduate of a school, institute, college or university

recognized by the government and has been conferred the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology, Bachelor of Science
in Geological Engineering, Master of Science in Geology, or
their equivalent degrees;
(c) Has good moral character; and
(d) Has not been convicted by a court of competent

jurisdiction of an offense involving moral turpitude.
SEC. 18, Examination Fees. — Any applicant admitted to

take the geology licensure examination shall pay such fees as
may be prescribed by the Commission before he/she is allowed
to take the examination.
10
SEC. 19. Rating in the Licensure Examination. —'To pass

the censure examination for geology, a candidate must obtain
a general weighted average of no less than seventy per centum
(70%) and a rating of no less than fifty per centum (50%) in
any examination subject.
SEC. 20. Report of Ratings. — The Board shall complete

the correction of examination papers within three (3) days from
the last day of examinations. The Commission shall report the
rating of examinees not. more than ten (10) days after the
Board has completed the correction of examination papers.
SEC. 21. Issuance of Certificates of Registration and

Professional Identification Card. — A certificate of registration
shall be issued to those who are registered with or without
licensure examination subject to payment of fees prescribed by
the Commission. It shall bear the signatures of the Chairperson
of the Commission and of the chairman and members of the
Board, stamped with the official seal of the Commission and
of the Board, certifying that the person named therein is
entitled to the practice of the profession with all the privileges
appurtenant thereto, Until withdrawn, revoked or suspended
in accordance with this Act, it shail remain in full force and
effect.
A professional identification card bearing the registration

number and date, its validity and expiry duly signed by the
Chairperson of the Commission shall likewise be issued to
every registrant who has paid the prescribed fees. The said
card shall be renewed every three (8) years upon mandatory
submission of the CPE units, as may be required by the
Board.
SEC. 22. issuance of Certificates of Specialization. — Upon

nomination of the APO of geologists, the Board shall issue a
Certificate of Specialization to an applicant who is a registered
geologist and who has specialized knowledge, training and
experience in a specific field of geology and has documented
his/her expertise and competence on the same.
SEC, 23. Seal of a Registered Geologist. - Every geologist

shall, upon registration, obtain a seal as prescribed by the
Board. Plans, specifications, reports and other professional
documents prepared by or executed under the supervision of
If
and issued by the registrant shall be stamped on every sheet

with the said seal when filed officially or when submitted for
professional use,
SEC. 24. Fees for Registration. — Every person issued a

Certificate of Registration shall pay to the Commission such
fees as the Commission may prescribe.
SEG. 25. Issuance of Temporary/Spectal Permits, —

Temporary/special permits shall be issued to the following upon
proper application with the Board:
(a) foreign geologists, recognized as experts in their

specific fields of geology, called in by the Republic of the
Philippines for consultation or for specific design, installation
or project: Provided, That their practice shall be confined to
such work only;
(b) foreign geologists who have distinguished themselves

in their respective fields of specialization, contracted as
professors or lecturers on geology subjects by Philippine schools,
colleges, institutes or universities on a direct hire or exchange
basis, subject to verification of credentials by the Board; or
(c) foreign geologists who are duly registered under

bilateral or multilateral agreements where the Philippines is
a signatory.
Provided, That all the above shall secure a temporary/special

permit from the Board prior to arrival in the country:
Provided, further, That the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) shall not issue an alien employment
permit to a foreigner who will practice a profession in the
Philippines unless he/she shall have been issued by the Board
and Commission a temporary/special permit pursuant to a
resolution approved by the foregoing bodies.
SEC. 26. Exemption from Licensure Examination. — A

graduate of Docter of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Geology or an
equivalent degree in any of the specialized branch of Geology
from a duly recognized university shall be exempted from
taking the licensure examination upon evaluation of the Board.
He/She shall be required to register in the same manner as
those who will pass the licensure examination.
i2
SEC. 27. Refusal to Register. — The Board shall not

register any successful applicant for registration, with or
without licensure examination, who has been:
(a) convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by

a court of competent jurisdiction;
(b) found guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct by

the Board;
(c) adjudged guilty for violation of the General Instruction

to Examinees by the Board; and
(d) declared of unsound mind by a court of competent

jurisdiction, ;
In refusing such registration, the Board shall: give the

applicant a written statement setting forth the reasons
therefore and shall file a copy thereof in its records.
SEC. 28. Revocation or Suspension of the Certificate of

Registration and Cancellation of Temporary/ Special Permit.
— The Beard shall have the power, upon notice of hearing, to
revoke or suspend the certificate of registration of a registered
geologist or to cancel a temporary/special permit granted to
a foreign geologist, for any of the grounds or causes enumerated
in Section 27 of this Act, except in letter (c) thereof, and for
any of the following grounds:
(a) violation of a provision of this Act, its IRR, Code of

Ethics, and Code of Professional and Technical Standards for
the practice of geology;
(b) perpetration or use of fraud in obtaining his/her

certificate of registration, professional identification card, or
temporary/special permit;
(c) gross incompetence, negligence or ignorance resulting

to death, injury or damage;
(a) any act of misrepresentation in connection with an

alleged performance of geological activities;
(e) acts inimical to the geology profession;

13
@ gross immorality;
(g) conviction by final judgment of any act involving

moral turpitude;
th) aiding or abetting the illegal practice of a non-

registered and non-licensed geologist by allowing him/her to
use hisfher certificate of registration and/or professional
identification card, or his/her temporary/special permit;
(i) ilegally practicing the profession during his/her

suspension from the practice thereof; and
G) clinically declared to be addicted to a drug or aleohol

abuse impairing his/her ability to practice his/her profession,
or declared with an unsound mind by a court of competent
Jurisdiction.
Any person, firm or association may file charges in

accordance with the provision of this section against any
registrant, or the Board may investigate violation of any of
the abovementioned causes. An affidavit-complaint shall be filed
together with the affidavits of witnesses and other documentary
evidence with the Board through the Legal and Investigation
Office. The Beard may motu proprio conduct an investigation
which shall be embodied in a formal charge to be signed by
at least a majority of the members of the Board. The rules
on administrative investigation issued by the Commission shall
govern the hearing or investigation subject to applicable
provisions of this Act, Republic Act No. 8981 and the Rules
of Court.
SEC. 29. Reissuance of Revoked Certificate of

Registration and Replacement of Lost Certificate of
Registration and Professional Identification Card. — The Board
may, after two (2) years from the date of revocation of the
certificate of registration, reissue a certificate upon proper
application.
A new certificate of registration and professional

identification card, or temporary/special permit, which has been
lost, destroyed or mutilated, may be reissued after payment
of the required fee prescribed by the Commission.
l4
ARTICLE IV
PRACTICE OF GEOLOGY
SEC. 30. Prohibition from Practicing Geology. ~ No
person shall practice geology or render geological service
without a valid certificate of registration and a valid
professional identification card or granted a temporary/special
permit.
SEC. 31. Who May Practice Geology, - Except as may

be otherwise provided in this Act, only persons ‘properly
licensed and registered may practice geology in the country.
Duly registered professional geologists may form partnerships
among themselves and use the title “Geologist” or “Registered
Geologist” in their partnership name.
SEC. 32. Vested Righis. — All practicing geologists who

are registered at the time of the passage of this Act shall
automatically be registered and issued certificates of
registration subject to existing rules and regulations.
SEC. 38, Foreign Reciprocity. — No foreign geologist shall

be granted any of the rights and privileges under this Act
unless the country of which he/she is a subject or citizen
grants the same or similar rights or privileges to Filipino
geologists. ,
Sic. 34. Indication of Certificate of Registration and

Professional Tax Receipt. ~ A registered geologist shall be
required to indicate his/her certificate of registration number,
the duration of validity, including the professional tax and the
APO membership receipt number on the documents he/she
signs, uses or issues in connection with the practice of his/her
profession.
SEC. 35. Integration of the Geology Profession. — The

geology profession shall be integrated into one (1) national
professional organization of geologists that is duly registered
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The
Board, subject to approval by the Commission, shajl accredit
the said organization as the one and only integrated and APO
of geologists. All geologists whose names appear in the Registry
Book of Geologists shall ipso facto or automatically become
is
members thereof and shall receive all the benefits and

privileges appurtenant thereto upon payment of APO
membership fees and dues.
Membership in the integrated APO shall not be a bar

to membership in other geology organizations.
ARTICLE V
PENAL AND GENERAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 36. Penal Clause. - Any person who shall practice

geology in the Philippines, as defined in this Act, without a
certificate of registration in accordance with the provisions of
this Act, unless declared exempt from registration, or any
person presenting or using as his/her own the certificate of
registration of another, or any person who shall give any false
or forged evidence, or any person who shall impersonate any
registrant of like or different name, or any person who shall
use a revoked or suspended certificate of registration, or any
person who shall assume, use or advertise any title or
description tending to convey the impression that he/she is a
geologist without having graduated as such, or is engaged in
geology practice, without holding a valid certificate of
registration from the Board shall, upon conviction, be
sentenced to a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos
(PhP10,000.00) but not more than One million pesos
(PhP1,000,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than one (1)
month but not more than five (5) years, or both, at the
discretion of the court.
SEC. 37. Act Not Affecting Other Professions. — This Act

shall not affect or prevent the practice of any other legally
recognized profession.
SEC. 38. Enforcement of the Act by the Officers of the

