Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulata) As Iron Rust

Remover

Researchers:

Wendyl Bariquit

John Michael Caballero

Aisa Gersan

Kimberly Secuya

James Carlo Badayos

Clayne Cezclark Nable

Research Adviser:

Ms. Adelaine Alicante

 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Mandarin Orange is native in the southeast part of Asia,

especially in the Philippines. The production is prolific in Japan, India,

East Indies and China. It is esteemed for home consumption in

Australia. Mandarin is a class of oranges with thin and loose peel. This

kind of orange is treated as a distinct species. It can also be called

tangerine but the trade’s jargon is classified as red-skin oranges.This

kind of orange is more drought resistant than sweet orange. It is also

tender and vulnerable to cold.

Citric acid is a small, clear crystal that is similar to table salt and

appears as colourless but has an acidic taste. Food industries use citric

acid to packaged food and drinks like canned and jarred foods which

keeps them fresh for over a long period of time. It also balances the

acid level of certain beverages and sometimes, winemakers use this to

improve the taste of their product. Citric acid can be found in citrus

fruits like mandarin oranges. It is used for various reasons due to its

weak acid that has a pH between 3 to 6. Therefore, mandarin oranges

have the potential to be like citric acid.

The deterioration of metals, especially in iron, is a natural

occurrence which is called corrosion. It is an electrochemical reaction

that happens in forms like chemical corrosion and atmospheric

corrosion (the most common form). Oxidation causes iron to decay and

rust overtime since the addition of oxygen to the substance causes iron
to become iron oxide. It is contagious and when left undeterred, it will

then jeopardise the integrity of the iron.

The researchers pursue the problem of iron rust because rust

reduces some of the product’s lifespan. The objective is to remove the

rust that is attached on the iron using affordable and accessible organic

material which is the Mandarin Orange.

Theoretical Framework
 This diagram presents the conceptual framework of our study

wherein the theory, variables, relationship of the two (variables) and

the possible outcomes are shown. The researcher will gather some

mandarin oranges through purchasing it in local markets. They will use

iron nails as the test subject representing the component of iron. The

citric acid of the mandarin will first be extracted before it will be applied

to the iron nail. The process that we'll be using on this study will be

through experimentation. The theory states what we predict in our

experimental study. While the two variables play a very important role

in order to conduct our experiment. These two are the main focus of

this proposed study. Mandarin orange will be extracted and the iron

rust is to be soaked on the extract for an amount of time.The

researchers will monitor its changes as time passes in order to

determine the effectiveness of mandarin orange as an iron rust

remover. We would find out if mandarin's extract would really work as

an alternative iron rust remover. As for the outcome,it will vary based

on the result of our supposed experiment. Changes on the variable's

(nail) appearance will occur,hence,thorough results would be carefully

investigated.
Hypothesis of the Study

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): Mandarin Orange is effective in

removing rust from the iron.

Null hypothesis (Ho): Mandarin Orange is not effective in removing

rust from the iron.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of mandarin

orange extract to remove rust in iron. Specific problem the researchers

sought to answer the following questions:

1.What are the conditions of the subject (nail) after applying the

synthetic rust remover in terms of:

A.Time Frame?

B. Appearance of the subject (nail)?

2 .What are the conditions of the subject (nail) after applying the

Mandarin orange extract as rust remover in terms of:

A.Time Frame?

B. Appearance of the subject (nail)?

3.At which amount of Mandarin orange extract will be most

effective as an iron rust remover?

A.50 mL

B.75 mL

C.100 mL

4.What is the significant difference between the outcome of

synthetic rust remover and the Mandarin orange extract (alternative)

rust remover?
Definition of Terms

Rust remover - A rust remover is a substance made to eliminate rust

and other types of corrosion from metal. It works by interacting with

rust to dissolve it and protect your valuables from further harm.

Chemical compound -A chemical compound is a substance made up

of several identical molecules made up of atoms from different

elements that are kept together by chemical bonds. A molecule made

up of only one element's atoms is hence not a compound.

Cost effective alternative -A cost-effective option is one that yields

good outcomes for the money invested. When early plans are

discovered to be excessively costly or do not deliver a satisfactory

return on investment, this course of action may be adopted.

