Bright 11

SEMESTER 2 REVIEW
UNIT 5 | CITIES AND EDUCATION IN THE FUTURE
I/ Vocabulary
digital road (phr): /ˈdɪʤɪtᵊl rəʊd/ đường phố kết nối công nghệ kĩ thuật số
flying vehicles (phr): /ˈflaɪɪŋ ˈvɪəkᵊlz/ phương tiện giao thông có thể bay
moving walkway (phr): /ˈmuːvɪŋ ˈwɔːkweɪ/ đường đi bộ tự di chuyển
skybridge (n): /ˈskaɪbrɪʤ/ cầu trên không
underground motorway /ˈʌndəɡraʊnd đường cao tốc dưới lòng đất
(phr): ˈməʊtəˌweɪ/

Lesson 5a:
data (n): /ˈdeɪtə / dữ liệu, số liệu
exchange (v): /ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ / trao đổi
→ exchange (n): /ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ / sự trao đổi, việc trao đổi
e.g. in exchange for sth: để đổi lấy gì đó
measure (v): /ˈmeʒə / đo, đo được
→ measurement (n) /ˈmeʒəmənt/ số đo, việc đo đạc
sensor (n): /ˈsensə / cảm biến
→ sense (v) /sens/ cảm nhận được, dò ra
→ sense (n) /sens/ cảm nhận, giác quan
smart mirror (phr): /smɑːt ˈmɪrə / gương thông minh
socialise (v): /ˈsəʊʃᵊlaɪz / kết bạn giao lưu xã hội
e.g. socialise with sb
→ social (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəl/ thuộc về xã hội, mang tính xã hội
→ society (n) /səˈsaɪəti/ xã hội, hội nhóm
valuable (adj): /ˈvæljəbᵊl / có giá trị
→ invaluable (adj) /ɪnˈvæljəbəl/ vô giá, vô cùng hữu ích
3D printed house (phr): /θriːˈdiː ˈprɪntɪd haʊs / nhà xây bằng công nghệ in 3D
drone delivery (phr) /drəʊn dɪˈlɪvəri / giao hàng bằng máy bay không người lái
floating building (phr) /ˈfləʊtɪŋ ˈbɪldɪŋ / toà nhà nổi trên mặt nước
foldable (adj): /ˈfəʊldəbᵊl / có thể gấp lại
 → fold (v) /fəʊld/ gấp lại, xếp lại
solar window (phr): /ˈsəʊlə ˈwɪndəʊ / cửa sổ năng lượng mặt trời
vacuum tube train (phr): /ˈvækjuːm ʧuːb treɪn / tàu đệm từ siêu tốc
vertical farm (phr): /ˈvɜːtɪkᵊl fɑːm / trang trại thẳng đứng (canh tác theo chiều
dọc)
Lesson 5c:

break down (phr v): / breɪk daʊn/ (xe cộ) hư, hỏng

break up (phr v): /breɪk ʌp/ bắt đầu kì nghỉ cuối năm

Lesson 5d:
3D digi book (phr): /ˌθriːˈdiː dɪʤɪbʊk sách điện tử 3D
cyborg guide (phr): /ˈsaɪbɔːɡ ɡaɪd / người máy hướng dẫn
digital classroom (phr): /ˈdɪʤɪtᵊl ˈklɑːsrʊm/ lớp học số hoá công nghệ
hologram device (phr): /ˈhɒləɡræm dɪˈvaɪs/ thiết bị trình chiếu ảnh ba
chiều
home schooling (n): /həʊm ˈskuːlɪŋ/ giáo dục tại nhà
virtual reality (phr): /ˈvɜːʧuəl riˈæləti ˈhedset/ kính thực tế ảo
headset
II/ Grammar:
u Future Simple will (Thì tương lai đơn với will):
– Công thức:

Thể khẳng định Thể phủ định Thể câu hỏi

Chủ ngữ + will + động từ

Chủ ngữ + will not + động Will + Chủ ngữ +
chính
từ chính động từ chính?

I/He/She/It/We/You/ They Will I/ he/ she/ it/ we/

I/He/She/It/We/You/They
will not (won’t) leave. you/ they leave?
will (’ll) leave.

Câu trả
Yes, I/ He/ She/ It/ We/ No, I/ He/ She/ It/ We/
lời rút
You/ They will. You/ They won’t.
gọn
u be going to
– Công thức:

Thể khẳng định Thể phủ định Thể câu hỏi

Động từ to be
Chủ ngữ + động từ to be Chủ ngữ + động từ to be
(am/is/are) + Chủ ngữ
(am/is/are) + going to + (am/is/are) + NOT +
+ going to + động từ
động từ chính going to + động từ chính
chính?
I’m not/He’s not/She’s
Am I going to work?
I am/He is/She is/It is/ We not/It’s not/We’re not/
Is he/she/it going to
are/You are/They are You’re not/They’re not
work?
going to work. going to work.
Are we/you/they going
to work?

Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Câu trả
Yes, you/we/they are. No, you/we/they aren’t.
lời rút
Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t.
gọn

Cách sử dụng:
• Chúng ta dùng will khi đưa ra dự đoán dựa trên những gì chúng ta nghĩ, tin hay tưởng tượng. Chúng ta
sử dụng will cùng với các động từ think, believe, expect, hope, v.v…
In the future, people will drive flying cars.
I think/believe that people will drive flying cars in the future.
• Chúng ta dùng be going to khi đưa ra dự đoán dựa trên những gì chúng ta có thể nhìn thấy (bằng
chứng).
Look at that drone? It is going to land on that hill!
• Chúng ta dùng may/might khi đưa ra dự đoán về một khả năng.
People may/might have flying cars in the future. (Nhưng điều này không chắc.)
• Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng be likely khi đưa ra dự đoán về một khả năng có thể xảy ra.
It is likely that people will travel to other planets in the future.
She's mostly likely going to end up getting a promotion.
It's quite likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year
I think men are more likely to spend a lot of money on food than women are.
The company is not likely to make a profit in the second half of the year.

u Trạng từ chỉ mức độ chắc chắn (Adverbs of certainty)

 Chúng ta có thể dùng trạng từ chỉ mức độ chắc chắn (definitely, certainly, probably,
perhaps, maybe) và will để diễn tả mức độ chắn chắn của chúng ta đối với một hành động hoặc
một việc gì đó trong tương lai.
• definitely/certainly (not): chắc chắn sẽ (không) xảy ra hoặc thành hiện thực.
• probably (not): (không) có khả năng cao xảy ra hoặc thành hiện thực.
• perhaps/maybe (not): (khó) có thể xảy ra hoặc thành hiện thực.
Trạng từ chỉ mức độ chắc chắn thường đi sau will trong câu khẳng định và trước won’t,
hoặc đứng giữa will và not trong câu phủ định.
All cars will probably be driverless in the future.
We probably won’t go to supermarkets in the future.
HOẶC We will probably not go to supermarkets in the future.