Law. — The Board shall be assisted by the Commission in
carrying out the provisions of this Act, its IRR and other
policies. The lawyers of the Commission shall act as
prosecutors against illegal practitioners and other violators of
this Act and its rules. The duly constituted authorities of
government shall likewise assist the Board and the
Commission in enforcing the provisions of this Act and its
rules.
16
SEC. 39. Implementing Rules and Regulations. — Subject

to the approval of the Commission, the Board, in consultation
with other related agencies, shall adopt and promulgate such
IRR, the Code of Ethics, and the Code of Professional and
Technical Standards for Geologists to carry out the provisions
of this Act which shall be effective within ninety (90) days
from the constitution of the first Board.
SEC. 40, Funding Provisions. — The Chairperson of the

Professional Regulation Commission shall immediately include
in its programs the implementation of this Act, the funding
of which shall be included in the annual General
Appropriations Act.
SEC. 41, Transitory Provisions. -
(a) After the approval of this Act, all geologists possessing

valid certificates of registration issued under Republic Act No.
4209 shall register with the Board and be issued certificates
as geologists under this Act to replace their original certificates
of registration, upon payment of the required fees.
(b) Faculty members currently teaching major geology

subjects in universities, colleges, institutes or schools shall not
be allowed to continue teaching after five (5) years: from the
approval of this Act unless they are or they have become
registered geologists with valid certificates of registration and
valid professional identification cards.
(ec) The incumbent chairman and members of the Board

shall continue to function as an interim Board until such time
as a new Board shall be constituted under this Act.
SEC, 42. Separability Clause. — If any section or portion

of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, such
shall not invalidate any other section of this Act.
SEC. 48. Repealing Clause. - Republic Act No. 4209 is

hereby repealed. All other laws, parts of law, orders, ordinances
or regulations relative to the practice of geology which are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed
or modified accordingly.
7
aN
SEC. 44, Effectivity Clause. — This Act shall take effect

fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazetie
or in at least two (2) national newspapers of general
circulation.
Approved,
Bla Ltn
FELICIANO BELMONT€ JR. ]
Speaker of the House
of Representatives
This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2941

and House Bill No. 5640 was finally passed by the Senate
and the House of Representatives on September 19, 2011 and
March 7, 2012, respectively.
MARINA Balti ebay

Secretary General Secretary of the Senate
House of Representatives
{2
O)&
Approved: JUN 11
Av
BENIG S| AQUINO III
President of bhe Philippines
a8
tok foe
vc PNOY005390
TT
Estimation
Resource
Correlations 2 — Modified by HDAR

VolumeV =arh
Surface area A = 2mrh + 2m1

Area of a circle
= 1 x radius”
Circumference of a
circle = T x diameter
remember that the

diameter = 2 x radius
T
=| Area of Rectangle=bh
h=height of rectangle
b=base of rectangle
| | ] |
ourceAitp. AAwilson De ig edu/e, t6GS0/mass 3 she: ite tri ples/sheari ry Masson
Solve
©
Compute for the volume of sample that a core can t
if it has an inner diameter of 4 inches and outer
Estimation
diameter of 5.5 inches and a length of 10 meteré.

|
|
Resource
——
Density vs Specific Gravity
Both density and specific gravi€&¥ describe mass
may be used to compare different substances. Th are
NOT, however, identical measures.
Estimation
Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to

the density of a standard or reference (usually water).
Also, density is expressed in units (weight relative to
Resource
size) while specific gravity is a pure number or

dimensionless.
What Is Density?
Density is a property of matter and can be defied as the ratio of mass to a
unit volume of matter.
cubic meter, or pounds per cubic inch.

Estimation
Density is expressed by the formula:

o0=m/V
Where: |
Resource
0 is the density
m is the mass
V is the volume
kg g
Expressed as — or ——
m3 cm? 6
What Is Specific Gravity?
Specific gravity is a measure of density @elative to the density of
reference substance. The reference material could be anything, but the
most common reference is pure water. If a material has a pecific
gravity less than 1, it will float on water.
Estimation
Specific gravity is often abbreviated as sp gr. Specific gravity is also

called relative density and is expressed by the formula:
Resource
SG= psubstance/preference
OR
k k
SG= Density Object (— or — / Density of water (— or —
m™m cm’ ®@ m cm
Apparent
Thickness vs
aides
Thickness
Calculate true thickness
Cy ee
Formula: Jo
True thickness = length of drill intercept x cos (a) ,
Estimation
. Given: /
Exam ple: Ore dip (inclination): 22° I
Apparent Apparent thickness= 200m |
thickness
Resource
Soln: \
trigonometry \
Cosa= _ adj/hyp \
Adj=hypxcos a \
True thickness
True thickness= length of dh intercept x cos.22°
e
= 200m x 0.927 oe Sirmvesceen
= 185.4m
Calculate true thickness
Sample Problem: /
Estimation
You are drilling, vertical drilling, for a building project and suddenly
encountered a sandstone bed dipping 25° to the east, define the
thickness of this bed if based on your drill log, this bed was
encountered at depth 250-300m.
Resource
Determining stratigraphic thickness in flat
terrain get ol ee
we
Estimation
h~
Sample Problem:
Find the thickness of the bed if

Resource
ithas a horizontal thickness of

20m and is dipping at 35°.
\
t=hsmnsd
Fig. 3.3 Trigonometric relationships used for deter-

mining stratigraphic thickness ¢ in flat terrain from dip
6 and map width /.
Determining stratigraphic thickness in inclined surface
Cy “sige :
a
Estimation
-S-
oOo
t=hsné+vcosé
A h
Resource
=i
tH
c ra Fig. 3.5 Three combinations of sloping topography and dipping layers, with the appropriate formula for each.
Fig. 3.4 Determining stratigraphic thickness ¢ on

slopes. (a) Lengths and v and dip angle 6 are needed
to derive t. (b) Geometry of derivation.
get ol ee
we
Sample Problem: /
Estimation
If a hill is dipping 15 degrees east, determine the thickness of the

bed if it is dipping 35° west and has a surface thickness of 70m.
Resource
get ol ee
we
Sample Problem: /
Estimation
A geologist was having his fieldwork and traversing the east side of
the hill with uniform slope of 30 degrees. After an hour of walking,
he encountered a lithologic change and found out that it is a dike
composed of gabbro. He walked for 140m that is 15 degrees form
Resource
the true dip direction until the gabbro disappear. He took the
attitude of bed and got N20W/40NE. what is the true thickness?
aw an -
Oo /
Sample Problem:
Estimation
A coal seam is exposed and outcropping at the surface of a hill that dips
15 degrees from point A to B. You were asked to know the’ thickness of
the coal bed if it is dipping 35 degrees E. From point A at elevation 200m
asl, you walked N25E until the coal seam outcrop terminated at point B
Resource
with elevation 350. \

Then after finding the thickness, you walk along strike due E from point B
and after a 60m walk, the coal seam is terminated. To gathér_more
information, you went down the hill and at point C with an elevation of.
25m asl, the wall is benched at 25 degrees and the coal seam totally
disappeared. What is the total volume of the coal seam?
CORE R C-COVERY AN D
RQ D (ROCK QUALITY
DESIGNATION)
CORE RECOVERY AND RQD (ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION)
The easiest way to characterize the > amagunt of material recovered|
during rock coring is to calculate “core recovery” as the amount |
(i.e. length) of recovered material divided by the total length of
the core run (presented as a percentage). /
Estimation
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a modified core; recovery

percentage in which the lengths of all sound rock core pieces
over 100 mm in length are summed and divided by the length of
Resource
the core run. Pieces of core that are not hard and sound should
not be included in the RQD evaluation even if they are at least
100 mm in length. The purpose of the soundness requirement is
to downgrade rock quality where the rock has been altered
and/or weakened by weathering. For the RQD evaluation, lengths
must be measured along the centefline of the core.
CORE RECOVERY ROD
CALCULATION . __ sacar
J L=250 mm L= 250 mm
Cordtacoves, C= Toral length of rock recovered
Total corerunilength
fi
f Mh
/
/ L=0 CR= (250+ 200+ 250+190+60+80+120) mm
L=200 mm Highly Weathered
Estimation
j Does not meet 1.200 mm

/ Soundness Requirement
j CR= 96%
|
| y, L=0
| L=250 mm © Centerline e
t h Pieces < 100 mm &
| p and Highly Weathered 2
t N
3
Resource
2 ROD te Length of sound pieces >100mm

\ \
§
wm
Total corerunlength
\ L= 190 mm L=190 mm s
\ _ (250+190+4 200) mm
A
a
ROD *100%
1.200imm
\ L=60mm L=0
\ < 100 mm
\
L=80 mm -
——
ROD=53%
Mechanical Break
caused by Drifing Process a L=200 mm
L= 120 mm
L=Omm L=0
No Recovery
CORE RECOVERY AND RQD (ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION)
Sample problem S
Compute for the ROD based on the following report /o

Estimation
1500 — 1660 — Shuttered Bits of Sandstones /

1560 — 1830 — Hard Clay with some fractures f
1830 — 1990 — No recovery |
1990 — 2080 — Basalts dominated by calcite veins
2080 — 2100 — Mudstone
2100 — 2300 — Fractured alternating sandstone, siltstone and claystone
Resource
1300 — 2450 — Moderately fractured Diorite \

2450 — 2500 - Silstone \
lon
M ining Dilut
UOIJTEWIISGZ FIANOSOY
Mining Dilution
2006, A. Sinclair 2002).