Citric acid -HOC(CH2CO2H)2 is the chemical formula for citric acid.

It's a colourless organic acid with a low pH. Citrus fruits naturally

contain it. It's a biochemical intermediary in the citric acid cycle, which

occurs in all aerobic species' metabolism.

Significance of The Study

When it comes to rust removal, weak acid is the finest

alternative option. Citric acid is found in Mandarin Oranges that we can

get at our local grocery shop. It is also a cost-effective alternative. We

only need a few Mandarin Oranges for the operation so we can easily

obtain the acid itself. Surface rust remover improves the aesthetic of

surfaces but its significance extends beyond that. Weak acid rust

treatment of metal objects both inside and outside our houses is an

investment. Considering how it saves money because Mandarin

Orange is very popular and an easily available product in most of the

places due to low cost. This is one of the reasons to conduct a study

on an alternative rust remover. In order to prevent the equipment from

wearing out as well as it is safe to use. Moreover, Mandarin Orange

rust remover will help many consumers especially those who do

metalworks such as blacksmiths and some are the constructors in

terms of financial aspect.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The researchers will conduct the investigation with certain

precautions. It is to certify that no other unrequired chemical will

interfere during the experiment.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the mandarin

orange can really be used as an alternative iron rust remover which is

cheaper compared to the synthetic product. The mandarin orange

(citrus reticulata) and the synthetic product will be bought at Inayagan

Supermarket.The experiment will take place at our groupmate's

residence located at Inayagan, City of Naga, Cebu where the materials

are also gathered. To determine the effectiveness of the mandarin

extract we will use four containers which are labelled with different

amounts of extract including the synthetic product.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Citric acid is present in juice of citrus fruits like oranges, pomelo

and a common metabolite of plants and animals. It can also be found in

tomato, pineapple, strawberry, raspberry and cranberry but only in

lesser amounts (Penniston, Kristina L et al. 2008). It’s a tricarboxylic

acid (C6H8O7·H2O). Pure citric acid is soluble in water and colourless.

(P. Zarras et al., 2014). Research from A.R. Angumeenal, D.

Venkappayya (2013) states that citric acid can also be found in

microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger. Biotechnology is widely

aligned to industrial applications of microorganisms to reconstruct

waste to functional products. Microorganisms secrete substances

endlessly which can be classified as simple compounds and complex

compounds or preliminary products and compounds evolving from

secondary metabolism. Stage two of the carbohydrate metabolism is

citric acid (Kreb cycle). Building blocks of many aerobic and anaerobic

microorganisms helps to produce the products of carbohydrate

metabolism. Certain specific conditions of an Aspergillusniger can lead

to overflowing of citric acid because of the operational malfunction of

the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

The word citric comes from a Latin word citrus (Max, Belén et al

2010). The best natural sources of citric acid are the citrus fruits and
their juices. Some not naturally occurring citric acid are byproducts of

wine, sourdough, cheese and bread production. Citric acid can also be

found as an ingredient from foods and supplements. Albeit, it is not

natural, hence it is manufactured. This is because producing the said

additive from citrus fruits is exorbitant and the required add-on exceeds

the supply (G. Van De Walle 2021).

Citric acid is crucial for the industries in food additives, dietary

supplements and medicines. For food, it is used to boost acidity,

flavour and to preserve the ingredient. It is used in sodas, juices,

powdered beverages, candies, frozen foods and some dairy products.

In the case of medicine, it is taken advantage of for stabilisation and

preservation. Additionally, it enhances and veils the taste of syrup-

based and chewable medications. Research from Hong, Jang et al.

(2015), Holmes, C. J. et al. (2004), and Sakuma, Koji et al. (2015),

proves that citric acid can as well be functional on disinfecting various

viruses and bacteria. A test-tube from the studies of Koromyslova A.

D. (2015) shows that citric acid can be both treatment and prevention

for the norovirus which is a primary cause for foodborne illness. Citric

acid can also be a counter to kidney stones by making their formation

less favourable (Walker, R. W. et al. 2018). Eating foods that are high

on natural acid like the citrus fruits can also be a health benefit for

preventing kidney stones.