Trạng từ maybe/perhaps thường đứng đầu câu:

Perhaps/Maybe 3D printers will make all houses in the future.

UNIT 6 | SOCIAL ISSUES

disease (n) /dɪˈziːz/ bệnh tật

→ diseased (adj) /dɪˈziːzd/ bị bệnh, mang bệnh
homelessness (n) /ˈhəʊmləsnəs/ tình trạng vô gia cư
→ homeless (adj) /ˈhəʊmləs/ vô gia cư, không nhà ở
hunger (n) /ˈhʌŋɡə/ nạn đói
racism (n) /ˈreɪsɪzᵊm/ nạn phân biệt chủng tộc
→ racist (n) /ˈreɪsɪst/ người phân biệt chủng tộc
→ racist (adj) /ˈreɪsɪst/ mang tính phân biệt chủng tộc, có suy nghĩ
phân biệt chủng tộc
→ race (n) /reɪs/ chủng tộc
unemployment (n) /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ tình trạng thất nghiệp
→ unemployed (adj) /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/ thất nghiệp
≠ employed (by sb) (adj) /ɪmˈplɔɪd/ có việc làm, được (ai đó) nhận vào làm
→ employment (n) /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ công việc, tình trạng có việc làm
e.g. to be in employment có việc làm
 war (n) /wɔː/ chiến tranh
e.g. to be at war (with (phr) trong tình trạng chiến tranh, có xung đột
sb/sth) (với ai/ cái gì)
I/ Vocabulary:

Lesson 6a:
conduct (v) /kənˈdʌkt/ tiến hành (nghiên cứu)
crisis (n) /ˈkraɪsɪs/ khủng hoảng
e.g. to be in (a) đang trong tình trạng khủng hoảng
crisis
life-threatening (adj) /laɪf ˈθretᵊnɪŋ/ đe doạ tính mạng
malaria (n) /məˈleəriə/ bệnh sốt rét
non-profit (adj) /nɒn ˈprɒfɪt/ phi lợi nhuận
→ profit (n) / ˈprɒfɪt/ lợi nhuận
→ profitable (adj) /ˈprɒfɪtəbəl/ mang lại lợi nhuận, có lợi
nutrition (n) /njuːˈtrɪʃᵊn/ (vấn đề) dinh dưỡng
→ nutritious (adj) /njuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/ nhiều dinh dưỡng, bổ dưỡng
→ nutrient (n) /ˈnjuːtriənt/ chất dinh dưỡng
→ malnutrition (n) /ˌmælnjuːˈtrɪʃən/ bệnh suy dinh dưỡng
scale (n) /skeɪl/ quy mô
e.g. on a small/ large (phr) có quy mô nhỏ/lớn
scale
tuberculosis (n) /tjuːˌbɜːkjəˈləʊsɪs/ bệnh lao
bullying (n) /ˈbʊliɪŋ/ (vấn đề) bắt nạt, ăn hiếp
→ bully (v) /ˈbʊli/ bắt nạt, ăn hiếp
→ bully (n) /ˈbʊli/ kẻ bắt nạt
crime (n) /kraɪm/ hành vi phạm tội, tội ác
e.g. to commit a phạm tội
crime
→ criminal (n) /ˈkrɪmɪnl/ tội phạm
depression (n) /dɪˈpreʃᵊn/ chứng trầm cảm
 → depressed (adj) /dɪˈprest/ trầm cảm, buồn nản
gender inequality (n) /ˈʤendər bất bình đẳng giới
ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/
≠ gender equality (n) /ˈʤendər ɪˈkwɒləti/ sự bình đẳng giới
healthcare (n) /ˈhelθkeə/ sự chăm sóc sức khoẻ
obesity (n) /əʊˈbiːsəti/ bệnh béo phì
→ obese (adj) /əʊˈbiːs/ béo phì, thừa cân
pollution (n) /pəˈluːʃᵊn/ ô nhiễm
→ pollute (v) /pəˈluːt/ gây ô nhiễm
→ pollutant (n) /pəˈluːtənt/ chất gây ô nhiễm
poverty (n) /ˈpɒvəti/ sự nghèo đói
→ poor (adj) /pɔː(r)/, /pʊə(r)/ nghèo

Lesson 6c:
fill out (phr v) /fɪl aʊt/ điền thông tin (vào mẫu đơn)
fill up (phr v) /fɪl ʌp/ làm đầy, đổ đầy

Lesson 6d:
cash (n) /kæʃ/ tiền mặt
equal (to sb/ sth) (adj) /ˈiːkwəl/ bằng nhau, ngang nhau, bình đẳng (với ai), bằng (với
cái gì)
≠ unequal (in sth) (adj) /ʌnˈiːkwəl bất bình đẳng, không ngang bằng (trên khía cạnh nào
/ đó)
shelter (n) /ˈʃeltə/ chỗ ở, chỗ trú
→ shelter (sb from (v) /ˈʃeltə/ cung cấp chỗ trú ẩn, bảo vệ, che chở (ai đó) khỏi (cái gì
sth) đó)
stamp (n) /stæmp/ (thực phẩm) tem phiếu
training (n) /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ khoá đào tạo, huấn luyện
→ train (v) /treɪn/ đào tạo, huấn luyện

Culture Corner C
 3D (three-dimensional) (n) /θridiː (ˌθriːdaɪˈmenʃᵊnᵊl) công nghệ 3D
technology tekˈnɒləʤi/
model (n) /ˈmɒdᵊl/ mô hình / mẫu
→ model (v) /ˈmɒdᵊl/ mô phỏng
remotely (adv) /rɪˈməʊtli/ từ xa
→ remote (adj) /rɪˈməʊt/ ở xa, từ xa
trial (n) /traɪəl/ (phiên bản) thử nghiệm
VR (Virtual Reality) (n) /viːɑː (ˈvɜːʧuəl riˈæləti) công nghệ thực tế ảo
technology tekˈnɒləʤi/
CLIL C (PSHE)
access (to sb/ sth) (n) /ˈækses/ sự tiếp cận (với ai/ cái gì)
e.g. provide/ restrict cho phép/ cấm tiếp cận (với ai/
access (to sb/ sth) cái gì)
→ access (v) /ˈækses/ tiếp cận
cooperation (n) /kəʊˌɒpᵊrˈeɪʃᵊn/ sự hợp tác
→ cooperate (with (v) /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ hợp tác (với ai/ cái gì)
sb/sth)
economy (n) /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ nền kinh tế
→ economical (adj) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/ tiết kiệm, ít tốn kém
→ economics (n) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ Kinh tế học
funding (n) /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ sự tài trợ, tiền tài trợ
→ fund (v) /fʌnd/ tài trợ, cấp vốn
humanitarian aid (n) /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən eɪd/ viện trợ nhân đạo
overcome (v) /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ vượt qua
strengthen (v) /ˈstreŋθᵊn/ làm cho vững mạnh
→ strength (n) /streŋθ/ sức mạnh