Estimation
Dilution increases tonnage of ore while decreasing its grade. Dilution can be defined as the ratio of
the tonnage of waste mined and sent to the mill to the total tonnage of ore and waste combined
that are milled. It usually expressed in percent format. This can be expressedas: = | {
J}I
‘ ; Waste Tonnes
Dilution = x 100
Resource
(Ore Tonnes+Waste Tonnes)

Mining Dilution
Example: @
a“
ee
1. If 10 tonnes of waste rocks (and or below cut-off grade mineralized rocks) are minedwn
tonnes of ore and all (100 tonne) being sent to mill, dilution is calculated tobe?
Estimation
Given:
Waste rock= 10 tonnes
Ore = 90 tonnes
Resource
Soln:
Using the formula: Dilution = ———=—"“" ____x 100

Waste Tonnes
(Ore Tonnes+Waste Tonnes)
Dilution = 10/(10+90) x 100

= 10%
Mining Dilution
One of the main consequences of dilution is the reducti
means less income. For marginal grade ore, dilution may reduce the grades to a degree that it
becomes uneconomic to be processed, in other words dilution may turn an ore block to waste. The
feed grade after dilution can be calculated using the equation:
Estimation
Oreg 4|WastegxDilution | ;
Feed, = — f
1+Dilution |
Resource
Where:
Feed, is the Mill feed grade \
Ore, is the grade of ore in ground \
Waste, is the grade of waste rock \
Dilution is the dilution (a value between 0 to 1) \
i
SN
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+
METALLURGY (RECOVERY) PROBLEM
Calculate tons of material going to the tailings and the recovery if 350.9 of concentrate ~—
are produced assaying 53% metal from a head grade of 4.65% and tailings of 0.90%.
a. 3,541 tons, 79% b. 3,743 tons, 79%

Estimation
c. 4,769.21 tons, 82.04% d. 4,875.20 tons, 82.04%

i
i
i
Solution: |
F = C+T Therefore:
F = S509 -- | seee eee (Equation 1)
But;| Cc
Resource
FFoO«=)~Sté«e + Trt Recovery, Q

% R =
— ---
x 100
F(0.0465) = 350.9 (0.53) + T (0.009) Ff
0.0465 F = 185.977 + 0.009 T -------------- (Equation 2)
350.9 x 0.53
Substitute Equation 1 in Equation 2: ey Re ee x 100
0.0465 x (350.9+T) = 185.977 + 0.009 T 4,875.16 x 0.0465

16.317 + 0.0465T = 185.977 + 0.009 T
0.0375 T = 169.66 %?,R = 82.04%
T = 4524.27 TOMS
Then:
F = 350.9 + 4,524.27
F = 4,875.16 tons
OX a
Products Weight (DMT) % Cu % Zn

Estimation
Cu concentrate 25 20% 4.5%

#n concentrate 35 2.5% 50%
Tailings 440 0.2% 0.5%
Compute:
1. grade of the mill feed
2. percent recoveries in terms of Cu in copper concentrate
Resource
3. percent recoveries in terms of Zn in Zinc concentrate

Mining Dilution
Selective copper and zinc concentrates produced from a flotation plant have the following analyses:
Products Weight (DMT) % Cu % Zn oe

ee lM we
wo
Cu concentrate 25 20% 4.5%
#n concentrate 35 2.5% 50%
Tailings 440 0.2% 0.5%
Estimation
Compute:
Solution:
Resource
For Copper:
a. Grade of Mill Feed, f: (25 x 0.20) + (35 x 0.025) + (440 x 0.002)
f = x 100
F=C+T 500
F = (25 + 35) + 440
F = 500 DMT f = 1.35% Cu
Ff= Cc +Tt For Zinc:

(25 x 0.045) + (35 x 0.5) + (440 x 0.005)
Cc + Tt f = x 100
f = ----------- x 100 500
fF = 7.92% Zn
Mining Dilution
Selective copper and zinc concentrates produced from a flotation plant have the following analyses:
Products Weight (DMT) %% Zn

---------
a
Cu concentrate 25 4.5%
#n concentrate 35 50%
Tailings 440 0.5%
Estimation
Compute:
b. % Cu Recovery c. % #n Recovery
Cc
Resource
Cc
% R = ----- x 100 | x 100
Ff Ff
25 x 0.20 35 x 0.50
% R = -------——---—--- x 100 a
x 100
500 x 0.0135 500 x 0.079?
"9 R= /4% R = 44%

A certain mill produces 200 DMT/day of concentrate assaying 25% Cu at 88% recovery from a mill head __ -
of 0.48% Cu. Due to increasing cost of operation, it was discovered that the return from operation was
just break-even. It was then decided that the volume and grade of the concentrate be increased by 10%
although recovery will suffer by 3%. Compute the percentage increase in the mill feed.
Estimation
Solution:
First Condition Second Condition

Mill Feed Fi F2
Resource
Mill Head, f 0.48% 0.48%

Concentrate, C 200 DMT 220 DMT
Concentrate assay, c 25% 27.5%
% Recovery, %R 88% 85%
A certain mill produces 200 DMT/day of concentrate assaying 25% Cu at 88% recovery from a mill head __ -
of 0.48% Cu. Due to increasing cost of operation, it was discovered that the return from operation was
just break-even. It was then decided that the volume and grade of the concentrate be increased by 10%
although recovery will suffer by 3%. Compute the percentage increase in the mill feed.
Estimation
. 7 At Second Condition: F
At First Condition: t
Cc Then:
Cc 6 _ _
%R = ----- x 100 *R = FF x 100 (F2 — Fi)
% Increase = ------------- x 100
"
(220 x 0.275) Fi
Resource
88 = e025) x 100 SG = === x 100

(Fi x 0.0048) (F2 x 0.0048) (14,828 — 11,837)
% Increase a x 100
(200 x 0.25) x 100 of (220 x 0.275) x 100 11,837
Fi le _- = eee eames
(88 x 0.0048) (85 x 0.0046) % Increase = 25%
Fi = 11,837 DMT c= Seed Ol .
e eu
A copper mining operation produces 10,000 dry short tons per day of 1% copper grade which it sends to
a concentrator, which in turn produces a 30% copper concentrate at a recovery of 90%. What is the
concentration ratio?
b. 37.5tol b. 33.3 to 1 c. 27.5 to 1 d. 27.0 to 1
Estimation
Solution: /
Cc
Recovery = ----- x 100 |
n F
Resource
Cx0300 02 2 77> = 33.33

oo = -——— C
Fx 0.01
K = 33.33
F 0.30
_——--— — -——-- - - - - - - -- e a
C 0.90 x 0.01
Grade Problem
Sample Problem: /
Estimation
Find the grade of the ore in core 550-560 if the arill core has/ ‘an ID of 70
cm and OD of 80cm. The vein is measured as 50 cm long, 1 cm thick and
2cm wide.
Resource
Grade Problem
ae ere
/
we
Sample Problem:
Estimation
Find the grade of the ore in core if the vein is dipping 300 and has a
thickness of 10 mm. The core has an ID of 3 in and OD of 4in;
Resource
Fat a a ete ee a a a ae a a a ete ee ee ea a a ete ee ae ea a ea a a a ete ee ee ea a al a ee ee a
rR Wate
Aves
EEEnin nt
K 8 8 A we
eu
Wate
recatseana
KOS WK ee
Cr Agata CR
ee ah a Wk
ORR REoN 8h
a SNe Mat Ale
eM Alin
A ik RACAL AC Ae A Sw
OE enemas manda eueR Rn. Seat,
8 eee Aacal dl mim AOA AK a a (Aeatardl mom WOW 8K a as Arates
LONGITUDE PROBLEM
@ ee
Because one day is 24 hours long one can easily Hse Be to
calculate longitude. One hour of time difference corresponds to 15°
Estimation
of longitude (360°/24 hours = 15°/hour). /

180° |
120° W.
Resource
90° W eZ i 60° 30" ; \
60° W F gS : NS
30° W L 30° E ie
Osa
west ! east —
LONGITUDE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM /
Estimation
Suppose an observer sets his accurate watch to 12:00 at noon in

Greenwich, England and then travels a great distance. The observer
then notices that the sun is highest in the sky at 4:00 according his
watch. What is his Longitude?
Resource
Selected References
get ol ee
we
https://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/tc_finding.html /
Estimation
Edited from Mrs. Arlene Morales Lecture [Adamson University]
Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M., and Schiefelbein, ILM. (n.d.).