Iron oxidation is commonly known as rust formation which

damages the property of a certain product and is correlated with

economic risk. By different conditions on the degree of formation, rust

has individual and diverse layers of iron in some oxidation states

(Ahmadi et al., 2016). Rust is a type of corrosion. Since corrosion in

wet condition areas is a chemical reaction and has activation energy,

higher temperatures results in increased the rate of corrosion because

most molecules will have enough energy to react in chemical and

electrochemical reactions (P. Zarras et al., 2014).

Articles from Mcnally (2022) proves that citric acid is one of the

few rust-removal methods where citric acid is likely to be used. You

can see the benefit of citric acid reducing rust at this concentration;

nevertheless, it is also harmful to the metal beneath the rust (not to

mention the metal it has painted over), as evidenced. Rust can be

removed with an acid such as citric acid. Citric acid does not corrode

iron when exposed to air pressure because its chemical structure is

weaker than that of hydrochloric acid. To the citric acid solution, a

piece of rusted iron is added. The chain of events begins. When citric

acid is applied, it creates iron oxide crystals, leaving a clean metal

piece and a solid metal that is easy to work with. Because over-the-

counter citric acid solutions contain such a small amount, they are

more secure. When putting a piece of rusted iron to citric acid, the

process begins in the middle. It gives the impression of a crisply

formed piece of iron by chelating the iron oxide. When the iron oxide is

removed, it remains solid.

 Many people attempt to remove rust in a variety of ways.

When an alternative appears to work, it almost always comes at a cost.

Citric acid is one of the worst rust removal methods we see all too often

(AshleyH, n. D. & E. Novinson, n. d.). Citric acid acid can corrode the

iron but not rapidly. They are more safe in using as rust remover since

they are a weak acid. Citric acid must be much more concentrated than

it is in these common applications in order to work on rust. At this

concentration, citric acid can remove rust, but it is also harmful to the

metal beneath the rust. Strong acids react by oxidising a metal,

changing a pure elemental metal into a metal oxide. Adding strong acid

to elemental iron will react to produce iron oxides or rust (AshleyH, n.

d.).

Early research on removing rust focused heavily on detaching it

with the corresponding substance and chemicals based on the type of

metal. Though it is inevitable that some vigorous polishing is required.

According to Medlock (2021), there are similar compounds or products

that are similar to Citric acid that remove rust from metals. One of

these is the WD-40 Multi-Use-Product which can remove rust at the

same time and can also protect the said metal but on a weekly or

monthly basis. Oxalic Acid dissipates iron oxides in oxalate and redox

mechanisms (Lee et al., 199). Oxalic acid is recommended to be used

in dire situations such as on sturdy items like outdoor tools since this

acid is strong and a toxic agent. Oxalic acid should be used in caution.

Acetic acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate are some of the agents for

removing that can be found at home.

 Acetic acid is commonly found in vinegar (which is a

homogeneous mixture of acetic acid and water). Soaking the metal that

contains rust by the vinegar in hours dissolves the oxidised metal in a

matter of time. Sodium hydrogen carbonate compound or commonly

known as baking soda is respectively a gentle rust remover. Mixing it in

water to create a paste will clean the rust as it is applied. It has the

property to remove the rust without grazing but it is still suggested to

scrub it with a brush. Lemon similarly works with vinegar. It can make

the metal smell better and at the same time removes the tarnishment

on the metal. Lemon also works well with salt as a polishing agent.

Unusual pair of soap and soap works well with only small materials as

it is scrubbed like a sponge on the metal. Though it requires hours so

the agent will activate to remove the rust.

 Chapter III

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design

A sum of four materials (of iron nail) will be used as a

subject to undergo a treatment by having contact with the mandarin

orange extract. The subjects are placed in their containers along with

the 50 mL, 100 mL, and 100 mL of mandarin orange extract and the

synthetic iron rust remover respectively.

Sample Design

There will be four iron nails that already contain rust on their

surfaces. Each of them should also have the same amount of rust on

their surfaces.