II/ Grammar:

 Danh động từ (dạng -ing)

Danh động từ là dạng động từ có đuôi -ing được dùng như một danh từ.
Chúng ta sử dụng danh động từ làm chủ ngữ:
 Advertising is a good way to get volunteers.
Supporting poor communities is a good way to be useful to our society.
Chúng ta sử dụng danh động từ làm tân ngữ:
✓ sau một số động từ như avoid, consider, dislike, forgive, imagine, involve, practise,
suggest, mind, risk, recommend, deny, delay, postpone, v.v.
I suggest collecting food first for the shelter.
✓ sau động từ và giới từ như agree with/to, apologise for, complain about, ask for, help
with, laugh at, concentrate on, depend on, dream of, insist on, rely on, succeed in, focus
on, carry on, keep on, v.v.
The charity succeeded in raising enough money to build a homeless shelter.
✓ sau một số cụm từ như can’t help, can’t stand, spend (time), feel like, it’s (not) worth, it’s
no use/ good, look forward to, be busy, (be) get used to, have difficulty/trouble, have a
good time, v.v.
I look forward to helping at the fundraising event.
Những động từ see, hear và watch được theo sau bởi dạng -ing để diễn tả hành động chưa hoàn
thành (khi chúng ta muốn nói ai đó trông thấy/ nghe thấy/theo dõi một phần của hành động).

She saw him leaving the house. (= Cô ấy nhìn thấy một phần hành động.)

 Câu hỏi đuôi (Question tags)

Câu hỏi đuôi là những cụm từ được thêm vào cuối câu để kiểm tra xem điều gì đó có đúng
không.
• Câu khẳng định sẽ có câu hỏi đuôi phủ định.
He’s a cook at the community kitchen, isn’t he?
• Câu phủ định sẽ có câu hỏi đuôi khẳng định.
You don’t volunteer at the shelter, do you?
Chúng ta dùng dạng đúng của động từ to be/ trợ động từ/ động từ tình thái + đại từ nhân xưng
làm chủ ngữ để đặt câu hỏi đuôi.
He’s a volunteer, isn’t he?
You haven’t attended the volunteering training, have you?
Maggie and Shirley can deliver food to the families in need, can’t they?
Nếu câu không có động từ to be, trợ động từ hay động từ tình thái, chúng ta dùng don’t, doesn’t
cho thì hiện tại đơn và didn’t cho thì quá khứ đơn.
Calvin works at the employment centre, doesn’t he?
You signed up for the medical volunteer programme, didn’t you?
Trong câu hỏi đuôi, chúng ta xuống giọng (➘) khi chắc chắn với câu trả lời và lên giọng (➚) khi
không chắc chắn và muốn tìm câu trả lời.
Monica is joining the volunteer group, isn’t she? (➘) (Chắc chắn.)
They collected all the donations, didn’t they? (➚) (Không chắc chắn.)
Một số động từ/ cụm từ tạo ra câu hỏi đuôi theo cách khác.
• I am → aren’t I?
I’m on the food collection committee, aren’t I?
• Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định→ will you?
Have a seat in the waiting room, will you? (một lời mời)
• Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định → won’t you?
Write your name down in this application, won’t you? (một yêu cầu lịch sự)
• Don’t → will you?
Don’t forget to write your email address on the job application, will you?
• Let’s → shall we?
Let’s go to the charity event, shall we?
• Have (got) vật sở hữu → haven’t + chủ ngữ?
You’ve (got) the blankets for the shelter, haven’t you?
• Câu có từ phủ định (never, none, nobody, no one, nothing, etc.) sẽ có câu hỏi đuôi khẳng định.
You’ve never volunteered at the homeless shelter, have you?
• there + be → be + there?
There are lots of people at the medical centre, aren’t there?
• Nobody/No one → động từ thể khẳng định + they?
Nobody complains about working late at the fundraising event, do they?
• everyone, someone, anyone, these, those → động từ + they?
Everybody enjoyed collecting blankets for the shelter, didn’t they?
• this, that, everything, something, nothing → động từ + it?
That’s the new free medical centre, isn’t it?
 UNIT 7 | HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
I/ Vocabulary:

Lesson 7a:

craze (n) /kreɪz/ mốt, trào lưu

personal trainer (n) /ˈpɜːsᵊnᵊl ˈtreɪnə/ huấn luyện viên cá nhân
Pilates (n) /pɪˈlɑːtiːz/ bộ môn Pilates (chuỗi các bài tập thể dục
kết hợp với các thiết bị tập luyện nhằm
làm săn chắc cơ bắp, tăng cường sức khoẻ)
progress (n) /ˈprəʊɡres/ sự tiến bộ, tiến triển
e.g. make progress
→ progress (in sth) (v) /prəˈɡres/ tiến bộ trong việc gì
track (v) /træk/ theo dõi, dò theo
= keep track of sth (v) theo dõi tiến độ
treadmill (n) /ˈtredmɪl/ máy chạy bộ
weights (n) /weɪts/ tạ
→ weight (n) /weɪt/ trọng lượng
→ weightless (adj) /ˈweɪtləs/ không trọng lực
→ weigh (v) /weɪ/ cân, nặng
wellness (n) /ˈwelnəs/ sức khoẻ toàn diện
apply (v) /əˈplaɪ/ bôi (kem)
→ application (n) /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/ (hành động) bôi kem
avoid (v) /əˈvɔɪd/ tránh xa
→ avoidable (adj) /əˈvɔɪdəbl/ có thể tránh được
→ avoidance (n) /əˈvɔɪdəns/ sự tránh né
consume (v) /kənˈsjuːm/ ăn, tiêu thụ
→ consumer (n) /kənˈsjuːmə/ người tiêu dùng
→ consumption (n) /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ việc ăn, việc tiêu thụ
exercise (v) /ˈeksəsaɪz/ tập thể dục
→ exercise (n) /ˈeksəsaɪz/ bài thể dục, việc tập thể dục
 floss (v) /flɒs/ vệ sinh răng (bằng chỉ nha khoa)
limit (v) /ˈlɪmɪt/ hạn chế
→ limitation (n) /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn/ việc hạn chế, sự giới hạn
→ limit (n) /ˈlɪmɪt/ giới hạn
→ limited (adj) /ˈlɪmɪtɪd/ có giới hạn, bị hạn chế
maintain (v) /meɪnˈteɪn/ duy trì (cân nặng)
→ maintenance (n) /ˈmeɪntənəns/ việc duy trì, sự bảo trì
remove (n) /rɪˈmuːv/ loại bỏ
→ removal (n) /rɪˈmuːvl/ việc loại bỏ, sự loại trừ
serving (n) /ˈsɜːvɪŋ/ phần (ăn)
→ serve (sth to sb) (v) /sɜːv/ dọn ra, phục vụ (món ăn gì cho ai)
→ servant (n) /ˈsɜːvənt/ người hầu, người phụ vụ