Structural Analysis and Synthesis; A Laboratory Course in
Resource
Structural Geology Third edition. Blackwell Publishing

Non-metalliferous
deposits
A review
- geological materials, used for a wide spectrum of
purposes beyond the two main interests of
economic geology: fuels and metals
(Essentials of Mineral Exploration and Evaluation, 2016)
Geologically Economically
widespread development needs less
investment
enourmous reserves
cheaper to obtain
accessible
Technologically
needs less processing
needs less energy
less damages on the

environment
industrial/manufacturing
food preservative, drilling mud, manufacturing of toothpaste, teflon, steel, plastics, cement, oil
well drilling, abrasive
sources of fertilizers: nitrate, rock phosphate, potassium compounds
household items
glasswares, cosmetic powder, cleaning materials, decorative materials
Philippine Mining
: Industry y
Operating Mines and Quarries

48 metallic mines (8 gold mines, 3 copper mines, 30 nickel mines, 3
chromite mines and 4 iron mine)
61 non-metallic mines (35 limestone/shale quarries, 5 silica quarries,
15 aggregate quarries, 1 dolomite quarry and 3 clay quarries, 2 sand &
gravel)
5 processing plants (2 gold processing plants, 2 nickel processing
plants and 1 copper smelter plant)
3,389 small quarries and sand & gravel operations covered by
permits issued by LGUs
THE PHILIPPINE MINERALS INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE (http://www.mgb.gov.ph/)

Outline
Industrial Rocks and Minerals

PWN o
Structural and Building Materials

Fertilizer
Gemstone and Decorative Materials
Main Source:
Mineral Resource Information Series No. 7, 8, 9 and 10
Lands Geological Survey Division
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Quezon City
January 2004
Industrial Rocks
and Minerals
increase in the pace of
industrialization
+
growing environmental concerns
increase in demand for

industrial and manufacturing
materials
Industrial minerals and manufacturing materials
_
Asbestos Magnesite
Barite Perlite
Bentonite Silica
Clay Talc
Diatomite Cement raw materials
Dolomite Ceramic raw material
Feldspar Refractory raw materials
Gypsum Zeolite
Limestone
ASBESTOS
fireproofing, insulation, brake linings and
asbestos cement
© Google Images
now considered non-commercial due to its
carcinogenic property
ASBESTOS
- naturally occurring mineral substance

- can be pulled into a fluffy consistency
Properties:
-fibers are soft and flexible
-resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion
Uses:
-an effective insulator
-can also be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastic
and other materials to make them stronger
htips://www.asbestos.com/asbesios/
Asbestos is a single
type of mineral.
True or false?
ASBESTOS
=|not a single type of mineral — rather, it

refers to a group of silicate minerals that
share the same fibrous nature.
ASBESTOS Amphibole:
Serpentine:
riebeckite/ crocidolite
grunerite-cummi ite/ (blue asbestos)
amosite
(brown asbestos)
anthophyllite
chrysotile (white, curly)
tremolite
actinolite
https://www.asbestos.com/asbestos/
ASBESTOS
=] most commonly found in: serpentinites, altered

ultramafic rocks, and some mafic rocks
‘=| other rock types: metamorphosed dolostones,

metamorphosed iron formations, carbonatites, and
alkalic intrusions.
‘=| Contributing to asbestos formation is the faulting

and fracturing of these rocks with increased
temperatures, pressures, and the presence of water.
Asbestos deposits
associated with ophiolite of

geological significance occur in
1. Bangui and Burgos, Ilocos

Norte;
Zs Aguilar and Mangatarem,
Pangasinan
Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe
and San Marcelino, Zambales
Abra de llog, Occidental
Mindoro
Antique
OU
Misamis Oriental and

Bukidnon
CLASSIFICATION
‘“\local asbestos was classified into:

shingles
paper
plaster
refuse grades
=imarket requirements used to depend mainly on fiber

length
-although strength, flexibility, colors, chemical composition and
cleanliness were also considered
llin electrical insulation, iron content should not

exceed 3.5%
BARITE
heavy spar
inert, heavy and stable mineral
© Google Images
white, opaque and twinned
What is the chemical
formula of barite?
BARITE
=| produced and sold in several

forms:
- jig concentrate
- crude lumps
- ground barite
- flotation concentrate
®sorting
The bulk of barite produced and sold is in the form of either jig or flotation
' concentrates
Ass aaa er a a a i i hh a i a i Ti so i cl
BARITE
The use of barite dictates the preparation that is needed.
oil well drilling - ground to -325 mesh

production of barium compounds - sold as jig
concentrate
= glass industry- prepared to -20 mesh & freed from iron
using magnetic separators
= as inert filler in the manufacture of oilcloth, linoleum,
paper and plastic - ground to -325 mesh
= as pigment or extenders in paints - bleached with acid
treatment to remove iron stain
Barite deposits
LSS
Philippine production of barite

started in January 1973 but ceased
“1 1991 associated with gold
and silver
mineralization
Barite deposits:
|. Mabilog na Bundok, Lobo,

Batangas
2. Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro
a occurs as a vein along
Barite
.
occurs
.
as gangue in metallic
.
the strikes of ths
sedimentary host rocks
sulfide veins and as metasomatic
deposit in andesite.
Bentonite Is a clay
consisting
predominantly of
minerals of the
roup
© Google Images
clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the smectite
group
BENTONITE
© Google Images
EEE
; “dian Healing clay

e
Properties: REE
¢ large chemically active surface area
¢ interlamellar surfaces with unusual hydration
characteristics
¢ ability to modify the flow behaviour of liquids.
BENTONITE .
———— >
ow
E
| ®
=iUses: ‘
| wlan Heating oy
Be eet te Cy
8
-foundry molding sands x. ~— ©
-drilling mud
-bentonite slurries for sealing porous strata and stoppage of
water movement in foundations for buildings, tunnels and
dams
-bleaching oils and fats
-carriers for insecticides and pesticides
-component of paints, pharmaceuticals, medicines and
cosmetics
Locally, it is used as additives, grouting, binders in foundry sand,

and as filler in animal feeds
BENTONITE
Commercial bentonite deposits are formed by

alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris
deposited over relatively large areas.
Other bentonite deposits are formed by in-situ

hydrothermal alteration of coarse-grained
intrusive rocks.
TYPES OF BENTONITE
Swelling type
all gel-forming, “Wyoming’ or western type, and true bentonite
or sodium bentonite
expands 15 to 20 times of the original volume of dry material

in water
contain sodium as predominant exchangeable ion
rarely occurring and associated with kaolin of hydrothermal

origin
probably formed by the action of thermal springs and vapors

of volcanic exhalations
TYPES OF BENTONITE
Non-swelling type
e
includes the Mississippi or southern type, potassium and calcium

bentonite, metabentonite, some absorbent clay or bleaching clay,
some naturally active clay or fuller’s earth, some activable clay (raw)
and activated clay (treated)
has negligible swelling
carries calcium as its principal exchangeable ion
Bentonites in the Philippines are generally non-swelling type

FULLER’S EARTH
=\name derived from the first major use of the material, which
was for cleaning textiles
‘= either a non-plastic or a claylike material, usually high in

magnesia that has adequate decolorizing and purifying
properties
‘= composed mostly of the distinct needle- or lath-shaped clay

mineral, the attapulgite. This material crumbles when laid in
water
‘=| also defined as naturally active clay of the

nonswelling type of bentonite
Bentonite deposits
-formed by alteration of fine-grained

volcanic debris deposited over
relatively large areas or by in-situ
hydrothermal alteration of coarse-
grained intrusive rocks
Bentonite deposits:
1. Mangatarem, Pangasinan
2. Cagayan
3. Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
(swelling)
Mabini and Calatagan, Batangas
Tagkawayan, Quezon
OoNAnS
Legaspi City, Albay