Research Locale

The collection of Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata) was done

in the Inayagan Supermarket, City of Naga, Cebu with the coordinates

of 10.234516° N, 123.771815° E. The synthetic product was also

bought in the Inayagan Supermarket, City of Naga, Cebu with the

coordinates of 10.234516° N, 123.771815° E. The iron nails were

garnered from Inayagan, City of Naga, Cebu, with coordinates of

10.242213° N, 123.773340° E. The experimentation trials were

conducted at Inayagan, City of Naga, Cebu, with coordinates of

10.242213° N, 123.773340°.

Test Subject and Plant Materials

Verification of Mandarin Orange

In preparation for the experiment,the mandarin orange was

bought first at Inayagan Supermarket. It was verified by its own

package containing the name (label) of the specific fruit.

Verification of the Synthetic Product

In preparation of the experiment, the synthetic product Shercar

was bought first at Inayagan Supermarket. It has a branded name and

contains a label which consists of information that could remove rust.

Verification of Nail

In preparation of the experiment, the subject (nail) was already

prepared in one of the researchers’ residences. It was verified through

a white cloth which then left a brownish-yellow stain on the fabric.

Collection of Mandarin Orange

The Mandarin Orange was collected through buying it at Inayagan

Supermarket. After the verification process, the mandarin orange will

be cut into half and extracted.

Collection of Synthetic (WD-40)

The synthetic product was collected through purchasing it at

Inayagan Supermarket. It involves a verification process and then it

would be tested on the subject (nail) and compare its result to the

alternative rust remover which is the Mandarin Orange.

Collection of Nail

The researchers collect the nails at Inayagan City of Naga Cebu

and choose the nails that are similar in time span of rusting.

Research Procedure

Extracting the Mandarin Orange Juice

The Mandarin Oranges that were purchased in the Inayagan

Supermarket are then brought to the experimentation site. Each of the

fruit was cut into half and was squeezed out until the juice was

extracted. The extracted juice of the Mandarin Oranges were then put

into the clean bowl of the container. The researchers put a strainer on

top of the bowl to make sure that the seeds are segregated to the juice.

Preparation of nails

The nails are cautiously selected since the researchers need to

consider and determine the amount of rust that is on the surface of the

nails. Each of the rusted nails are then placed in empty plastic

containers separately, waiting for the contact of Mandarin Orange

extract.

Commencement of soaking

The Mandarin Orange extract juice is measured in 50mL, 75mL

and 100mL using a measuring cup in 50 which would be then poured

to the nails in order for them to be soaked. The synthetic product was

also measured in 50mL only of which would soak the rusty nails.

Statistical analysis

The data that would be used is the volume of extract and time.

To further determine the relationship of the amount of Mandarin orange

extract to the time, there would be four treatments. The four treatments

in each container contain 50 mL, 75 mL, 100 mL of Mandarin orange

extracts and another 50 mL of synthetic rust remover (Shercar). When

volume increases the time would decrease in terms of efficiency on

removing rust on a subject (nail). Thus, the volume is inversely

proportional to the time.

 Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

Results

Citrus reticulata and synthetic as they come in contact with the

rusted nail

Table 1. Volume of the treatment and the time interval of the

putrefaction of rust on the nail (subject).

The table above displays the time frame of the nail being soaked

on a specific amount of extracted Mandarin Orange (M.O) and the

synthetic. The iron nails that are used are all 4 inches in size and have

a volume of 2.827433 cubic centimetres. Analysis on the first rusted

nail with 50 ml M.O extract was observed and it took 130 minutes until

most of the rust in the nail was removed. Second nail with 75 mL M.O

extract took 78 minutes to eradicate some of the rust. The 50 mL and

75 mL still have quite-a-few of the rust attached on the nail but it can

be removed by a cloth at ease. Third nail with 100 mL M.O extract was

observed and within 44 minutes of exposure, the rust of the nail was

expunged. Fourth nail with a 100 mL synthetic rust remover was under

observation and after 20 minutes, the rust of the nail was also

exterminated. Synthetics have different impacts on the subject. It is

more quick on removing rust in terms of time frame. The trials of the

Mandarin Orange in the subjected nails made the rust blending in the

juice. The extract becomes more substantial in colour of orange.

Though the rust didn't completely dissolve and still stayed as is in solid.

As for the synthetics, neither it did leave a fragment of tad rust nor

made the rust to mix in its properties.