Lesson 7c:
take off (phr v) /teɪk ɒf/ (máy bay) cất cánh
take up (phr v) /teɪk ʌp/ bắt đầu một sở thích, thói quen mới

Lesson 7d:
control (v) /kənˈtrəʊl/ kiểm soát
→ control (n) /kənˈtrəʊl/ sự kiểm soát
e.g.
to be in control (of sb/ sth) nắm quyền kiểm soát (ai/ cái gì)
take/lose control (of sb/ nắm/ mất kiểm soát (ai/ cái gì)
sth)
cut down on/cut out (phr v) /kʌt daʊn ɒn/ giảm bớt
/kʌt aʊt/
portion (n) /ˈpɔːʃᵊn/ phần (thức ăn)
give up (on sth) (phr v) /ɡɪv ʌp/ từ bỏ, không ăn (món gì đó)
diet (n) /ˈdaɪət/ chế độ ăn
e.g. to be on a diet ăn kiêng
junk food (n) /ʤʌŋk fuːd/ thức ăn kém bổ dưỡng
 salt (n) /sɒlt/ muối
→ salty (adj) mặn, nhiều muối
stay positive (phr) /steɪ ˈpɒzətɪv/ sống tích cực

II/ Grammar:

 Cụm phân từ (Participial phrases) / Mệnh đề nguyên thể (to-infinitive clauses)

Cụm phân từ (participial phrases) là các nhóm từ bao gồm một phân từ (dạng -ing, -ed hoặc
động từ cột 3) và các từ khác. Chúng được sử dụng như tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ.

Cụm phân từ có thể được dùng để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ.

MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ CỤM PHÂN TỪ

HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN/ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN/ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN

The lady who teaches/ taught the exercise The lady teaching the exercise class is the
class is the owner of the gym. owner of the gym.

The class which is/ was/ will be taught The class taught outside is a mix of yoga and
outside is a mix of yoga and meditation. meditation.

HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN/ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN

The man who is lifting weights is a famous The man lifting weights is a famous
basketball player. basketball player.
The treadmill which is being repaired is my The treadmill being repaired is my dad’s.
dad’s.
HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH
The lady who has taught the exercise class is The lady having taught the exercise class is
the owner of the gym. the owner of the gym.

The treadmill which has been repaired is my The treadmill having been repaired is my
dad’s. dad’s.
 Một mệnh đề nguyên thể có to có thể được dùng để thay thế một mệnh đề quan hệ theo
sau the first, the second, the last, the only, the best, the most popular, v.v...

Hannah was the first person who/that got the news.

→ Hannah was the first person to get the news.

 Danh động từ hoàn thành (Perfect gerunds) / Phân từ hoàn thành (Perfect participles)

• Danh động từ hoàn thành (Perfect gerunds)

Công thức: having + phân từ quá khứ

Chúng ta dùng danh động từ hoàn thành như tân ngữ sau một số động từ hoặc động từ
với giới từ để chỉ hành động đã hoàn thành trong quá khứ. Những hành động này đã xảy ra trước
hành động do động từ chính diễn đạt.

The children admitted not having brushed their teeth yesterday.

Danh động từ hoàn thành được sử dụng:

✓ sau một số động từ như deny, admit, mention, recall, regret, remember, forget

She denied having drunk some sugar fizzy drinks at night.

✓ sau một số động từ với giới từ như apologise … for, accuse … of, admire … for, blame …
for, congratulate … on, praise … for, thank … for

Mary thanked Leo for having helped her at the gym.

• Phân từ hoàn thành (Perfect participles)

Công thức: having + phân từ quá khứ

Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành để diễn tả một hành động đã hoàn thành và xảy ra trước
một hành động khác trong quá khứ.

Having finished all the homework, I went to the dance fitness class.

(I finished all the homework and then I went to the dance fitness class.)

Lưu ý:
Chỉ dùng cấu trúc này khi chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính cũng là chủ ngữ của phân từ hoàn
thành.
 Phân từ hoàn thành được đặt đầu câu.

UNIT 8 | HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY

I/ Vocabulary:
chest infection (n) /ʧest ɪnˈfekʃᵊn/ bệnh viêm đường hô hấp
earache (n) /ˈɪəreɪk/ bệnh đau tai
headache (n) /ˈhedeɪk/ bệnh đau đầu
nosebleed (n) /ˈnəʊzbliːd/ chảy máu cam
rash (n) /ræʃ/ chứng phát ban
sore throat (n) /sɔː θrəʊt/ bệnh đau họng
stomachache (n) /ˈstʌməkeɪk/ bệnh đau dạ dày
toothache (n) /ˈtuːθeɪk/ bệnh đau răng

Lesson 8a:
arthritis (n) /ɑːˈθraɪtɪs/ bệnh viêm khớp
bacteria (n, pl) /bækˈtɪəriə/ vi khuẩn
→ bacterium (n, sing) /bækˈtɪəriəm/ vi khuẩn
→ bacterial (adj) /bækˈtɪəriəl/ do vi khuẩn gây ra
boost (v) /buːst/ tăng, tăng cường
→ boot (for sth) (n) /buːst/ sự thúc đẩy, sự khuyến khích
immune system (n) /ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstəm/ hệ thống miễn dịch cơ thể
joint (n) /ʤɔɪnt/ khớp (xương)
remedy (n) /ˈremɪdi/ phương thuốc, cách điều trị
→ remedial (adj) /rɪˈmiːdiəl/ dùng để trị liệu, mang tính sửa chữa
root (n) /ruːt/ củ, rễ
swelling (n) /ˈswelɪŋ/ sự sưng tấy (vết thương)
→ swell, swelled, (v, v2, v3) /swel, sweld, sưng
swollen ˈswəʊlən /
wound (n) /wuːnd/ vết thương
→ wound (v) /wuːnd/ làm bị thương
→ wounded (adj) /ˈwuːndɪd/ bị thương
 acne (n) /ˈækni/ mụn
flu (n) /fluː/ bệnh cúm
hay fever (n) /heɪ ˈfiːvə/ bệnh viêm mũi dị ứng
sprained ankle (n) /spreɪnd ˈæŋkᵊl/ bong gân mắt cá chân
sunburn (n) /ˈsʌnbɜːn/ sự cháy nắng, rám nắng
symptom (n) /ˈsɪmptəm/ triệu chứng (bệnh)
travel sickness (n) /ˈtrævᵊl ˈsɪknəs/ chứng say tàu, xe, máy bay