Cebu
Palompon, Leyte
Lanang, Davao City
© Google Images
PAWN
an earthy substance
hydrous aluminum silicates + colloidal material + soecks of rock

fragments
plastic when wet stone-like when fired

CLAY
= Records of ancient brick buildings, monuments and pottery

making showed that it is one of the most widespread and
earliest mineral substances utilized by person
= The Chinese, who developed the art of pottery to a high degree

of perfection, probably taught the natives the art.
=|During Spanish times when there were no available natural

building stone like limestone or volcanic tuff {adobe}, the Spanish
priests made bricks and tiles out of ordinary clays to build
churches.
CLAY
‘=|Except for shale clay, which goes into the manufacture of

Portland cement, various clays in the Philippines are generally
quarried intermittently and on small scale.
- Nevertheless, clay quarrying has significantly contributed to

employment generation in the countryside for more than 20
years.
- feldspathic clay
- fire clay
- kaolinitic clay
- siliceous clay
ell
‘=| Types: te
a. Residual - in situ clays formed by weathering due to

chemical and hydrothermal process
not far from parent rock, non-plastic, white (e.g kaolin)
0. Transported - formed by accumulation of clayey
materials in sites such as swamps and basins
far from parent material, plastic, grey, darker, smaller particles
(e.g ball clay, fire clay)
CLAY
=| RESIDUAL CLAYS
-occur in the provinces of Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Nueva
Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambalez, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon,
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Albay, Marinduque, Romblon,
Negros Occidental, lloilo, Panay, Antique, Surigao del Sur, Misamis
Oriental, Bukidnon and Zamboanga del Sur and in Zamboanga City.
-most are formed from the chemical weathering of feldspar-rich rocks
-many other residual deposits are formed near volcanoes from the
alteration of basalt or andesite by hot sulfuric water from solfataras or
fumaroles
-the biggest reserves of siliceous clay in the islands were formed by the
residual alteration of chloritic schists in Siruma, Camarines Sur
CLAY
=| TRANSPORTED CLAYS
- consist of sedimentary beds associated with peat or lignite, alluvial and
floodplain clays
Fire clays: clay beds underlying peat or lignite

: deposited in swamps and basins, usually fired to shades of gray or brown
-found in Uneng, Semirara Island
Alluvial and floodplain clays: buff or red burning clays used in making
earthenware, pots, toys, bricks and tiles.
-occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest
reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains
: usually brown or gray due to high iron oxide content and
the presence of some organic matter.
of c l a y s ?
“diatomaceous earth’
siliceous shells or skeletons of single-celled

organism called diatoms
DIATOMITE
‘=| composed essentially of hydrated amorphous or

opalline silica with varying amounts of contaminant
materials such as silica sand, clays, salts and organic
matter.
USES:
|. filtration agent
2. soft abrasives
5. industrial fillers
4. lightweight aggregates
Diatomite deposits
-deposits occur as low-dipping beds, a few centimeters

to several meters thick, intercalated with sedimentary
and pyroclastic host rocks
-dilution by host rock materials of low silica and high

iron content usually necessitates some beneficiation
before they could be used commercially.
Diatomite deposits
LSS
Diatomite deposits are in:

|. Pantabangan and Caranglan,
Nueva Ecija
2. Basud,
Camarines Norte
4. Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte
4 Quezon, Bukidnon.
Local diatomite production from

pre-1980 to 2002 period posted
37,056 MT
The deposit in Basud, Camarines

Norte is the only deposit put into
commercial production.
© Google Images
FELDSPAR
most common rock-forming mineral on earth
general term for the group of rock-forming

minerals that are essentially anhydrous
aluminium silicates
FELDSPAR
promotes fusion during firing and imparts strength, toughness

and durability in the finished products
ses:
]. production of glass, fired clay products, and enamel paints
2. flux in ceramic mixture in the making of vitreous china and in
porcelain enamels
4. mild abrasives and scouring soaps {due to its angular fracture
and moderate hardness)
Feldspar deposits
Most of the feldspar utilized by the local ceramic and

glass plants is either imported or blended with those
locally quarried from small pegmatite and aplite dikes.
Feldspar deposits are fairly well distributed over the

country
1. Ilocos Norte
2. Nueva Ecija
5. Occidental Mindoro
4. Lanao del Norte
© Google Images
hydrous calcium sulphate
contains ~20% water

GYPSUM
is obtained either from naturally occurring gyopsum-bearing

ores or from fertilizer manufacturing, as by-products
Uses:
|. cement retarder (Cement retarders contro! the time when a slurry
will set hard)
2. fabrication of fireproof gyosum board
4. soil conditioner
GYPSUM
© Google Images
found in volcanic and/or sedimentary sequences that have
been affected by hydrothermal activity
occur either as fissures and breccia fillings, veinlets,

stockworks, irregular lenses, coatings or incrustations
commonly associated with anhydrite and in the more

intensely altered volcanic rocks, with pyrite and some
copper sulfides.
What are the three
varieties of gypsum?
a.
b.
Cc;
GYPSUM
a? alabaster
P
—-
(massive gypsum)
i
Satin spar
(fibrous gypsum)
‘
=Fee
selenite a; ee
(crystalline gypsum)
Gypsum deposits
SSS
Production of natural gypsum started way back 1960 but practically

ceased in 1992.
known gypsum deposits:

1, Batangas
2. Albay
3. Camarines Sur
4. Negros Oriental
5, Cebu
6. Marinduque
7. Cagayan
8. Nueva Vizcaya
9. Occidental Mindoro
© Google Images
LIMESTONE
sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite or
aragonite)
extremely common and make up ~15% of the sedimentary column
occur extensively in PH
age: Cretaceous to Recent

LIMESTONE
- calcination of limestone produces quicklime and slaked or

hydrated lime on hydration
- mineralogy, chemistry and texture directly affect the lime-

burning performance of limestone and may restrict the
potential applications of the manufactured lime
Lime made from impure limestone may be acceptable or even

desirable in certain applications such as construction, though not in higher-level
applications such as metals refining or chemical manufacture
© Google Images
MAGNESITE
natural form of magnesium carbonate with ideal magnesia content of
47.60%
important source of magnesium for industrial purposes

Magnesite
- MAGNESIUM: essential element in plant and animal

metabolism
- added to animal feeds: caustic-calcined magnesia
-reactive magnesium oxide produced by
calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide at 1]OOO°C or lower
temperature
- magnesium sulfate: used

in pharamaceuticals, dyes,
paper manufacture,
explosives and matches
Magnesite deposits
_
-occurs in bedded deposits, in veins, pockets and

shear zones in ferromagnesian rocks, and as
replacement bodies in limestone and dolomite.
significant deposits:
1. Lupon, Mati, Puntalinao, and Banay-banay, Davao
Oriental
2. small deposits are in Sibuyan Island, Romblon.
---- will be discussed further in fertilizer section

4°] abs
hydrated silicic volcanic glass
has a characteristic of “onion-skin’ or perlitic texture and a

pearly luster
Perlite
ea
- When expanded or bloated by shock calcination, perlite forms

an inert mass with an open texture having low bulk density,
low thermal conductivity, high sound absorption and fire-
resistance.
Industrial applications <n athe

1. insulation Po
2. lightweight aggregate
5. filler in gypsum plaster
4. filter aids
Crushed Expanded
Perlite
- formed from silicic lavas (rhyolitic to dacitic) which have

erupted slowly to form steep-sided block-type lava domes
or shallow intrusions such as sills, dikes, or lenses
- meteoric ground water hydrates this rock to form

perlite containing 3% to 5% absorbed water
Most commercial perlite are rarely older than Oligocene in age

-rhyolitic glass is unstable and devitrifies with time to form felsite
-recent acidic volcanics generally have not had sufficient time to
get hydrated
Perlite is commonly associated with other volcanic rocks such as

pumice, obsidian, felsite and welded tuff.
Perlite deposits
LSS
Production of perlite from pre-1980, i.e. from

1970 to 1979 period up to 2002
Perlite deposits are found in:

1. Calayan Island, Cagayan
2.Baao, Camarines Sur
4.Maslog, Taysan, and Puro, Legazpi City
@ Google Images
SILICA
occurs as mineral quartz in varied forms:
— veins and lenses of bull quartz
— sand, pebbles, cobbles and boulders
— siliceous clays
Silica
SSS
OCCURRENCE:
Negros Occidental: silica is deposited by thermal
springs and vapors related to volcanism.
Lubang and Palawan: quartz sand derived from
weathering of sandstone, quartzose, schists and quartz
diorite
Quezon province: bull quartz occurring as pegmatite
dikes and/or small lenses
Silica
SSE
USES:
silica sand: manufacture of glass containers and lamp chimneys, making of
sheet glass, glass envelopes for electric bulbs, ferrosilicon, sodium silicate,
cleanser and abrasive, as additive in the manufacture of cement
crushed and pulverized bull quartz: sanitary wares and flint glass
containers
About 85% of silica sand are utilized in glass manufacture.
Other uses:
-as gemstone
-as abrasive material for sand blasting and scouring cleansers
-as flux in the smelting of metals ad in the manufacture of rubber, paint and
putty
-as filter media and roofing granules
-as filters, frequency controls and timers
-essential component of cellular phones, watches, clocks, game consoles,
etc.
Siliceous clays
=\deposits of siliceous white clay in chlorite schists

probably derived from igneous rocks occur in
Camarines Sur
“iformed by hydrothermal alteration of favourable

zones in the schists
‘=isimilar deposits are located in La Purisima and

San Vicente, Tinambac, Camarines Sur
© Google Images
softest common mineral
cleavage flakes are flexible but not elastic

Tale
-occurs In low to medium metamorphosed basic or ultrabasic

rocks and in place, constitutes the greater part of the rock,
producing the material known as steatite or soapstone
Essential properties:
whiteness when ground and fired
4S
softness and smoothness

good lubricating power
44444
chemical inertness
high fusion point
low electrical conductivity
high absorption of certain types of greases and oils
White-firing talc is used in the manufacture of whiteware, electrical

insulators, porcelain, wall tile and other ceramic products
Talc
They occur as pods or lenses that pinch and swell in the ultrabasic
host rock making them difficult to process and mine.
The talc deposits like asbestos are formed from hydrothermal

processes in the ultramafic area.
Talc
With on-and-off production of talc material used

as whitening ingredient in the ceramic industry,
no production figure is so far been formally
reported since mid-1980
Commercial deposits of talc:

|. Abra, de Ilog, Mindoro Occidental
2. Marangas, Brooke's Point, Palawan
5. Cabangan, Zambales.
CEMENT RAW
MATERIALS
PORTLAND CEMENT
- durable and easy to use such that it has

become the foundation material of the
construction industry
P o r t l a n d c e m e n t i s a
mixture of
Cement raw
materials
— |
Essentially, Portland cement is a mixture of about four

parts of limestone and one part of clay or shale,
calcined to near fusion and ground to powder.
Mainly limestone but marl supplies calcium oxide.

Furnace slag and oyster shells also give calcium oxide.
As of reporting time, there are fourteen (14) major

operating quarries of limestone
for cement
tN ee AN
ety
The raw materials needed
in the ceramic industry:
Ceramic raw materials
— |
The raw materials needed:

1. clay
2. feldspar
5. magnesite
4. quartz or silica
5. tale
Sources in the PH
|. Looc, Lubang Island (granodiorite)
2. Pinamalayan, Mindoro Oriental (arkosic sandstone)
REFRACTORY RAW
ety
Refractories
—_kx_——>s
Refractories used in steel plants have been categorized into three
groups:
1. Alumino-silicates
(a) Clays*
(6b) Sillimanite, kyanite, andalusite
(c) Corundum
2. Silica and semi-silica*
3. Basic refractories
(a) Magnesite
(tb) Dolomite
(c) Chrome and chrome-magnesite*
*manufactured in the Philippines

© Google Images
ZEOLITE
contains abundant volcanic glass
will change to clay minerals during diagenesis

Zeolite
This material will change to clay minerals such as

alloohane and montmorillonite and various zeolites
during diagenesis
The only known deposit of zeolite, which has been

put into production over the Phillippines archipelago,
is the one situated in Mangatarem, Pangasinan
Structural and
Building
Materials
rebuilding of disaster
affected areas
development and vast quantities of
expansion of urban construction and
centers building materials:
construction of high rise
buildings -sand
infrastructure projects on -gravel
irrigation, mass transport, -dimension stone
power supply, school -crushed rock
buildings, transport aggregates
terminals, concrete
roads, bridges, harbor
A facilities and markets
The following commodities considered as
structural and building materials:
_
=| marble
=] pumMice/pumicite
=) rock aggregates
=) rock asphalt
=|)sand and gravel
=| volcanic tuff
© Google Images
MARBLE
(commercial)
any crystalline rock composed predominantly of
calcite, dolomite, or serpentine and takes a good
polish
marbleized limestone - fossiliferous marble; not a

true marble
NNN
What is the geologic
definition of marble?
TRUE MARBLE
in geological sense
a metamorphic limestone or dolostone,

which is thoroughly recrystallized that much or
all of the sedimentary structures and
biologic interlocking are obliterated
Marble
Main impurities: quartz and clay
PURE CALCITE: white

+ jron imparts: tan, red, brown
+ hematite: pink
+ organic matter: gray or black
TRUE MARBLE: generally tougher than most marbleized

limestone as the grains of calcite in the latter are usually less
firmly cemented together
The commercial trade names usually give the quarry location,

color, texture, and/or a descriptive word for the pattern and
texture of the polished marble product
Marble
Marble deposits are widely distributed throughout the

country:
true metamorphic varieties in Romblon and Mindoro
Major deposits with varying texture and color abound

in the islands of Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Palawan,
Cebu, Catanduanes, Leyte, Marinduque, Negros and
Samar.
Age: Mesozoic to Tertiary

Marbleized limestone
BULACAN (Angat and Madlum Formations)

* Mariposa A- medium cream pink
* Mariposa B - dark buff to light brown, + fossil
* Bigti capistrano - creamy to medium buff, 50% fossil
¢« Sierra madre- dark buff in color
¢« Star southern cloud-medium- dark buff, fine-grained, with lighter cream-
colored stringers enclosing orbicular fossils and blebs
* Southern cloud-light- brown buff color, with nodular pattern
* Southern cloud- dark- dull brownish buff
* Bulacan beige- light pink
RIZAL (Masungit and Binanongan Limestone)

¢* Tanay black- + fossil (corals and forams)
* Tanay gray - fine-grained, dark to medium gray
* Tanay red- biothermal phase of the Angat Formation
* Tanay tea- brown gray
* Cardinal red- yellow-red on polished slab
* Gumamela- pink, with breccia in dark brown to red matrix
Marble
MINDORO (Mesozoic)
-polished sections: fine granoblastic, with oriented calcite grains,

wavy lines and bands of carbonaceous matter and other
impurities
-very fine flakes of talc stream into fractures and interstices of
calcite and quartz grains
-similar in age and textures with the Romblon-Panay
metamorphic marble
Marble
ROMBLON (pre-Tertiary age)

-usually capped with schist
-various shades of colors present are due to inclusions
of chlorite, biotite, amphibole, feldspar, quartz and
some opaque minerals, which are concentrated along
relict and folded bedding planes
Marble
PALAWAN
-reefoid limestone, with corals and fossils of middle Miocene age
-color: off-white to dark gray, almost black
-massive to thickly bedded, non porous, and fine-grained
-situated near Ulugan Bay and Saint Paul
Local varieties:
Cabayugan- medium gray
Palawan gray- dark gray
Palawan black- almost black in color, with obliterated organic
remains
Tagabenit- light gray
Marble
PANAY
-white to light gray, usually fine-grained, banded with light and dark layers and
crossed with veinlets
-other types present are the ivory, light pink and red, with various textural
patterns noticeable on polished surface
-the golden variety -yellow-gold to brownish, slightly translucent and crystalline;
has strong appeal for market abroad
CEBU
-Sources are the Lower Miocene Cebu Orbitoid limestone and the Middle
Miocene Mt. Uling limestone
Notable varieties:
-Cebu rose: dark pink Cebu pink: light pink
MINDANAO
-mainly around Davao Gulf
Tagbalabao brown- brown, extremely fine-grained
Tagbalabao lavender- lavender-buff with calcite veinlets
Beregyan- red brown, with dark brown ground
PUMICE AND
PUMICITE
useful properties: abrasiveness, inertness and

lightness.
Pumice and pumicite
uses: lightweight aggregates, additives for

pozzolan cement, abrasives, soil conditioners,
carriers for insecticides, filters, extenders and
insulation materials
oe inhale vs s PU MICITE vs
Pumice and pumicite
‘=|Pumice and pumicite are light-

colored volcanic glasses,
produced during the Pliocene
and Quaternary volcanism
‘=|/Pumice is a cellular, glassy rock

formed by explosive volcanism.
‘=|Pumicite, also called volcanic

ash or dust, has the same origin,
chemical composition, and glassy
texture but was blown into
smaller particles during the
eruptive process. (less than 4mm
size)
Pumice and Pumicite
July 16, 1990 earthquake --- destroyed many buildings in Baguio City, Dagupan City
and other urban centers --- rekindled the interest on the lightweight aggregates
In Japan, lightweight buildings:

-less danger of buckling under the swaying-shifting motion caused by earthquakes
© Google Images
Pumice and Pumicite
GSS
The largest deposit is in Juban, Sorsogon with geologic reserves of

21.878 million metric tons
-subaerial origin: poor sorting and absence of well-defined

bedding
-Scattered throughout the deposits are non-pumiceous materials
such as obsidian, perlite, rnyodacite, andesite, basalt, soecks of
biotite, grains of quartz and white feldspar and hornblende. These
are conspicuous in pumicite.
Other occurrences are in Angeles, Pampanga and Buhi; Camarines

Sur.
ROCK AGGREGATES
produced by crushing, screening and washing of andesite,
basalt, limestone, marble, metavolcanic and other rock
materials which meet certain requirements as to strength,
soundness, and other specifications utilized in much the
same way as sand and gravel
Rock aggregates
water + cement + coarse and fine aggregate

a
CONCRETE
water and cement - paste

aggregate - inert filler
AGGREGATE: major constituent of concrete (60%-

80% by volume)
-type of aggregate influences the mix proportions
and the performance of the concrete.
Rock aggregates
‘=| Properties of aggregate affect concrete

characteristics such as:
v density
v strength
v durability
v thermal conductivity
v shrinkage
v creep
Rock aggregates
‘=|Shape and textures of the aggregate particles +

grading (distribution of particle sizes) ---
workability and strength of concrete
‘=| Type or presence of sufficient impurities ---
adverse effect on the setting properties of the
cement or durability of the concrete
‘=| Strength of aggregate --- bulk shear strength of
the concrete
‘=|Porosity of aggregate --- water requirement in
concrete
GOOD AGGREGATE:
v hard
v durable
v clean and free of clay
v should contain only small amounts of coal,
organic material, pyrite and soluble sulphates
v resistant to attack by alkaline cement pore
fluids
Aggregates
‘=\The alkali silica reaction (ASR) may induce

expansion and cracking in concrete.
‘=| ASR is chemical reaction between disordered

forms of silica, which may occur in aggregates,
and hydroxyl ions formed by the release of alkali
compounds from the cement.
‘=|The reaction forms a swelling gel, which may

induce stress, resulting in expansion and cracking
which over time can threaten structural integrity.
Aggregates
=|A combination of the following may lead to

ASR-induced cracking:
(a) a significant quantity of reactive silica (low
reactive silica contents will not induce
expansion) in the aggregate;
(6) available alkalis (generally from the cement)
above a critical level: and
(c) moisture from an internal source.
Opal is highly disordered and ts the most reactive form of silica.

Aggregates
‘|alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR)

-occurs when certain carbonates react with alkalis
to cause expansion and cracking (Gillot &
Swenson, 1969).
Potentially deleterious carbonates are dolomitic,

especially those with a high clay content.
The most common rocks utilized in the

processing of rock aggregates are basalt, andesite
and metavolcanic rocks, which are widely
distributed in the Philippines.
ROCK ASPHALT
used as binder in road pavement
bitumen impregnations during the Miocene-

Pliocene epoch shale and sandstone
Rock asphalt
Villaba, Leyte
Villaba rock asphalt
-lenticular body in a shale-sandstone series
-composed of interbedded, medium to coarse-grained sandstone
with layers that show abundant fragments of limestone
impregnated with tar and bitumen
Classification:
-based on occurrence and associated lithologic types, which serve
as the reservoir:
1. Base deposits- associated with calcareous sandstone
2. Fragmental tar- overlies the bitumen-impreganated
sandstone; composed of coarse and granular sandstone.
3. Tarsand- youngest; composed of cobbles and pebbles of
different rock types.
SAND AND GRAVEL
basic raw materials for construction
Reserves are enormous but unevenly distributed.
Qualities required for present

specifications that can be economically
excavated are definitely limited.
NNN
Sand and gravel
¢ bar and channel deposits

* terrace gravel
¢ alluvial fans
(flooding replenishes the supply)
Classification (based on origin)

1. residual deposits - form rock mantle over the parent
formation; formed by the mantle weathering in place of the
parent rock or superimposed formations; intermixed with clay
(lessens their commercial importance)
2. fluvial deposits- sand and gravel, picked-up, transported and
deposited by fluvial action
3. marine and lacustrine - well-sorted materials with
segregated coarse and fine particles
VOLCANIC TUFF
adobe
Tuff deposits, which exhibit considerable

variation in texture and color, are
products of Quaternary explosive volcanism.
Volcanic Tuff
The adobe quarried in Quezon City and its immediate vicinity belongs
to the Diliman Tuff Member of the Guadalupe Formation and to the
Taal Tuff and their equivalents in the neighboring provinces of
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal.
Use of volcanic tuff as a dimension stone dates back to the Spanish

era: construction of churches, fortifications and houses
Now: used as a decorative material because of its varied texture and

ease with which it can be formed into various shapes
The local adobe may be classified as to its color. Principally, it may be

classified as gray-white, brown, red and black adobe.
Volcanic Tuff
The main supply of adobe comes from Luzon, especially in

Bulacan province where adobe is quarried almost
continuously throughout the year.
Tuff deposits also occur in
Aklan
Antique
Batangas
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Rizal
Quezon City
Samar
Surigao
sve qlih4=¢
Fertilizer minerals
Guano Magnesite
Phosphate rock Peat
Limestone Pyrite
Dolomite Sulfur
These materials serve as:

natural raw fertilizers
soil conditioners
essential fertilizer raw
materials
© Google Images
ingredients in the
manufacture of inorganic
and chemical fertilizers
Fertilizers
— |
natural raw fertilizers- added to correct nutrient

deficiencies and to neutralize unwanted acidity or
extreme alkalinity in certain types of soils.
PLANTS
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen > water and air
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, Iron manganese, zinc, copper,
molybdenum, boron and chlorine > soil
sabeu aj6005 ©
Guano is the accumulated
excrement and remains of
birds and bats which
provide the most important
organic source of
Guano
Occurrence:
=) in relatively arid conditions in regions where
upwelling of cold, deep ocean waters provide the
nutrients to supply a marine biological population
‘=| (ideal conditions) rate of deposition - 8 tol0 cm

per year
=) Archaeological and stratification studies show

that the ancient Peruvian deposits have
accumulated at an average rate of 2 to 3 cm per
year, thus, a 1-m thick guano deposit would
require a minimum of 50 years
Guano
The initial search for and investigation of guano deposits dated back in
1922 in Dumarao, Capiz.
Good potential for guano and phosphate rock:

Pangasinan, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Albay, Sorsogon, Masbate,
lloilo, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Northern
Leyte, and Davao del Norte
Guano
LESSEE
Local guano deposits are confined to limestone

caves and caverns ---natural habitat or breeding
ground of birds (swallows) and bats
light to dark brown, fluffy or

feather-like in touch, and
show wide variability from
average of 1.50 to 36.00
percent In phosphorous
pentoxide content
Guano
GSS
Classification:
1. Fresh guano - dark chocolate brown, soft, oblong, and

about the size of a grain of palay, which eventually
disintegrates.
N: less than 1-6%; phosphorus pentoxide: 0.25-1%
Phosphatic soil -transported soil + droppings and remains
of bats and birds; loose; light orange to yellowish brown
and enriched with lime (limestone); phosphorus pentoxide:
4to12%
Phosphatized guano- underlies the phosphatic soil; porous,
friable, hard, compact; variable colors, depending on the
amounts of impurities; ohosphorus pentoxide: 39.70%
PHOSPHATE ROCK
main source of phosphate in chemical
fertilizers
Images
made up primarily of chloride, fluoride,
© Gooale
carbonate, or hydroxyl forms of apatite
Phosphate rock
-most widespread and considered the most

Important, geologically and economically, are
those of marine origin
The P,O, may reach exceptional concentrations of

20 to 30 percent (equivalents to 54 to 80 percent
apatite) in extensive zones, 1 to 3 m thick
Deposits so far explored in the country, however,

are associated with the old guano deposits
© Google Images
LIMESTONE
carbonate rock consisting mainly of calcite or
aragonite
For fertilizer and soil conditioner

purposes, limestone furnishes raw materials
particularly for the manufacture of agricultural
lime
Limestone
_
CLASSIFICATION
High-calcium lime Oyster-shell lime

-50 to 55% calcium oxide -crushed oyster shell that has
-40 to 55% carbonic acid been calcined and used as
agricultural lime (aglime)
Magnesian lime Hydrated lime

-5 to 20% magnesia -hydrated calcium oxide,
-70 to 85% calcium oxide Ca(OH),, with 24% water
© Google Images
carbonate of calcium and magnesium
ideally composed of 21.70% magnesia, 30.40%

lime and 47.90% carbon dioxide
Dolomite
GSS
‘=|\Dolomitization: transformation of normal limestone to

dolomitic limestone or dolomite
‘=|Seawater In contact with calcium carbonate when

heated in a sealed tube produces dolomite (Dana, 1957)
‘=iLimestone rich in magnesia Is called dolomitic

limestone. It has found successful application as
agricultural lime with a lasting neutralizing power or
value per unit weight than calcium carbonate.
l=\It is effective in neutralizing acidic soils