Discussion

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the differences

between a mandarin orange extract (M.O) as an alternative rust

remover compared to the synthetic one. Few research shows how citric

acid can adequately remove rust from metal surfaces. Hence, there are

also results that contrast the said statement. As stated by Mcnally

(2022), he demonstrates that citric acid is one of the few rust-removal

treatments that is likely to be used. Although citric acid can reduce rust

at this concentration, it is also damaging to the metal underlying the

rust, as demonstrated. An acid, such as citric acid, can be used to

eliminate rust because its chemical structure is weaker than that of

hydrochloric acid. Citric acid does not erode iron when exposed to air

pressure.

The result shows that the extract of mandarin orange can really

work as an alternative rust remover. The findings exhibit significant

outcomes depending on the amount of extract we poured on the

container and its time frame. The 100 mL of Mandarin Orange extract

is enough to entirely soak the rusted nail. Other trials with not enough

extract to accommodate other bodies of nail took longer to remove the

rust on the nail’s surface since the nail is required to be flipped over.

This event clearly agrees with some of the earlier research that has

supported on how citric acid reacts to rust. Meanwhile, a container with

synthetic is quick enough to show outcome on the subject used. The

synthetic is highly reactive when it comes to rust that it didn’t take half

an hour to remove the rust in the iron nail. It didn’t also harm the iron

and is still crystal clear. The researchers used WD-40 as a synthetic

rust remover to compare the difference according to its performance

based on removal of the iron rust that has been in submergence.

According to Medlock (2021), WD-40 which can detach rust and can

also protect the metal but on a weekly or monthly basis.

 Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings

In a small tupperware, the 100 mL Mandarin Orange extract that

is applied to the rusted iron nail that is 4 inches in size and has a

volume of 2.827433 cubic centimetres is enough to remove and reduce

the rust into bits within at least 44 minutes. The 75 mL and the 50 mL

of Mandarin Orange juice extract that is applied to the other rusted iron

nails require an external force to invert the nail so the other surfaces

would be immersed by the extracted juice and the rust would be

removed in 78 minutes and 130 minutes respectively.

Conclusion
 Based on the findings of the study, this led to the conclusion of

which Mandarin Orange extract can remove the iron rust in a matter of

time upon dipping the subject in the juice. A long time of engulfing the

iron rust with the juice will eventually loosen it up where it can be

removed by rubbing it with cloth will remove the rust. Additionally, the

Mandarin Orange extract to be used is highly dependent on the size or

volume of the material (rusted iron) that requires a treatment. Hence

the size of the container to be used for the treatment also matters.

Recommendations

In order to affirm the effectiveness of the Mandarin Orange as an iron

rust remover, make sure that the procedures below must be realised

and taken to consideration. The methods below are derived from

related literature, other research studies and research protocols.

Rusting of nails. The nails that are chosen to be used should have the

same time intervals from the start of its rusting until the day of the

experiment.

Label the container. Main reason for this is to avoid confusion upon

observation. For accurate outcome, containers used should be labelled

according to the amount of extract poured into it.

Keep track of time. The application of Mandarin Orange extract on

metal which soaking method should follow the limit of time because

citric acid damages the metal if it is over submerged to the treatment.

Be keen on the surroundings. Make sure that your surroundings are

clean and organised. Strictly no any other acid in the experiment table

like ascorbic acid because the mixture of citric and ascorbic acid can

damage the iron.

Apply external force. Scrubbing is optional, although it considerably

speeds up the process. After an hour or two in the extract, the acid will

loosen the rust, and much of it can be easily wiped off with a small

cloth. Scrubbing will undoubtedly speed up the process, so be patient

and leave it in longer. and then wipe it with dry and clean cloth. After

soaking the iron nail in orange juice scrub it using a rag. But when the

rag is still no good to take off the residue of the rust on the surface of

the iron, you may proceed with the steel brush or an ordinary brush.

WD-40 (synthetic). Based on the results of the investigation, it is the

fastest rust remover. Hence, when in a hurry, it is recommended to use

WD-40 in removing the rust.

Mandarin Orange. Despite its time interval upon removing the rust, it

is cost-effective, thus, it is recommended to be used only at situations

where there is no need to catch up on time.

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