Lesson 8c:
hang on (phr v) /hæŋ ɒn/ đợi (trong thời gian ngắn)
hang out (phr v) /hæŋ aʊt/ đi chơi (với ai đó)
Lesson 8d:
bittersweet (adj) /ˈbɪtəswiːt/ vừa đắng vừa ngọt
burn (n) /bɜːn/ vết bỏng
→ burn (v) /bɜːn/ làm cháy, đốt
fat (n) /fæt/ chất béo
→ fatty (adj) /ˈfæti/ nhiều mỡ, béo
fibre (n) /ˈfaɪbə/ chất xơ
heart disease (n) /hɑːt dɪˈziːz/ bệnh tim
memory (n) /ˈmemᵊri/ trí nhớ
→ memorial (adj) /məˈmɔːriəl/ dùng để tưởng niệm
→ memorial (to (n) /məˈmɔːriəl/ tượng, công trình tưởng niệm (ai đó hoặc cái gì
sb/sth) đó)
mineral (n) /ˈmɪnᵊrᵊl/ khoáng chất
e.g. mineral water
nutrient (n) /ˈnjuːtriənt/ chất dinh dưỡng
nutritious (n) /njuːˈtrɪʃəs/ bổ dưỡng
pressure (n) /ˈpreʃə/ áp lực, áp suất
→ pressure sb to do (v) /ˈpreʃə/ gây áp lực, ép ai đó làm gì
sth / pressure sb into
(doing) sth
Culture Corner D
boil (v) /bɔɪl/ đun sôi
brew (v) /bruː/ ngâm, ủ
chop (v) /ʧɒp/ chặt, băm nhỏ
diabetes (n) /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ bệnh tiểu đường
grind (v) /ɡraɪnd/ nghiền
→ ground (adj) /ɡraʊnd/ bị nghiền nhỏ, bị băm nhỏ
herb (n) /hɜːb/ cây thuốc, thảo dược
→ herbal (adj) /ˈhɜːbl/ làm từ thảo dược
preparation (n) /ˌprepəˈreɪʃᵊn/ (thuốc) điều chế, bào chế

CLIL D (Geography)
factor (n) /ˈfæktə/ yếu tố
infection (n) /ɪnˈfekʃᵊn/ bệnh nhiễm trùng
→ infect (v) /ɪnˈfekt/ gây nhiễm bệnh, lây nhiễm
→ infectious (adj) /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ có khả năng lây nhiễm
life expectancy (n) /laɪf ɪkˈspektᵊnsi/ tuổi thọ
lifespan (n) /ˈlaɪfspæn/ khoảng thời gian sống
polio (n) /ˈpəʊliəʊ/ bệnh bại liệt
smallpox (n) /ˈsmɔːlpɒks/ bệnh đậu mùa
turning point (n) /ˈtɜːnɪŋ pɔɪnt/ bước ngoặt

II/ Grammar:
 Động từ tình thái must – have to
Chúng ta dùng must, have to, mustn’t, don’t have to với động từ nguyên mẫu không to để
nói về sự cần thiết, sự bắt buộc hoặc một luật lệ.
Chúng ta thường dùng must để nói về việc gì đó phải làm theo qui định, hoặc do bản thân
người nói thấy cần phải làm. Must thường được sử dụng trong quy định, thông báo bằng văn bản
hoặc dùng trong ngữ cảnh trang trọng.
Chúng ta thường dùng have to để nói về việc gì đó phải làm theo quy định hoặc theo lời
khuyên của người có thẩm quyền. Have to thường sử dụng trong hội thoại và giao tiếp.
 • must – have to
All hospital visitors must report to the reception. (Đây là luật.)
All hospital visitors have to report to the reception. (Điều này là bắt buộc.)
Karin broke her ankle, so she must go to the hospital. (Việc này là cần thiết, khẩn cấp và
quan trọng.)
Karin broke her ankle, so she has to go to the hospital. (Việc này là cần thiết.)
I must see a doctor about my bad cough. (Tôi tin rằng điều này cần thiết.)
I have to take this medicine three times a day. (Người khác nghĩ rằng điều này là cần thiết.)

• mustn’t – don’t have to

You mustn’t visit patients’ rooms after 8 p.m. (Điều này trái luật.)
You mustn’t enter the operating room. (Điều này bị cấm.)
I don’t have to make a doctor’s appointment. I already have one on Tuesday. (Việc này là
không cần thiết.)

Chú ý: Khi nói về quá khứ, chúng ta dùng had to (không dùng must).
I went to the football practice yesterday but I had a sprained ankle, so I had to stop and go
home. (KHÔNG DÙNG I must)

 should – ought to – had better

Chúng ta dùng should (not), ought (not) to hoặc had better (not) với động từ nguyên thể
không to để đưa ra lời khuyên.
Chúng ta dùng should (not) và ought (not) to với động từ nguyên thể không to để đưa ra lời
khuyên chung chung hoặc để nói rằng (không) nên làm điều gì đó.
You should/ought to exercise more. (đưa ra lời khuyên chung chung – Đây là việc nên làm.)
This yoga class is great. You should try it. (Không thử cũng không sao.)
You shouldn’t/ought not to spend hours on your mobile phone. (đưa ra lời khuyên chung
chung – Đây không phải là việc nên làm.)
 Chúng ta dùng had better (not) với động từ nguyên thể không to để đưa ra lời khuyên cụ thể
hoặc lời cảnh báo.
You had better write down when to take this medication. (đưa ra lời khuyên cụ thể – Đây là
việc nên làm.)
Jim feels faint. He had better lie down. (Nếu không anh ta sẽ ngất đi.)
You had better not stay up late tonight. (Nếu thức khuya, ngày mai bạn sẽ mệt mỏi.)

• Chú ý:

Should (not) và ought (not) to có cùng nghĩa nhưng should (not) thông dụng hơn.
Dạng rút gọn của should not là shouldn’t.
Dạng rút gọn của had better là ’d better.

PRACTICE
UNIT 5 | CITIES AND EDUCATION IN THE FUTURE
I/ PRONUNCIATION
A. Choose the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in
each of the following questions.
1. A. tall B. shall C. fall D. call
2. A. offer B. office C. robot D. problem
B. Choose the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each
of the following questions.
3. A. sensor B. measure C. device D. data
4. A. digital B. hologram C. underground D. vehicle
II/ VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
A. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the following questions.
5. The decision was based ______________ incomplete or inaccurate information.
A. about B. as C. on D. like
6. It seems that our 3D-printer has broken ______________. We can't turn it on now.
A. out B. down C. away D. up
7. The test is designed to ______________ a student's knowledge of specific subjects.
A. decide B. measure C. boost D. enlarge
8. EU members are allowed ______________ freely between member states.
A. travel B. to travel C. travelling D. travelled
9. ______________, which link two buildings far above street-level traffic, not only make for
quick access between buildings but also protect pedestrians from cold weather.
 A. Skybridges B. Flying bridges C. Moveable bridges D. Cable bridges
10. Some parents choose ______________ over traditional education at school for their children.
A. home educating B. home studying C. home learning D. home schooling
11. Barbara’s husband, Mark, is working for Eco Infrastructure Network, ______________ main
function is to deal with urban environmental problems.
A. whose B. which C. where D. who
12. The ______________ car is an excellent idea because it can change sizes and save parking
space.
A. driverless B. hybrid C. foldable D. flying
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
13. Attempts must be made to break down the barriers of fear and hostility which divide the two
communities.
A. malfunction B. destroy C. cry D. collapse
14. Many experts believe that AI robots will be more common and support humans in many places
such as hospitals, offices and schools.
A. assist B. cooperate C. sponsor D. cure
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
15. We all hope that vehicles that run on fossil fuels will be replaced by green transport such as
electric cars.
A. polluting B. luxurious C. powerless D. insecure
16. The ice on the roads was slowing down the vehicles on the street.
A. blocking B. pushing C. fastening D. speeding up
III/ ERROR CORRECTION
Find the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
17. He said we might so well go before his sister arrived, because once she came, it would be
impossible for him to leave.
A. might so well B. arrived C. once D. for him
18. Universities in the United States can be supported either by government budgets and by private
foundations.
A. Universities B. government budgets C. and D. foundations
19. Some people predict that all household appliances in the future will be energy-effective and voice-
controlled.
A. predict B. household C. will be D. energy-effective