Dolomite
GSS
'a|Major dolomite/dolomitic
limestone deposits are situated
in the province of
* Cebu
° Batangas
* Negros Occidental
* Negros Oriental
* Northern Leyte
* Davao Oriental
© Google Images
MAGNESITE
a natural form of magnesium carbonate with
ideal magnesia content of 47.60 percent
an important source of magnesium for

fertilizer
Magnesite
SSS
‘=|Magnesium
-essential element in plant and animal
metabolism
-added to fertilizers in the form of caustic-
calcined magnesia
-produced by calcination of magnesium
carbonate or magnesium hydroxide at 1,000°C or
lower temperature
Magnesium sulfate is also used in fertilizer

manufacture.
Two ways on how
magnesites are formed
1.
Magnesite
SSS
-normal product of tropical weathering
ultramafic rock
wb
MgO and SiO, almost completely removed

Lb
residual soils enriched in iron (Fe), nickel (Ni),

alumina (Al203), manganese (Mn) and cobalt
(Co)
Lb
leached Mg and Si are redeposited along

fractures in the rock below the soil profile or may
be carried by groundwater into the open
drainage and finally to the cag
Magnesite
SSS
another potential source of MgO and CO, is

seawater
precipitate magnesite from seawater:

v ApH exceeding 7
v adecrease in concentration of MgSO,
v saturation with NaCl
v presence of NH3 or organic salts
v presence of CO2
v rise in temperature
brain-like: weathering
nodular: seawater
Magnesite
Most of the magnesite deposits in the Philippines

are within the province of Davao Oriental
Unconfimed occurrences are reportedly in the

peridotite areas of Ilocos Norte, Zambales,
Mindoro, Palawan, Bohol and Lanao.
(all are products of weathering)

Magnesite
CLASSIFICATION:
|. Cluster nodules or concretions on both walls.

Coalesced nodules exhibit deformed ovoid and
spherical shapes
2. Massive deposit- occupying the full width of the

fracture
5. Folded sheets - folded mass of magnesite

resembles intestines, and on a section parallel to
the plane of the vein, it appears to have a brain-like
arrangement
Peat
USES:
as soil conditioner - peat contains a large fraction of fibrous and

porous organic matter: improves the physical constitution of the
soil
as ingredient or filler in mixed fertilizer- peat acts as a carrier for

the primary nutrients- nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
as fuel and raw material for producing mountain wax, peat coke
or char, gas, and tar products
as litter material for breeding livestock due to its moisture-

absorbing property
as deodorizer in stable and poultry yards

Peat
Liberty, Ormoc City, Leyte

- the singly explored peat deposit
- combined area of 103 hectares,
- average thickness of 0.40 to 0.50 meter
- ylelds a total estimated reserve of 2,105,600 wet metric
tons
- heating values ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 BTU
- 0.96 percent nitrogen, 19.81 percent phosphorous
pentoxide (P205)
- 5.10 percent available phosphoric acid, 1.93 percent total
potash and 2.61 percent organic matter, on oven-dry basis
© Google Images
PYRITE & SULFUR
Pyrite (FeS,) is a common mineral associated
with copper, lead, zinc, gold and
other metallic minerals
PYRITE AND SULFUR
principal sources of sulfur in the Philippine:

-pyrite concentrate recovered as by-product from
various copper mines
-natural sulfur deposits
For the country’s sulfur requirement, only the

pyrite concentrate is produced and yet in a short-
lived period (1983-1990) but renewed after eight
years
PYRITE AND
SULFUR
SSS
In all the fourteen known deposits, native

sulfur occurs either as disseminations,
impregnations or incrustations in highly
fractured or thermally altered andesitic
rocks.
Gemstone and
Decorative
Materials
CLASSIFICATION
Based on origin
PRIMARY
-found in places where they were originally formed (in situ),
together with the associated rocks
-occur as dissemination, veins, dikes, lenses or beds within
various rock types
SECONDARY
-found away from where they were originally formed
-occur as alluvial or riverbed, flood plain, or beach deposits
-may be in the form of narrow patches, lenses of various
sizes or as evenly distributed materials in the alluvial
deposits
CLASSIFICATION
Based on market values
PRECIOUS
-Diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald
SEMI-PRECIOUS
-remaining gemstones
© Google Images
-known in the country
Gemstones
a
Correlating the various types of gemstone and decorative materials according to
their geologic environment and rock associations, the country is endowed with
the following:
1. “Zambales Jade“ (uvarovite), mauve, blue schist (glaucophane schist);

jasper/chert; jadeite and nephrite; serpentine and spinel in ultramafic/ophiolitic
suites;
© Google Images
a,
© Google Images
Jadeite vs Nephrite
Gemstones
— |
Traits of the Gemstone Jadeite Characteristics Nephrite Characteristics
Mineral group Pyroxene Amphibole
Hardness 6.5 - 7 onthe Mohs scale 6 - 6.5 0n the Mohs scale
Specific Gravity 3.50 - 3.50 290 - 3.02

Chemical Characteristics Made of sodium and Made of calcium and
aluminum magnesium
Color Many color combinations Typically green or dark

in addition to green green but can be found as
including yellow, pink, and white jade or even reddish
lavender. jade.
Gemstones
2. ‘Mindoro Jade’ (Sericite schists), schist, hornfels, bull quartz and gneiss in
metamorphic regions;
© Google Images
Gemstones
ee
3. Jasper/chert, opal, obsidian, bloodstone and agate in volcanic regions;
© Google Images
Gemstones
[|
4. Garnet, feldspar, quartz, amethyst and epidote in plutonic rocks and/or near
the intrusive contacts of older formations;
© Google Images
Gemstones
— |
5. Petrified wood, agate, jasper, flint clays and opal in sedimentary rocks; and
© Google Images
Gemstones
6.Rhodonite, pyrite, malachite, azurite, amethyst and quartz in deposits of

hydrothermal origin.
© Google Images
Any questions?

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GIS, Remote Sensing

Cartography — the science that deals with the construction,

Taguig City, Binangonan =

Naic. General Santa

1:100,000 1:50,000 1:25,000

Orthographic Perspective Conic Mercator

Spatial Reference Framework — a combination of factors; ellipsoid, geoid.,

Spheroid — slightly non-spherical object, but not necessarily

zone! | Zone ll Zone IiifZone lV) Zone V

Wee TE Wie WE TBE

Figure 5. PTM Zones with Central Meridians

Line Feature Road

Area Feature a Land-use

POINTS LINES AREAS

The “GIS Map World” (digita/)

7 Cell Co! Row eae BSEESEEE (Raster)

Remote sensing using passive sensor system

Satellite(Souree and Sensor System)

Land Features( Object)

Remote sensing using active sensor system

¢ Data to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM's). This

¢ This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic

NCS Coe a ekg

is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to

¢ ls aremote sensing method that uses light in the form of a

¢ A LIDAR instrument principally consists of a laser, a scanner,

Two types of LIDAR are topographic and bathymetric.

LIDAR systems allow scientists and mapping professionals to

» Anessential piece of equipment for the detailed

alamy stock photo uae tices

» Essential for most of geological fieldwork

» In using hammer, safety must be put first. Step

» Essential in taking down notes and sketching

strike and dip or observable features.

edge of sketch inset box to show position

Crenulation Middle crust, inner Microfolding of a pre- Microfold hinges, crenulation

# Can also use in conjunction with a topographic

» There are two main types

clinometer arm long edge magnetic needle

pin to lock magnetic

sighting mirror window in compass window round level

SIME IaIco}Ameem ag el~

_ ——_ - : — ™lock for

= Know your sampling method

= A sample of about 10 cm thick x 5 cm x5 cmis usually sufficient for

e aCe u clam ce CMHC Ori tsabarss

A 200 g sample is usually sufficient for a range of major and minor

In addition some rocks contain minerals that are the product of

The amount of sample that needs to be collected for mineral analysis

For volcanic glass and feldspars for « Ar—» Ar and K - Ar dating,

For pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks it is particularly important to

«= Samples for megafossil analysis:

«= Megafossil samples and their supporting rock material tend to be

= Samples for microfossil analysis:

SWARM IEC ee Cee Cee MO th Cay

= Samples for molecular fossils:

« High - resolution sampling requires great 5

emer se Cem A ate madi Cae 2 es

required, mark where the samples will be

# On the sample bag or outside of the packing material itself

Gentle slope (widely «

Mining Laws and Environn