20. The last time I met her, she is going to leave for a new job in Italy the following day.
A. The last time B. is going to leave C. in D. following
IV/ WORD FORM
Write the correct form of the given words.
21. Sulphur dioxide is one of several __________ that are released into the atmosphere by coal-
fired power stations. (POLLUTE)
22. It is hoped that houses in the future can be built on water so that we can use our __________
land sustainably. (VALUE)
23. I was impressed by the __________ with which she handled the crisis. (EFFICIENT)
24. There's not enough __________ between the management and the workers. (ACT)
V/ READING
Read the text and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) for each question.
Education in the UK – past and future

Jill Ferris is the headteacher at a secondary school in the UK. She has written a lot about
schooling in the past. ‘Education has come a long way since the 1950s,’ she says, ‘when
children were told to sit still and not to speak in class unless they were asked a question by the
teacher. Learning was mainly to do with memory. Facts like dates and the capitals of countries
were ‘learnt by heart’ and repeated in the next lesson word for word. They were taught “the
times tables”, and they often had to say the information like a poem: “Six sixes are thirty-six,
seven sixes are forty-two.”’ Jill says there was no discussion between children. They were told,
with certainty, when things happened, who invented things and why things happened. Jill says,
‘This kind of learning was not really education. We don’t need children to learn facts, facts,
facts. They can find any piece of information instantly now through the web.’ Jill thinks that, in
the future, education in digital classrooms with hologram teachers and virtual reality headsets
will be about teaching children to understand the reason for events.

Martin Moore, a government official at the Ministry of Education agrees with Jill about what
happened in UK schools in the past, but he believes that learning facts is still valuable.
‘Teachers and educational websites should still teach facts,’ he says, ‘because they explain the
past and help us to predict the future. But we must also teach children to decide if ‘facts’ on
websites are actually true.’
Questions:
25. Which school subjects does Jill talk about?
A. History and Geography B. History and Maths
C. Geography and Maths D. History, Geography and Maths
26. What do times tables teach children to do?
A. Add B. Subtract C. Multiply D. Divide
27. What does Jill think children need to know?
A. Why things happened B. When things happened
C. Where things happened D. Who did things
28. Martin agrees with Jill ______________.
A. that schools in the future will have many electronic devices
B. that schooling was poor in the past
C. that children do not need to know about dates and capital cities, for example
D. that it is still important for children to learn facts
29. What does they mean in the second paragraph?
A. Facts B. Children C. Teachers D. Educational websites
VI/ WRITING
A. Put the words in the correct order to make correct sentences.
30. say/that/pollution/the/can/we/to/According/definitely/data,/is/increasing.
→ ________________________________________________________________________
B. Use the given words or phrases to make complete sentences.
31. In the future / public parking spots / the streets / or / commercial lots / probably / equip /
devices / allow / drivers / charge their batteries.
→ ________________________________________________________________________
32. Home schooling / probably / be / more popular / the next decade.
→ ________________________________________________________________________
C. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if
any.
33. It is our intention to become the number one distributor of health products.
→ We are going _____________________________________________________________
34. He doesn't stand a chance of winning against such an experienced player. (IMPOSSIBLE)
→ ________________________________________________________________________
35. Drones will probably be used to deliver packages as they are small and fast. (LIKELY)
→ ________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 6 | SOCIAL ISSUES

I/ PRONUNCIATION
A. Choose the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in
each of the following questions.
1. A. strengthen B. thanks C. clothing D. theory
2. A. disease B. symptom C. research D. service
B. Choose the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each
of the following questions.
3. A. birthday B. worthy C. although D. northern
4. A. equality B. depression C. overcome D. pollution
II/ VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
A. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the following questions.
5. He wasn't keen ______________ the idea of working on the shop floor.
A. about B. as C. on D. like
6. ______________ is using digital technology to hurt someone else. It can include sending
embarrassing videos or spreading rumours online.
A. Cyberbullying B. Depression C. Racism D. Crime
7. Childhood ______________ is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents.
A. bullying B. racism C. obesity D. experience
8. In response to local pollution and global warming, the city is ______________ research into
hydrogen-fuelled buses.
A. conducting B. taking C. carrying D. putting
9. One solution to racism is to ______________ people's awareness of the problem and encourage
them to report or fight against it.
A. promote B. lift C. increase D. elevate
10. ______________ average, the Global Fund invests approximately $4 billion every year
______________ improving medical facilities in over 100 different countries.
A. On/in B. Of/into C. On/into D. Of/in
11. While cleaning staff are busy ______________ on one floor, they may suddenly need to be
directed to another room.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
12. Let's donate to the charity that helps disabled children, ______________?
A. do we B. should we C. will we D. shall we
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
13. The red squirrel has become virtually extinct in most of the country.
A. absolutely B. hardly C. almost D. completely
14. The economic crisis has caused many businesses to go bankrupt and thousands of people to
lose their jobs.
A. congestion B. disaster C. life-threatening situation D. difficult situation
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
15. Due to unhealthy diets and inactive lifestyle, many young people are suffering from obesity.
A. heaviness B. hunger C. fitness D. overweight
16. She and Picasso had always been friends, but now they shared a secret that united them even
more.
A. combined B. differed C. separated D. included
III/ ERROR CORRECTION
Find the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
17. Although we are no longer young, we still enjoy to study languages.
A. no longer B. still C. enjoy D. to study
18. Simply fill up this form to become a volunteer at the job centre.
A. up B. to become C. at D. job centre
19. Nobody knows how to fix this complicated system, don't they?
A. knows B. to fix C. complicated D. don't they
20. Maria has difficulty to express herself in English.
A. has B. to express C. herself D. in
IV/ WORD FORM
Write the correct form of the given words.
21. It's worrying that many students graduating from colleges and universities only to join the
ranks of the __________. (EMPLOY)
22. Plastic surgery is a highly __________ industry. (PROFIT)
23. Poverty is widespread and __________ is becoming increasingly evident among children and
young people. (NUTRITIOUS)
24. It is difficult to solve the problem of gender __________ which is still common in the
workplace. (EQUAL)
V/ READING
Read the email from Sally to her friend Daniella. Choose True, False or NI (No Information)
if the information is not in the text. (5 questions)
Hi Danni,
 How are things? I’m writing to ask for some help. We are doing a project at my school on
obesity. We have studied the issue in our country, and now we have to find out information
about the issue in another country – so I thought of you! Have you got time to answer a few
questions?
First, I need to find out about the recent past. For example, in my country, obesity was not a
problem about a hundred years ago. My grandmother says it is because people were quite poor
then, so they did not have the money to buy a lot of food and sugary drinks. She says the real
problem was hunger, not obesity. But my father disagrees. He says it was because, in the 1920s
in the UK, there were no fast foods like hamburgers and chips with everything. When people
ate, it was always good food in small quantities. What do you think about your country? Did
the issue exist 100 years ago?

Secondly, what about the present? In the UK, the government says that over 25% of adults are
obese and a further 40% weigh too much for their health. As a result, diseases like diabetes are
rising. The government figures show a gender difference, with men more likely to be
overweight or obese than women [69% to 59%]. The only good thing in the UK is that the
percentage of young children who are obese has fallen in the last three years, from 15% to 10%.
This could be a result of awareness campaigns in schools. It may also be because there has been
cooperation from fast food and sweet companies in reducing the amount of sugar and fat in
their products.

What’s happening in your country in general and with children in particular? Hope you can
help me.

Love,

Sal

Not
Answers True False
given
25. Sally wants to know about the past and present of obesity in
◯ ◯ ◯
Daniella’s country.
26. Sally gives three possible reasons for low obesity rates in the
◯ ◯ ◯
UK 100 years ago.
27. According to the UK government, over 65% of British children
◯ ◯ ◯
should lose weight.
28. The figures show that male children are more likely to be
◯ ◯ ◯
obese than female children.
29. Sally gives two possible reasons for childhood obesity falling
◯ ◯ ◯
in the UK.

VI/ WRITING
A. Put the words in the correct order to make correct sentences.
30. people/ issue/ a/ around/ major/ the/ that/ unemployment/ affects/ social/ most/ is/ globe/./
→__________________________________________________________________________
B. Use the given words or phrases to make complete sentences.
31. Mia / can’t stand / see / little children / beg / money / the streets.
→ _________________________________________________________________________
32. It / be / use / persuade / him / join / us / lunch / this afternoon.
→ ________________________________________________________________________
C. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if
any.
33. Tom said to Ann, “I’ll drive you to the station. I insist.” (INSISTED)
→ ________________________________________________________________________
34. "I'm sorry that I picked on the new friend because of her dark skin," said Peter.
(APOLOGISED)
→ _________________________________________________________________________
35. I don't want to be fined for speeding.
→ I don't want to risk _________________________________________________________
 UNIT 7 | HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

I/ PRONUNCIATION
A. Choose the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in
each of the following questions.
1. A. balanced B. managed C. consumed D. maintained
2. A. reward B. smartphone C. market D. argumentative
B. Choose the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each
of the following questions.
3. A. exercise B. meditate C. positive D. equipment
4. A. variety B. encouragement C. convenient D. popularize
II/ VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
A. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the following questions.
5. I look forward to hearing ______________ you soon.
A. about B. in C. from D. of
6. ______________ smoking for a month, he felt much better and didn't cough any more.
A. Having quitted B. Being quitted C. Quitted D. Quitting
7. They had to survive on a ______________ of insects and berries when they got lost in a jungle.
A. drink B. food C. diet D. meal
8. I’m ______________ some art classes at the moment.
A. conducting B. taking C. carrying D. putting
9. Fruit smoothie ______________ with organic ingredients is a delicious and healthy alternative
to sugary drinks.
A. which makes B. is made C. making D. being made
10. He's ______________ good shape for someone who had surgery six months ago.
A. in B. on C. off D. about
11. Fitness applications are helpful as they can track users' ______________ and even give
rewards for encouragement.
A. lifestyle B. process C. progress D. development
12. The man ______________ next to our father is a persuasive speaker with a natural talent for
leadership.
A. standing B. stands C. stood D. to stand
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
13. Rap music proved to be more than just a passing fad.
A. joy B. amazement C. craze D. progress
14. People with an inactive lifestyle need to limit their sitting and screen time and start doing
exercise to stay active.
A. check out B. restrict C. keep D. control
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
15. Laura finds it difficult to give up her bad habit of using the mobile phone at bedtime.
A. form B. become C. change D. grow
16. You will soon become exhausted with an unbalanced diet including only water and vegetables.
A. regular B. uneven C. stable D. healthy
III/ ERROR CORRECTION
Find the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
17. My grandmother, who regularly practicing yoga, has seen a significant improvement in her
flexibility and balance.
A. who B. has seen C. in D. flexibility
18. Only a few of the films show at the Gray Theatre are suitable for children.
A. a few B. show C. are D. for children
19. The boy was the second person provided with an artificial heart in the world.
A. second B. provided C. artificial D. in
20. My brother has decided to take off running as a way to maintain his physical health.
A. has decided B. take off C. maintain D. physical health
IV/ WORD FORM
Write the correct form of the given words.
21. We apologise for any __________ caused during the repairs. (CONVENIENT)
22. During the medical check-up, we realized that his heart was beating __________.
(REGULAR)
23. People who are very overweight tend to be __________. (HEALTH)
24. The doctor advised him to increase his __________ of fresh fruits and vegetables.
(CONSUME)
V/ READING
Read the text and choose the best answer for each question. (5 questions)
We can measure the amount of energy which our bodies get from a particular serving of food.
The unit of measurement is the calorie, which is often written as cal or Cal. One calorie is the
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius, or ˚C.

Nowadays, large restaurants and fast-food outlets in the UK must put the food energy for each
meal on their menus. This is to help customers decide whether they want to consume that item,
because if you take in too much food energy in a particular day, you will probably put on
weight unless you exercise a lot. For example, you will have to walk for one hour, or about
6,000 metres, to use up the 500 calories in a grilled chicken sandwich. Some people say they
have given up eating certain types of junk food now that they know that a burger and chips, for
example, often contains over 1,000 calories.

We talk about eating a balanced diet when we say that every day we need, for example, 40%
vegetables and fruit and 30% of things like bread, rice or pasta, with 20% meat, fish, milk and
eggs. In addition, we need a small amount of fat and sugar. But the real balance which we must
achieve is between the food energy we take in and the energy we use up in our everyday lives.
The average female adult needs about 2,000 calories a day, while the average man needs about
500 more.

However, this average depends on the amount of physical work a person does every day. Hard
work, like carrying heavy weights, uses up around 450 calories per hour, whereas sitting at a
 computer only uses about 100. It is easy to see, therefore, that an office worker needs fewer
calories than a manual worker […]
Questions:
25. How do we usually write the food energy in a meal?
A. In kg B. In cal or Cal C. In Celsius D. In Celsius or C
26. How far will you have to walk to use up the food energy in a burger and chips?
A. You cannot work it out from the information in the text.
B. 500 metres
C. 6,000 metres
D. 12,000 metres
27. What sorts of food make up the final 10% in the example at the start of the third paragraph?
A. Fat and sugar B. Sweets C. Junk food D. Salt
28. Every day, the average man needs about ______________.
A. 10% more calories than a woman B. 20% more calories than a woman
C. 25% more calories than a woman D. 30% more calories than a woman
29. What could we add to the final sentence of the text?
A. unless the manual worker uses a computer B. unless the office worker takes a lot of exercise
C. except at the weekend D. except male office workers
VI/ WRITING
A. Put the words in the correct order to make correct sentences.
30. hear/the/drilling./the/in/sound/I/room,/dentist/the/waiting/of/Sitting/could
→ ________________________________________________________________________
B. Use the given words or phrases to make complete sentences.
31. Include / meditation / daily routine / they / feel / more relaxed / less stressed / daily lives.
→ ________________________________________________________________________
32. He / usually / recall / attack / polar bear / many years ago.
→ _________________________________________________________________________
C. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if
any.
33. He was sorry he hadn’t said goodbye to her at the airport. (REGRETTED)
→ _________________________________________________________________________
34. "Excellent, you won the tennis match last Saturday!" said Peter's father.
→ Peter's father congratulated __________________________________________________
35. That tree is an oak. My great grandfather planted it 60 years ago. (WHICH)
→ That tree, ________________________________________________________________

UNIT 8 | HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY

I/ PRONUNCIATION
A. Choose the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in
each of the following questions.
1. A. chest B. teacher C. chef D. watch
2. A. air B. stair C. sail D. pair
B. Choose the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each
of the following questions.
3. A. anxious B. unique C. special D. quiet
4. A. remedy B. mineral C. nutrient D. infection
II/ VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
A. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the following questions.
5. I need someone dependable to ______________ care of the children while I'm at work.
A. bring B. take C. give D. put
6. If you have symptoms like sneezing, itchy eyes and runny nose, it's likely that you've got
______________.
A. nosebleed B. sunburn C. diabetes D. hay fever
7. I don't know why he hangs ______________ with James, they've got nothing in common.
A. off B. in C. out D. on
8. In Japan, you ______________ drive on the right.
A. might B. could C. must D. can
9. You ______________ breakfast if you want to have enough energy throughout a day.
A. had not better skip B. had better not skip C. had better skip D. have better not skip
10. Sleep and the immune ______________ are obviously connected.
A. system B. construction C. instruction D. net
11. You ______________ bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.
A. don’t have to B. mustn’t C. can’t D. may not
12. It's surprising to know that honey can help kill bacteria and ______________ wounds.
A. cure B. medicate C. heal D. nurse
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
13. Let’s put an end to these rumours once and for all.
A. continue B. spread C. stop D. disappear
14. The nurse told me to hang on for a while because the doctor was seeing another patient.
A. wait B. go out C. come back D. make a call
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
15. All citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C that is necessary for building healthy tissues in all parts of
our body.
A. low in B. shortage in C. full of D. enough of
16. A last-minute rush to shop for Christmas presents could not prevent a fall in sales.
A. decrease B. boost C. drop D. change
III/ ERROR CORRECTION
Find the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
17. You don’t have to take anything out of a shop without paying for it.
A. don’t have to B. anything C. paying D. it
18. I think schools are responsible for educating students with healthy eating.
 A. are B. for educating C. with D. healthy eating
19. Lots of people at the club are under 20, but there are quite a little who aren't.
A. under B. but C. a little D. aren't
20. The film is going to start soon. We could leave soon or we’ll miss it.
A. to start B. could C. soon D. it
IV/ WORD FORM
Write the correct form of the given words.
21. I think that our life __________ has increased greatly thanks to improved healthcare and
nutrition. (EXPECT)
22. The boy and another seriously __________ person were evacuated by air ambulance. (INJURE)
23. Treatment in children should be simple, cheap, effective, safe, and relatively __________.
(PAIN)
24. Ginger is often used as a __________ for minor illnesses such as stomachache, sore throats or
travel sickness. (TREAT)
V/ READING
Read this blog about health words in English. Choose the best word or phrase for each space.
(5 questions)
There are quite a few strange things when you try to talk about illness in English if it is not your
first language. Many words connected with health can only be used in certain ways, and it sounds
strange to a native speaker if you put certain pairs of words together. Let’s look at a few of them.

You can have an ache in many parts of your body, such as your back, your ear or a
(25)___________, but if you have heartache, it is not a medical matter. It means you are unhappy
in love! (You can have heartburn, but that is a problem with your stomach!)

The only word you can use directly with ‘bleed’ is (26)___________. You cannot have a ‘finger
bleed’ or a ‘toe bleed’, even if you cut your finger or your toe and it is bleeding.

Many parts of your body can be sore, but not your (27)___________, possibly because it is inside
your chest, not outside. However, your stomach is on the inside, too, but you can have a sore
stomach after eating spicy food.

You can say that you feel ill or you feel sick with approximately the same meaning, so you might
think that you can always use the nouns ‘illness’ or ‘sickness’ about health problems. However,
you cannot have (28)___________ sickness. That adjective goes with ‘illness’.

Finally, there are some words which we use to talk about illness but we do not know exactly what
they mean. For example, when does a high temperature turn into a(n) (29)___________? Websites
give many different figures, but 38˚C seems to be the most common one. The problem is that
websites give different figures for normal temperature, too.
(25) A. throat B. chest C. tooth D. ankle
(26) A. knee B. mouth C. eye D. nose
(27) A. finger B. throat C. heart D. neck
(28) A. air B. mental C. sea D. travel
(29) A. fever B. flu C. disease D. infection
VI/ WRITING
A. Put the words in the correct order to make correct sentences.
30. of/You/the tyres/your car/a/taking/check/always/long/trip/it./should/before/in
→ _______________________________________________________________________
B. Use the given words or phrases to make complete sentences.
31. Time / spend / play computer games and / surf the Internet / instead / play outside / contribute /
the surge of obesity.
→ _______________________________________________________________________
32. Yesterday, / doctor / say / Neil / ought / quit / smoking / and / cut down / junk foods.
→
C. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if
any.
33. It is now obligatory for all competitors to wear face protectors.
→ All competitors have _______________________________________________________
34. You are forbidden to smoke on the underground. (MUSTN’T)
→ _______________________________________________________________________
35. If I were you, I would get enough sleep, ideally 7-9 hours per night. (BETTER)
→ _______________________________________________________________________